504 research outputs found
Data for: Supergene manganese ore records 75 Myr-long Campanian to Pleistocene geodynamic evolution and weathering history of the Central African Great Lakes Region - tectonics drives, climate helps
No full textThe south-eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo locally hosts Proterozoic manganese deposits. The deposits of Kisenge-Kamata are the most significant, but manganese ores are also known to occur at Kasekelesa (former Katanga Province) and Mwene-Ditu (former Kasai Province). For the present study, cryptomelane-rich samples from these two localities were dated, using the 39Ar-40Ar method in step-heating using a CO2 laser probe. Obtained ages are within a range of about 80 Myr to 2 Myr. Cryptomelane formation took place at c. 76.4 Ma, c. 59.6 Ma, c. 45 Ma, c. 35 Ma, c. 23.8 Ma, c. 15.4 Ma, and c. 13.3 Ma at Kasekelesa, and it occurred at c. 35 Ma, c. 22.4 Ma, c. 15 Ma, c. 5.5-7.2 Ma, c. 3.6 Ma, and c. 2.1-2.3 Ma at Mwene-Ditu. The Campanian age (c. 76.4 Ma) recorded at Kasekelesa is the oldest 39Ar-40Ar age that has up to now been recorded for Mn ores from Africa. It documents the formation of oxidized ore along a Campanian or older erosion surface, which could be part of the ‘African Erosion Surface’. The complete age record suggests that continent-wide tectonics accounts for most of the recognized supergene ore formation episodes, controlled by vertical lithospheric movements that are ultimately responsible for alternating stages of landscape stability and erosion. Tectonics is thus regarded as the first-order control for secondary ore formation in Central Africa, over the last 80 Myr. Climate is a second-order control, because sufficient water supply is needed for supergene enrichment, whereby climatic conditions are recognized to have been favourable during some relatively cold Late Mesozoic and Paleogene periods, as well as during some humid and warm Neogene stages
Special Issue about Competing Risks and Multi-State Models
No full textThere is a clear growing interest, at least in the statistical literature, in competing risks and multi-state models. With the rising interest in competing risks and multi-state models a number of software packages have been developed for the analysis of such models. The present special issue of the Journal of Statistical Software introduces a selection of R packages devoted to competing risks and multi-state models. This introduction to the special issue contains some background and highlights the contents of the contributions.
mstate: An R Package for the Analysis of Competing Risks and Multi-State Models
No full textMulti-state models are a very useful tool to answer a wide range of questions in survival analysis that cannot, or only in a more complicated way, be answered by classical models. They are suitable for both biomedical and other applications in which time-to-event variables are analyzed. However, they are still not frequently applied. So far, an important reason for this has been the lack of available software. To overcome this problem, we have developed the mstate package in R for the analysis of multi-state models. The package covers all steps of the analysis of multi-state models, from model building and data preparation to estimation and graphical representation of the results. It can be applied to non- and semi-parametric (Cox) models. The package is also suitable for competing risks models, as they are a special category of multi-state models. This article offers guidelines for the actual use of the software by means of an elaborate multi-state analysis of data describing post-transplant events of patients with blood cancer. The data have been provided by the EBMT (the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation). Special attention will be paid to the modeling of different covariate effects (the same for all transitions or transition-specific) and different baseline hazard assumptions (different for all transitions or equal for some).
Decreasing impact of relapse on death rate after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia: a multi-state modelling study
No full textDecreasing Impact of Relapse on Death Rate after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant in Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: a multi-state modelling study.
No full textNeogene phytostratigraphy and palaeoenvironments of Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse and Condroz areas (Belgium). Palaeoclimatic shift from humid-subtropical to cold-temperate conditions
No full textAvailable palaeobotanical data from significant karstic depressions of Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse and Condroz areas (Belgium) are reviewed. Drawing up of about forty stratigraphically significant taxa results in a phytostratigraphy of the continental Neogene supporting correlations with surrounding areas. Meorover, palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic evolution of the studied areas are clarified while the phytostratigraphic framework evidences two major steps in the karst formatio
Towards a uniform and optimal approach for safe NLFEA of reinforced concrete beams: Quantification of the accuracy of multiple solution strategies using a large number of samples
No full textApplication of Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis (NLFEA) is lagging behind the many digital advances in the structural engineering practice. This is due to the need for codes and standards. To help development of these codes and standards, 119 solution strategies were developed with different assumptions and choices for the concrete constitutive model, the finite element discretization, the way of modelling the reinforcement and the incremental-iterative procedures. The constants aspects of the constitutive model, like confinement and the reduction compressive strength due to lateral cracking, are based on the RTD1016 Dutch Guideline. All models are two-dimensional with a plane stress assumption and in all cases the analysis is force controlled with the application of an arclength method. This is done to increase the value of results for application in practice, as generally displacement loading is hard to apply in a real-life structure. The strategies were benchmarked with 101 experiments on reinforced concrete beams selected from literature. Those beams cover a broad range of design aspects, failing both in shear and bending, reinforcement configurations with- and without shear reinforcement, both prestressed and conventional reinforcement and heights ranging from 90 to 1200 mm. This resulted in 1919 NLFEAs which were performed with an automated approach in the DIANA multi-purpose finite element software package. It was concluded that the failure load and failure mode of the experiments can be approximated with a mean uncertainty of 1.05 with a coefficient of variation around 10 percent, provided that an appropriate solution strategy is applied. It is possible to assign an appropriate solution strategy when the structural design is known, where the main influence is the presence of shear reinforcement. Beams with stirrups are robustly modelled by a rotating crack model, while beams without stirrups were found to be better approximated by a fixed crack approach with specific choices regarding reinforcement modelling and equilibrium. To have a more objective way of judging the ductility of a failure, a measure of the dissipated energy in the reinforcement was implemented in the DIANA code. It was found that the mean model uncertainty of a ductile failure can be as low as 1.045, with a coefficient of variation around 10 percent. Brittle failures showed a mean uncertainty of 1.131, with a coefficient of variation just below 16 percent. Therefore the ductility index was found to be a valid way to judge the reliability of an NLFEA result. This study has demonstrated the applicability of force controlled NLFEA for reinforced concrete beams. The derived properties of the model uncertainties are a crucial input for safety formats
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