106,154 research outputs found
Li–ion diffusion on the surface of Ti3C2-T (T=O, S, F, Cl, Br) MXene
No full textK. A. Papadopoulou, D. Parfitt, A. Chroneos and S.-R. G. Christopoulos, “Li–ion diffusion on the surface of Ti3C2-T (T=O, S, F, Cl, Br) MXene”, European Materials Research Society Spring 2022 meeting, 30 May-3 June 2022, onlin
Thermal Ageing Effects on the Residual Fatigue Strength of AA2618-T6511 Aluminium Alloy
No full textThis work presents the results of an experimental investigation on the effects of thermal ageing over the residual fatigue strength of AA2618-T6511 aluminium alloy.
Among others, this kind of light alloy finds practical applications in highly stressed engine components, such as pistons, that are typically subjected to both thermal and fatigue loads. Thermal cycles are responsible for ageing phenomena, that involve the precipitation of silicates, with a corresponding progressive damage of the microstructure and weakening of the mechanical characteristics of the material.
Artificial ageing has been reproduced in laboratory by means of thermal cycles controlled in time and temperature. These variables have been correlated to the hardness values measured on the surface of specimens. Bending fatigue tests have been performed on a rotating machine in a temperature controlled environment. The experimental S-N diagram is finally presented, as a function of the tested temperature, in order to provide a design tool for the fatigue life estimation of AA2618 components
F-doped orthorhombic Nb2O5 exposed with 97% (100) facet for fast reversible Li+-Intercalation
No full textOrthorhombic Nb2O5 (T-Nb2O5) is attractive for fast-charging Li-ion batteries, but it is still hard to realize rapid charge transfer kinetics for Li-ion storage. Herein, F-doped T-Nb2O5 microflowers (F-Nb2O5) are rationally synthesized through topotactic conversion. Specifically, F-Nb2O5 are assembled by single-crystal nanoflakes with nearly 97% exposed (100) facet, which maximizes the exposure of the feasible Li+ transport pathways along loosely packed 4g atomic layers to the electrolytes, thus effectively enhancing the Li+-intercalation performance. Besides, the band gap of F-Nb2O5 is reduced to 2.87 eV due to the doping of F atoms, leading to enhanced electrical conductivity. The synergetic effects between tailored exposed crystal facets, F-doping, and ultrathin building blocks, speed up the Li+/electron transfer kinetics and improve the pseudocapacitive properties of F-Nb2O5. Therefore, F-Nb2O5 exhibit superior rate capability (210.8 and 164.9 mAh g−1 at 1 and 10 C, respectively) and good long-term 10 C cycling performance (132.7 mAh g−1 after 1500 cycles)
A Study of the Thermodynamics and Kinetics of LiₓFePO₄ as a Cathode Material for Li Batteries
No full textOlivine-type LiFePO4 has been recognized as one of the most promising cathode materials for rechargeable Li batteries. Its advantages include high capacity, high stability, nontoxicity, and low cost. Our methods for synthesizing nanocrystalline LixFePO4 with the olivine structure are described. Solid-state reactions and precipitation reactions were both successful, and ball milling was especially effective at reducing crystallite sizes. Diffractometry and microscopy were used to characterize these materials, and results of impurity phases, excess Fe3+, and internal stresses are reported for the different types of synthesis.
Applications of lithium-ion batteries, including automotive applications, require fast kinetics and high conductivity of ions and electrons. Unfortunately, LixFePO4 has the electronic structure of an insulator, an entirely unsatisfactory situation if it is to be used as a battery electrode. Electrical conductivity in LixFePO4 occurs by the motion of small polarons, which are valence electrons at Fe atoms plus their distorted local environments. Electrical conductivity of LixFePO4 is interpreted in terms of small polaron hopping. There are other factors of importance in these measurements, such as impurities or defects that block the one-dimensional conduction channels of the olivine structure of LixFePO4.
We studied the polaron hopping directly, which allows us to understand the intrinsic electrical conductivity, and how it depends on microstructure and composition of LixFePO4. The experimental technique was Mossbauer spectrometry, which has been used for many years as a means for determining the fractions of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in a material. Usually the spectral signatures of Fe2+ and Fe3+ are distinct. When valence electrons hop between Fe2+ and Fe3+ at a frequency of 108 Hz or higher, however, the valence changes during the timescale of the Mossbauer measurement and the spectrum is blurred. By measuring Mossbauer spectra at elevated temperatures, we can determine the fractions of Fe atoms participating in polaron hopping, and determine the activation energy of the process. From this we estimate intrinsic electrical conductivities of 10-7S/cm at room temperature for nanocrystalline Li0.5FePO4, for example. We find a comparable conductivity for LixFePO4 prepared as a solid solution, but the conductivity of conventional LixFePO4 is much lower.
There has been much discussion about how surface area might thermodynamically stabilize the solid solution phase of nanocrystalline LixFePO4. In a series of X-ray diffraction measurements, some at elevated temperatures, we found the solid solution phase of LixFePO4 to be especially robust at room temperature when the material was prepared in nanocrystalline form. Moreover, the consistent phase transition temperature around 200°C was observed, as evidence for the unchanged equilibrium phase diagram by crystallite size. This is consistent with our evaluation on the boundaries of the two-phase mixture of triphylite and heterosite during Li insertion and extraction. Profiles of entropy and enthalpy changes were evaluated by open-circuit voltage measurements. The boundaries were found at x=0.05 and 0.95 in the LixFePO4 with crystal size of 70 nm, similar to the reported values on bulk-LixFePO4. These are important in practice, because electrochemical lithiation and delithiation at room temperature should remain as a two-phase transformation, even if a solid solution of lithium is present in the initial electrode material.</p
Reciprocity and impact in academic careers
No full textThe growing importance of citation-based bibliometric indicators in shaping the prospects of academic careers incentivizes scientists to boost the numbers of citations they receive. Whereas the exploitation of self-citations has been extensively documented, the impact of reciprocated citations has not yet been studied. We study reciprocity in a citation network of authors, and compare it with the average reciprocity computed in an ensemble of null network models. We show that obtaining citations through reciprocity correlates negatively with an impactful career in the long term. Nevertheless, at the aggregate level we show evidence of a steady increase in reciprocity over the years, largely fuelled by the citations reciprocated between coauthors. Our results characterize the structure of author networks in a time of increasing emphasis on citation-based indicators, and we discuss their implications towards a fairer assessment of academic impact
S T ABIL I T AS H ASIL P AD A G E NER ASI S E G REG ASI F 5 , F B E B E RA P A G E NOT I P E K E DEL AI
No full textThe
e
f
for
ts
to
incr
e
a
se
th
e
pr
oduc
ti
on
a
nd
p
roduc
t
ivi
t
y
o
f
so
y
be
a
n
that
c
a
n
be
a
c
hiev
e
d
throu
g
h
the
use
of
im
pr
ov
ing
se
e
d
qua
li
t
y
a
nd
incr
e
a
s
in
g
plant
populations.
B
r
e
e
din
g
a
c
ti
vit
ies
c
losel
y
a
ssocia
ted
with
plant
se
l
e
c
ti
on.
On
e
of
the
purpo
se
of
the
se
lec
ti
on
wa
s
he
ld
to
obtain
stea
dy
p
roduc
ti
vit
y
va
ri
e
ti
e
s.
S
tabili
t
y
test
re
sult
s
i
s
one
metho
d
to
test
stra
ins
o
f
plant
s,
e
spec
i
a
ll
y
so
y
b
e
a
n
str
a
in
that
will
be
r
e
lea
s
e
d int
o a
r
e
c
omm
e
nde
d va
ri
e
t
y
.
The
e
x
pe
rimen
t
wa
s
c
onduc
ted
a
t
the
e
x
pe
rimen
tal
fie
ld
of
the
F
a
c
ult
y
o
f
Agr
iculture
,
The
Univ
e
rsit
y
of
Au
g
ust
17,
1945
B
a
n
y
uwa
n
g
i
,
Ke
ba
len
an
,
B
a
n
y
uw
a
n
g
i
dist
ric
t
,
with
a
±
43
mete
rs
a
lt
it
ude
a
bove
the
se
a
l
e
ve
l
.
Thi
s
stud
y
wa
s con
duc
te
d
fr
om
F
e
br
ua
r
y
to
J
une
2012
.
The
m
a
ter
ials
that
used
i
n
th
is
stud
y
we
r
e
:
9
kinds
of
ge
not
y
p
e
s
that
Une
j
1
,
Une
j
2,
P
oli
je
1
,
P
oli
je
2,
P
oli
je
3,
P
oli
je
4,
Ma
laba
r
,
W
il
is
a
nd
Ge
pa
k
Kuning
,
P
honska
c
ompound
fe
rtili
z
e
r
,
pe
sti
c
ides
De
c
is
25
EC
,
Mar
shall
200
C
,
lea
f
fe
rtili
z
e
r
He
rba
fa
rm
,
C
o
locr
on
a
nd
F
ur
a
da
n
3G
.
W
hil
e
the
tool
s
used
on
thi
s
re
se
a
rc
h
a
re
me
a
surin
g
c
ups,
sc
a
les
a
na
l
y
ti
c
,
bu
re
tt
e
,
dr
ip
,
sc
iss
or
s
,
spr
ay
tanks
,
buc
ke
ts,
a
nd sc
iss
or
s
c
utt
ing
s
.
The
e
x
pe
rimen
ts
w
e
re
c
onduc
ted
to
d
e
ter
mi
ne
the
stabil
it
y
o
f
so
y
be
a
n
y
i
e
lds
in
th
e
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
on
F
5
,
F
6
a
nd
F
of
th
e
nine
ge
not
y
pe
s
w
e
r
e
teste
d
,
na
mel
y
Une
j
1
,
Une
j
2
,
poli
je
1,
P
oli
je
2
,
P
oli
je
3,
a
nd
P
oli
je
4
a
s
ge
not
y
p
e
pr
o
mi
sing
li
ne
s
a
nd
thre
e
str
a
ins
c
o
mpar
ison,
na
mel
y
Mala
b
a
r
,
W
il
is
a
nd
Ge
pa
k Kun
ing
.
7
This
stud
y
used
a
ra
n
domi
z
e
d
c
ompl
e
te
bloc
k
de
sig
n
(RCB
D
)
e
a
c
h
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
on
,
followe
d
b
y
a
n
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
homo
g
e
n
e
it
y
t
e
sti
ng
a
nd
stabil
it
y
testin
g
a
c
c
or
din
g
to
Ebe
rh
a
rt
a
n
d
R
ussell
,
invol
ving
nine
so
y
be
a
n
ge
not
y
pe
s
wit
h
thre
e
re
pli
c
a
ti
ons
in
the
g
e
ne
r
a
ti
on
F
5
,
F
6
a
nd
F
I
f
ther
e
is
a
sig
nific
a
ntl
y
d
iff
e
re
n
t
re
sult
made
S
c
ott
Knott
t
e
st
at
5%
leve
l
W
e
used
t
he
homog
e
nit
y
a
na
l
y
sis
:
1.
C
hi
squar
e
test
for
homog
e
nit
y
r
a
n
g
e
of
e
rr
or
,
with
B
a
rtlett
'
s
test
,
2.
Va
lue
of
c
hi
squar
e
d
test
,
3.
F
test
,
s
ig
nific
a
nt
diff
e
re
n
c
e
t
e
st
a
nd
the
int
e
ra
c
ti
on
e
ff
e
c
t
of
g
(
g
x
s),
4.
C
ombine
d
analysis
,
a
nd
5.
S
tabili
t
y
Te
st
.
T
he
r
e
sult
s
showe
d
th
a
t
the
stabil
it
y
o
f
the
re
sult
s
of
e
a
c
h
g
e
not
y
pe
wa
s
influe
nc
e
d
b
y
g
e
n
e
ti
c
a
n
d
e
nviron
menta
l
fa
c
tors
a
nd
plant
he
ig
ht.
Th
e
number
of
pods
se
e
d
number
,
we
i
g
ht
pe
r
100
se
e
ds,
a
nd
se
e
d
we
i
g
ht.
I
t
c
a
n
be
used
a
s
se
lec
ti
on
c
rite
ria
for
so
y
b
e
a
n
y
ield
im
pr
ov
e
me
nt
pr
ogra
m.
G
e
not
y
pe
s
teste
d,
turne
d
out
to
Une
j
1,
P
oli
je
ge
not
y
pe
s
1,
2
a
nd
P
oli
je
3,
showin
g
stabil
it
y
in
two
pa
ra
mete
rs
on
the
obser
va
ti
ons,
whe
r
e
a
s
the
other
g
e
not
y
pe
s
onl
y
on
th
e
pa
ra
mete
rs
of
obse
rva
ti
o
n
onl
y
.
I
t
c
a
n
be
c
onc
lud
e
d
that
Une
j
1,
P
oli
je
g
e
not
y
pe
s
1,
P
oli
je
2
a
nd
P
oli
je
3
we
re
the
sup
e
rior
g
e
not
y
pe
s.
I
t
c
a
n
be
re
c
omm
e
n
de
d
to
be
de
ve
loped
a
nd
pr
odu
c
e
d
in
lar
g
e
qua
nti
ti
e
s
i
n
the
c
omm
unit
y
.
The
other
g
e
not
y
p
e
s,
onl
y
h
a
d
a
f
e
w
stable
pa
ra
mete
rs,
s
o
it
ne
e
d
ed
fu
rthe
r
testin
g
to
be
stable
a
t som
e
loca
ti
ons a
nd a
t di
ff
e
r
e
nt t
im
e
s
Lateral strength Of urm piers: comparison between codified criteria and in-plane test results
No full textThe lateral resistance represents one of the most significant wall parameters to be used in the seismic analyses for the design/assessment of masonry buildings. In this article, an investigation on in-plane lateral strength of URM piers has been proposed thorough a comparison between the results from codified criteria and the outcomes of several experimental in-plane cyclic tests on masonry walls. In this context, a new database collecting the results of in-plane cyclic tests on unreinforced masonry piers, carried out within different research projects, has been devel-oped. The database consists of walls with bricks and blocks with different masonry materials (clay, lightweight aerated concrete, AAC, calcium silicate), bed-and head-joint typologies, di-mensions, boundary conditions, vertical applied loads and horizontal loading history. This source of information of consistent and reliable test results represents a necessary step into the process of definition of shared rules in the European context.Accepted Author ManuscriptApplied Mechanic
Li–Yorke and distributionally chaotic operators
No full textWe study Li-Yorke chaos and distributional chaos for operators on Banach spaces. More precisely, we characterize Li-Yorke chaos in terms of the existence of irregular vectors. Sufficient "computable" criteria for distributional and Li-Yorke chaos are given, together with the existence of dense scrambled sets under some additional conditions. We also obtain certain spectral properties. Finally, we show that every infinite dimensional separable Banach space admits a distributionally chaotic operator which is also hypercyclic. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.The second author is supported in part by MEC and FEDER, Project MTM2008-05891. The third and fourth authors are supported in part by MEC and FEDER, Projects MTM2007-64222, MTM2010-14909 and by Generalitat Velenciana. Project PROMETEO/2008/101. We want to thank the referee for the suggestions.Bermúdez, T.; Bonilla, A.; Martínez Jiménez, F.; Peris Manguillot, A. (2011). Li–Yorke and distributionally chaotic operators. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications. 373:83-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmaa.2010.06.011S839337
Uj i S if at P r e b iotik S e r at P an gan T id ak L a r u t Air (ST L A) T e r e k str ak d ar i T e p u n g E m p u lu r P is an g Agun g d an P isan g M as
No full textP
isang
mer
upa
ka
n
bua
h
subt
ropis
y
a
n
g
te
rd
a
pa
t
ba
n
y
a
k
di
I
ndon
e
sia.
P
roduk
ti
fitas
pisang
ter
us
mening
ka
t
se
c
a
r
a
fluktua
ti
f
da
ri
tahun
2005
sa
mpai
2010.
P
roduk
si
pisang
y
a
n
g
ti
ngg
i
men
y
e
b
a
bka
n
pr
oduk
si
e
mpul
ur
pisang
y
a
n
g
ti
ngg
i
pula.
Empul
ur
pisang
mer
upa
ka
n
ba
g
i
a
n
da
ri
pohon
pisang
y
a
n
g
ka
ndun
g
a
n
utama
n
y
a
se
ra
t
pa
n
ga
n
ti
da
k
lar
ut
a
ir
(ST
L
A)
.
S
e
r
a
t
pa
n
g
a
n
ti
da
k
lar
ut
a
ir
(ST
L
A)
mer
upa
ka
n
komponen
ka
rbohidr
a
t
y
a
ng
ti
da
k
da
pa
t
di
c
e
rn
a
oleh
e
nz
im
pe
nc
e
rn
a
a
n
d
a
n
subst
ra
t
pe
nti
ng
b
a
g
i
mi
kr
of
lora
kolon
se
hingg
a
be
rpot
e
n
si
se
ba
g
a
i
pr
e
biot
ik.
Untuk
menja
di
pr
e
biot
ik
ba
ha
n
pa
n
g
a
n
h
a
rus
taha
n
ter
h
a
da
p
hidro
li
sis
a
sa
m
lambung
a
rtifi
sial,
da
pa
t
mening
ka
tk
a
n
surviv
al
b
a
kter
i
pr
obiot
ik
da
n
se
b
a
li
kn
y
a
d
a
pa
t
menur
unk
a
n
surviv
al
ba
kter
i
pa
to
ge
n.
F
e
rm
e
ntasi
spont
a
n
e
mpul
ur
pisan
g
mampu
me
n
ing
ka
tkan
pe
ne
rimaa
n
mut
u
se
nsori
s
tepung
e
mpul
ur
pisan
g
y
a
n
g
dihaslk
a
n.
I
de
nti
fik
a
si
ba
kter
i
se
lul
oli
ti
k
meng
identifi
ka
si
ba
n
y
a
k
Bac
il
lus
li
c
he
nif
ormis
se
ba
ga
i
ba
kter
i
y
a
n
g
be
rpe
r
a
n
da
l
a
m
fe
rme
nt
a
si
spont
a
n
e
mpul
ur
pis
a
ng
.
P
e
ne
li
ti
a
n
ini
be
rtu
juan
untuk
m
e
ng
e
kstra
k
S
T
L
A
da
ri tep
ung
e
mpul
ur
pisan
g
da
n
meng
uji
sifa
t
sif
a
t
pre
b
iot
ikn
y
a
.
P
e
ne
li
ti
a
n
ter
ba
g
i
a
tas
be
be
ra
p
a
taha
p
y
a
it
u
taha
p
pe
rsia
pa
n
pe
n
e
li
ti
a
n,
pe
mbuata
n
tepun
g
,
e
kstr
a
ksi
S
T
L
A
da
n
uji
sifa
t
sifa
t
pr
e
biot
ik
S
T
L
A
b
e
rda
sa
rka
n
ke
taha
na
nn
y
a
t
e
rha
d
a
p
hidroli
sis
a
sa
m
la
mbung
a
rtifisi
a
l,
ke
m
a
mpuann
y
a
mening
ka
tk
a
n
ke
mamp
ua
n
hidup
(
surviv
al
)
ba
kter
i
pr
obiot
ik
L
ac
tobacill
us
ac
idophi
lus
da
n
mene
ka
n
ke
mampua
n
hi
dup
(
surviv
al
)
ba
kter
i
pa
tog
e
n
e
nter
opa
to
g
e
nik
Es
c
he
ric
ia
c
oli
(
EPEC
).
Ekstra
ksi
S
T
L
A
men
gg
una
k
a
n
me
tode
pa
da
jurna
l
Eng
l
y
st
e
t
al.
(1992
)
y
a
n
g
dim
odifika
si
de
ng
a
n
men
gg
un
a
ka
n
g
r
a
vim
e
tri
(A
OA
C
,
2000)
.
S
e
ra
t
p
a
nga
n
ti
da
k
la
rut
a
ir
diuj
i
ke
taha
na
nn
y
a
ter
h
a
d
a
p
c
a
i
ra
n
lambung
m
a
nusi
a
de
n
ga
n
men
gg
una
k
a
n
meto
de
y
a
n
g
dig
un
a
ka
n
da
lam
jurna
l
W
iche
inchot
e
t
al
.
(2010
).
Uji
surviv
al
pr
obiot
ik
da
n
pa
togen
dil
a
kuka
n
de
n
g
a
n
mengg
un
a
ka
n
metode
y
a
ng
di
g
una
ka
n
d
a
lam
jurn
a
l
Hue
bne
r
e
t
al
.
(2007
)
da
n
jurna
l
B
ur
it
i
e
t
al
.
(2010
).
P
rob
iot
ik
y
a
n
g
di
g
una
k
a
n
a
da
lah
L
.
ac
idophi
lus
.
B
a
kte
ri
pa
to
ge
n
y
a
n
g
di
g
un
a
ka
n a
d
a
lah b
a
kter
i ente
ropa
to
g
e
nik
Es
c
he
ricia c
oli
(E
P
EC).
Ha
sil
pe
ne
li
ti
a
n
menunj
ukka
n
ba
hw
a
ka
d
a
r
S
T
L
A
e
mpul
ur
pisan
g
a
gung
(f
e
rme
nt
a
si
69,4%
,
kontr
ol
67,7
%
)
lebih
ti
ngg
i
di
ba
nding
k
a
n
S
T
L
A
e
mpu
lur
pisang
mas
(f
e
rme
ntasi
66,5
%
,
kontrol
62,6
%
).
S
e
ra
t
p
a
ng
a
n
ti
da
k
lar
ut
a
ir
(ST
LA)
e
mpul
ur
pisang
taha
n
te
rha
da
p
h
idroli
sis
a
ntar
a
98
99%,
da
pa
t
mensti
mul
a
si
pe
rtumbuha
n
ba
kter
i
pr
obiot
ik
L
.
ac
idophi
lus
da
n
da
pa
t
men
e
ka
n
pe
rtumbuha
n
b
a
kte
ri
pa
togen.
P
e
rla
kua
n
fe
rme
nt
a
si
t
e
r
ke
nda
li
pa
d
a
e
mpul
ur
pisa
ng
a
g
un
g
menin
g
ka
tkan
surviv
al
L.
ac
idophi
ll
us
se
be
sa
r
1,64%
da
n
pa
da
e
mpul
ur
pisang
a
g
un
g
0,36%
.
S
e
da
ng
k
a
n
surviv
al
pa
to
g
e
n
EPEC
,
S
T
L
A
e
mpul
ur
pisa
ng
fe
rme
nt
a
si
ter
ke
nd
a
li
oleh
B.
li
c
he
nif
ormis
menur
unka
n
pe
rtumbuha
n
EPEC
p
a
da
e
mpul
ur
pisan
g
a
g
u
ng
se
be
s
a
r
7,63
%
da
n
pa
d
a
e
mpul
ur
pisang
m
a
s
sebe
s
a
r
6,4
%
.
P
a
da
uji
sifa
t
sifa
t
pr
e
bio
ti
k
se
mua
S
T
L
A
sa
mpel
y
a
kni
e
mpul
ur
pisan
g
a
gung
kontrol
(E
AK
),
e
mpul
ur
pisang
a
g
un
g
fe
rme
nt
a
si
ter
ke
nda
li
(E
AFT),
e
m
pulur
pisan
g
mas
kontrol
(E
MK)
,
da
n
e
mpul
ur
pisang
ma
s
fe
rme
ntasi
ter
ke
n
da
li
(E
MF
T
)
meme
nuhi
kr
it
e
ria
se
ba
ga
i
ka
ndidat
pr
e
biot
ik.
P
e
rla
kua
n
f
e
rme
ntasi
ter
k
e
nda
li
pa
da
e
mpul
ur
pisan
g
menin
g
k
a
tkan
sifa
t
sif
a
t
pr
e
biot
ik
S
T
L
A
tepun
g
e
mpul
ur
p
isang
y
a
n
g
dihasil
ka
n
B E N T U K PE N GA W A S A N B E B A S V I S A K U N J U N G A N S I N G K A T ( B V K S ) O L E H K A N T O R K E I M I G R A S I A N K E P A D A W A R G A N E G A R A A S I N G Y A N G T I N G G A L D I I N D O N E S I A
No full texte
ne
li
ti
a
n
y
a
n
g
be
rjudul
“
B
E
NTU
K
P
EN
GA
W
ASAN
B
E
B
AS
V
I
S
A
KU
NJ
UN
GA
N
S
I
NG
K
AT
(
B
VK
S
)
O
L
EH
KA
NTO
R
KE
I
M
I
G
R
AS
I
AN
KEPAD
A
W
ARGA
N
EGA
R
A
AS
I
NG
YA
N
G
T
I
N
GG
A
L
D
I
I
ND
ON
ES
I
A
”
y
a
n
g
be
rtujua
n
a
nt
a
ra
lain
:
P
e
r
t
a
m
a
,
m
e
n
g
a
n
a
l
i
s
a
l
e
b
i
h
l
a
n
j
u
t
t
e
n
t
a
n
g
b
e
n
t
u
k
b
e
n
t
u
k
p
e
n
g
a
w
a
s
a
n
B
e
b
a
s
Visa
Kun
ju
ng
a
n
S
i
ng
k
a
t
(B
VK
S
)
,
khu
su
sny
a
tenta
ng
ke
lu
a
r
m
a
su
kny
a
or
a
ng
a
s
i
n
g
d
i
I
n
d
o
ne
s
i
a.
K
e
dua
,
untuk
menge
tahui
lebih
lanjut
tenta
ng
a
kibat
hukum
d
a
ri
pe
n
y
a
l
a
h
g
una
a
n
ij
in
B
e
b
a
s
V
i
s
a
K
u
n
j
u
n
g
a
n
S
i
n
g
k
a
t
(
B
V
K
S
)
s
e
h
i
n
g
g
a
d
a
p
a
t
d
i
k
e
t
a
h
u
i
s
a
n
k
s
i
y
a
ng
a
k
a
n
d
i
t
e
r
a
p
k
a
n
o
l
e
h
K
a
n
t
o
r
K
e
i
m
i
g
r
a
s
i
a
n
p
e
m
e
r
i
n
ta
h
y
a
n
g
se
s
ua
i
d
e
ng
a
n
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
a
n
p
e
r
u
n
da
ng
u
nd
a
ng
a
n
y
a
ng
b
e
r
l
a
k
u
.
Untuk
menc
a
pa
i
tuj
ua
n
ter
se
but
pe
ne
li
ti
men
gg
u
na
ka
n
metode
pe
n
e
li
ti
a
n
hukum
pidana
se
c
a
ra
y
u
ridis
no
rma
ti
f
de
n
ga
n
taha
pa
n
y
a
kni
y
a
n
g
pe
rta
ma
mela
kuka
n
pe
nde
ka
t
a
n
masa
lah
se
c
a
ra
y
ur
idi
s
norma
ti
f
ter
ha
da
p
da
ta
y
a
n
g
diper
oleh,
y
a
n
g
ke
dua
men
gg
un
a
ka
n
teknik
pe
ng
umpul
a
n
da
t
a
,
y
a
n
g
ke
ti
g
a
a
na
li
sa
ba
ha
n hukum d
e
n
g
a
n m
e
tode kua
li
tatif .
Ke
sim
pulan
pe
rta
ma,
B
a
hwa
be
ntuk
pe
nga
wa
s
a
n
B
e
ba
s
Visa
Kunj
ung
a
n
S
i
ng
ka
t
(B
VK
S
)
d
i
lak
uka
n
mela
lui
dua
h
a
l
y
a
it
u
P
e
nga
wa
sa
n
L
a
p
a
n
g
a
n
da
n
pe
nga
wa
s
a
n
A
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
r
a
s
i
y
a
n
g
d
i
l
a
k
u
k
a
n
d
i
t
e
m
p
a
t
t
e
m
p
a
t
p
e
m
b
e
r
i
a
n
p
e
l
a
ya
n
a
n
k
e
i
m
i
g
r
a
s
i
a
n
,
T
e
m
p
a
t
t
e
m
p
a
t
y
a
n
g
d
im
a
k
s
u
d
,
y
a
i
t
u
:
P
e
rw
a
ki
lan
R
I
;
Dire
ktora
t
J
e
ndra
l
I
mi
gr
a
si;
Ka
ntor
W
il
a
y
a
h
d
e
p
a
rte
men
k
e
ha
kim
a
n
d
a
n
H
a
m
;
Ka
ntor
ke
im
ig
r
a
sian;
T
e
m
p
a
t
p
e
m
e
r
i
k
s
a
a
n
Im
i
g
r
a
s
i
(
T
P
I)
.
Da
n
bi
lama
n
a
masa
wa
ktu
y
a
n
g
dit
e
ntukan
tela
h
ha
bis
oleh
k
a
n
t
o
r
k
e
i
m
i
g
r
a
s
i
a
n
k
e
p
a
d
a
w
a
r
g
a
a
s
i
n
g
y
a
n
g
t
i
n
g
g
a
l
d
i
w
i
l
a
y
a
h
I
n
do
n
e
si
a
,
mak
a
ti
nda
ka
n
y
a
n
g
dib
e
rik
a
n
ke
pa
d
a
wa
r
ga
a
sin
g
t
e
r
s
e
bu
t
a
d
a
l
a
h
d
e
n
g
a
n
c
a
r
a
p
e
m
u
l
a
n
g
a
n
k
e
m
b
a
l
i
k
e
n
e
ga
r
a
a
s
a
l
o
r
a
n
g
a
s
i
n
g
ter
se
b
ut
.
B
a
hwa
pe
n
y
a
l
a
h
g
una
a
n
ij
in
B
e
b
a
s
Visa
Kunjunga
n
S
ing
ka
t
(B
VK
S
)
b
a
g
i
w
a
r
ga
ne
ga
ra
a
sing
y
a
n
g
ti
ng
g
a
l
d
i
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
y
a
i
tu
m
e
m
a
n
f
a
a
t
k
a
n
s
a
r
a
n
a
k
e
r
j
a
s
e
b
a
ga
i
k
e
d
o
k
w
i
s
a
t
a
a
t
a
u
m
e
l
e
bih
i
b
a
t
a
s
w
a
k
t
u
y
a
n
g
dit
e
ntukan
oleh
ka
ntor
ke
im
igra
si
a
n.
Akiba
t
hukum
d
a
n
pe
n
y
a
lahg
una
a
n
B
e
b
a
s
V
i
sa
- …
