343,657 research outputs found
Self-incompatibility (S) genotypes of cultivated sweet cherries – An overview update 2020
No full textThe fertility in sweet cherry is determined by a gametophytic self-incompatibility system, controlled by a multi-allelic S locus who prevents self-pollination. The fertilization is controlled by the interaction of an S allele specific ribonuclease (S-RNase) in the style with a pollen S specific F-box protein gene (SFB). Knowledge about the S genotype of sweet cherries is very important for cherry growers and breeders. In the last years molecular markers have been developed to distinguish the S alleles in sweet cherries. In the new update from October 2020 a total of 63 incompatibility groups in 1483 sweet cherries have been defined. 26 sweet cherries have a unique combination of S alleles and were described as universal donors and placed in the incompatibility group 0. Additionally, there exist 91 self-compatible sweet cherries, called group SC. A total of 22 different S alleles are described in the cultivated sweet cherries up to date. These are the S alleles S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S9, S10, S12, S13, S14, S16, S17, S18, S19, S21, S22, S24, S27, S30, S37. The goal of this work is to summaries all known data of the S alleles in cultivated sweet cherries. In Table 1 the S genotypes of all studied sweet cherries are described. Furthermore it includes information about the parentage if they are known. Table 2 gives an overview about all the detected incompatibility groups. The groups are sorted according to the group numbers and the S allele numbers, respectively. In Table 3 all genotypes of the incompatibility group 0 with a unique S genotype are listed. Table 4 includes all known self-compatible sweet cherries. All references to the information of the S genotypes are listed in a file named 'References'. The present update needs to be further improved with all new S alleles data of sweet cherries. In addition, all new information about the parentage is very important for the breeding research. Please send all new or corrected data to the S alleles and the parentage of sweet cherries to [email protected]. An update of the S allele overview will take place in the next years
Letter from J. S. Sweet to B. R. Colson
No full textLetter from J. S. Sweet to B. R. Colson dated 11 January 1913. The hand-written letter is three pages long. There is a typewritten transcript of the document included in the item PDF
The role of sweet and savoury taste in food intake and food preferences
No full text Background and aim The sensory attributes of food play a key role in the selection and termination of meals and their rewarding properties. The majority of our foods are either sweet or savoury tasting. In addition, within our food range, savoury-tasting foods contain in general higher levels of protein. The effect of specific taste modalities on human food intake, however, requires further clarification. The primary aim of this thesis was to investigate the role of sweet and savoury taste in food intake and food preferences. The secondary aim was to provide more insight into the processes of explicit and implicit liking and wanting, to be able to identify underlying reward mechanisms involved in food intake behaviour. Methods We conducted series of experiments where healthy young adults participated. We started by investigating the difference between a sweet and savoury taste on satiation, independent of palatability, texture, energy density, and macronutrient composition (n=64). Next, the effect of sweet and savoury taste of a single meal on subsequent satiety and food preferences was investigated (n=61). To further explore the effect of taste in the context of a complete diet on satiety and food preferences, the effect of three 24-h diets that differed only in taste (predominantly sweet tasting, predominantly savoury tasting, or a mixture of sweet and savoury tasting) were compared (n=39). Next, we separated the influence of taste from within-meal protein content on satiety and food preferences, by comparing the effect of sweet and savoury high and low protein single meals (n=60). Finally, the effect of long-term protein status on satiety and food preferences was investigated by comparing the effect of two 14-d diets that differed in protein content (a low protein diet vs. a high protein diet) (n=37). Results Sweet and savoury taste, independent of palatability, texture, energy density, and macronutrient composition, did not differ in their effect on satiation and satiety in terms of subsequent ad libitum intake. Sweet and savoury taste did differ in their effect on subsequent food preferences. In general, after eating a food with a certain taste, appetite for foods with a similar taste was lower than for foods with a dissimilar taste, hence, a clear transfer effect of sensory specific satiety was demonstrated. This transfer effect was not equipotent for sweet and savoury taste; after eating a sweet single meal or sweet 24-h diet, preferences for sweet and savoury foods did not differ. Eating a savoury single meal or savoury 24-h diet, however, led to a clear preference for sweet foods. Neither sweet or savoury tasting single meals nor sweet or savoury 24-h diets shifted food preferences towards high or low protein foods. It was shown that protein content of a meal, independent of taste, did not have an effect on satiety and food preference. We did observe, however, an effect of protein status: after a 14-d low protein diet, there was an increase in ad libitum protein intake, compared to after a 14-d high protein diet, while total energy intake was not different. In addition, food preference for savoury high protein foods was increased. Regarding the different components of food reward it was demonstrated that in all studies both explicit and implicit measures correlated with several aspects of eating. It appeared that in a controlled setting, i.e. in the sensory booths, explicit processes played a stronger determining role in satiation (meal size) than implicit processes. Food choices appeared to be made on a more unconscious level. In a setting where subjects could behave more naturally (i.e. self-selection and serving of foods in a relaxed environment where subjects could sit and eat together), implicit, unconscious processes seemed to explain food intake behaviour more than explicit processes. When subjects experienced protein shortage, after the 14-d low protein diet, it appeared that implicit processes of wanting played a stronger determining role in decisions about what to eat. Conclusion Sweet and savoury taste do not differ in their effect on satiation or satiety in terms of subsequent ad libitum intake. The taste of a meal or diet does have a large effect on subsequent food preferences, thereby showing a clear transfer effect which is not equipotent for sweet and savoury taste. Savoury taste exerts a stronger modulating effect on subsequent food preferences than sweet taste. Sweet and savoury taste of a single meal or 24-h diet do not differ in their effect on food preferences for high or low protein foods. In addition, within-meal protein content seems not to influence satiety or food preferences. A low protein status, however, through selective reduction of dietary protein intake, elicits compensatory changes in food intake and food preferences to restore adequate protein status. It appears that both conscious (explicit) and unconscious (implicit) processes are involved in satiation and food choice. The role implicit motivational processes play in driving food choice is not static, but appears to vary. This is especially the case when homeostasis is challenged (by depleting macronutrient stores), where implicit processes of wanting appear to play a stronger determining role in decisions about what to eat. </p
Characterisation of the Latvian and Swedish Sweet and Sour Cherry Genetic Resources
No full textA wide diversity of cherry varieties are collected in the Latvian and Swedish genetic resources collections, which consists of landraces and selections of local breeders, adapted to the local climate and growing conditions (winter hardy and disease resistant) as well as germplasm that results from years of scientific exchange and co-operation with the world’s leading plant research institutes. The introduction of this material into the breeding programs is largely dependent on the level of characterization. The genetic diversity and internal structure of Latvian and Swedish sweet and sour cherry genetic resources collections has been investigated using phenotypical characterization and evaluation in combination with SSR and self-incompatibility gene specific molecular markers. Phenotypical and molecular characterization revealed high phenotypic and genetic diversity of analysed germplasm as well as the relatedness of Baltic and Scandinavian sweet and especially sour cherry landraces which indicates a possible common historical origin. Local Baltic-Scandinavian cherry varieties were also differentiated from other cherry germplasm by the frequency of self-incompatibility alleles detected using gene specific molecular markers. Self-incompatibility allele information gained from this study will be also useful in breeding programmes for the planning of crosses and conservation of alleles. The use of different characterization methods of cherry genetic resources also facilitated methodological observations, applicable to cherry germplasm characterization. It was concluded that thorough evaluation of genetic diversity and internal structure of cherry genetic resources collections should include both phenotypic and molecular characterization. The information of genetic relatedness revealed by SSR markers did not show direct correspondence with the relatedness information detected by phenotypic characterization, regardless of the number of analysed markers. Therefore a sufficient preliminary description of cherry genetic resources and discovery of internal genetic relatedness of germplasm could be obtained by using phenotypic description in combination with a small set of highly polymorphic SSR markers in combination with available gene specific markers
Economic Feasibility of Ethanol Production from Sweet Sorghum Juice in Texas
No full textThe economic feasibility of producing ethanol from sweet sorghum juice is projected using Monte Carlo simulation models to estimate the price ethanol plants will likely have to pay for sweet sorghum and the uncertain returns for ethanol plants. Ethanol plants in high yielding regions will likely generate returns on assets of 11%-12% and in low yield areas the returns on assets will be less than 10%.Sweet Sorghum, Ethanol, Monte Carlo Simulation, Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management, Risk and Uncertainty, D20 G10 D81 C15,
What makes a cherry red?: an investigation into flavonoid pathway regulation in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit.
No full textColour is an important fruit quality indicator because many consumers make their selections based primarily on this trait. Inheritance of colour has been studied within sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) populations and as a result fruit colour is thought to be determined by three genetic factors. A flesh colour factor (F) and the major skin colour factor (A) are the main determinants of fruit colour, where red pigmentation is incompletely dominant over yellow. A third factor, the minor skin colour factor (B), can produce blush skin but is epistatically masked by a dominant A allele. The pigments that colour fruit are known as anthocyanins, synthesised via the transcriptionally regulated flavonoid pathway, which also synthesizes the related secondary metabolites, condensed tannins and flavonols. In other fruit and flower species, mutations in flavonoid pathway or regulatory genes can lead to non-functional alleles that explain the inheritance of colour. However the genes encoding the genetic colour factors are not known in sweet cherry. Therefore, this research has endeavoured to study the cherry flavonoid pathway and its transcriptional regulation, with a view to determining the genetic differences responsible for yellow, blush, red and black cultivars. To achieve this aim, genes encoding flavonoid pathway enzymes and putative regulators of flavonoid synthesis were isolated from the red sweet cherry cultivar ‘Lapins’. PaMYBA1, an R2R3-MYB factor, possessing a high degree of sequence similarity with characterised anthocyanin regulators and conserved C-terminal motifs common within this type of protein, was identified. Functional characterisation of PaMYBA1 demonstrated its ability to activate transcription from the promoters of chalcone synthase (MdCHS), which encodes an enzyme that performs the first committed step in the synthesis of flavonoids, and the anthocyanin biosynthetic gene UDP-glycosyl:flavonoid-3-O-glycosyltransferase (MdUFGT). Furthermore, correlation between anthocyanin accumulation and the expression profile of PaMYBA1 in developing ‘Lapins’ fruit and light-treated blush-skinned ‘Ranier’ fruit suggest that PaMYBA1 might be an important colour factor. Transcript analysis revealed that PaMYBA1 is necessary for the production of colour in cherries; PaMYBA1 is not expressed in the solid yellow fruit of ‘Yellow Glass’ that lacks anthocyanins. However, similar levels of expression of PaMYBA1 in blush, red and black sweet cherry fruit indicate that there are additional factors that contribute to differences in colour intensity. The intense colour and increased flavonoid levels of the black sweet cherry ‘Sam’, compared with the blush and red fruits tested, correlated with a large increase in the expression of the putative tannin regulator PaMYBPA1 in this cultivar. In a functional assay, PaMYBPA1 could trans-activate not only the promoters of the tannin genes anthocyanidin reductase (VvANR) and leucaonthocyanidin reductase (VvLAR), but also of MdCHS and MdUFGT. Therefore, it is possible that PaMYBPA1 could regulate both tannin and anthocyanin synthesis, particularly when expressed at high levels. Taking into consideration the expression of flavonoid pathway genes in different sweet cherry cultivars and tissues, and under different environmental conditions, together with published scientific observations of the genetic factors contributing to fruit colour, we have developed a working model for flavonoid pathway regulation in sweet cherry fruit. Aspects of the model remain to be determined, such as the involvement of two additional anthocyanin-type MYB factors PaMYBA2 and PaMYBA3 in fruit pigmentation. However, it provides a general understanding of differences in the activity of the flavonoid pathway between sweet cherry cultivars, and moves us closer to knowing the identity of the inherited factors that determine skin and flesh colour in sweet cherry fruit.Thesis (Ph.D) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 201
Sweet′s syndrome with multiple myeloma
No full textWe are reporting a case of 70-yr-old gentleman who presented to dermatology clinic with painful red rash which was confirmed to be a sweet′s syndrome by biopsy . Further work up showed IgA myeloma. The patient showed good response to systemic and topical steroid. This case illustrate the need of considering paraneoplastic phenomenon in elderly with sweet′s syndrome . Sweet′s syndrome has been rarely reported as paraneoplastic phenomenon in of multiple myeloma
Incompatible (S-) genotypes of sweet cherry cultivars (Prunus avium L.)
No full textSweet cherries are generally self-incompatible, caused by a gametophytic self-incompatibility system. Two genetic factors (S-alleles) determine the fertility of sweet cherry genotypes. Dependent on the S-allele constitution of the cultivars, cross-incompatibility groups of sweet cherry cultivars exist. The knowledge about the S-allele combinations of the cultivars is very important for the fruit growers and breeders. In the last years molecular methods have been developed to distinguish the S-alleles in sweet cherries. An update of the S-genotype of 734 sweet cherries was summarized. The data includes results of 51 new varieties supplemented with data from various published sources and personal information up to 2012. A total of 18 S-alleles were detected in 47 incompatibility groups in sweet cherry
Biosafety of bee pollinators in genetically modified agro-ecosystems: Current approach and further development in the EU
No full textBee pollinators are an important guild delivering a fundamental input to European agriculture due to the ecological service they provide to crops in addition to the direct economic revenues from apiculture. Bee populations are declining in Europe as a result of the effects of several environmental stressors, both natural and of anthropic origin. Efforts are ongoing in the European Union (EU) to improve monitoring and management of pollinator populations to arrest further declines. Genetically modified (GM) crops are currently cultivated in a limited area in Europe, and an environmental risk assessment (ERA) is required prior to their authorization for cultivation. The possible impacts of GM crops on pollinators are deemed relevant for the ERA. Existing ecotoxicological studies indicate that traits currently expressed in insect-resistant GM plants are unlikely to represent a risk for pollinators. However, new mechanisms of insect resistance are being introduced into GM plants, including novel combinations of Cry toxins and double strand RNA (dsRNA), and an ERA is required to consider lethal and sublethal effects of these new products on nontarget species, including insect pollinators. The evaluation of indirect effects linked to the changes in management practices (e.g. for herbicide-tolerant GM crops) is an important component of EU regulations and a requirement for ERA. This paper reviews current approaches used to test the sensitivity of pollinators to GM plants and their products to determine whether sufficient data are being provided on novel GM plants to satisfy EU risk assessment requirements. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry
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