3,412 research outputs found
Evaluation of high-protein diets differing in protein source in healthy adult dogs
No full textThe student, Kelly Sieja, accepted the attached license on 2022-04-25 at 13:24.The student, Kelly Sieja, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2022-04-25 at 13:30.This Thesis was approved for publication on 2022-04-27 at 16:22.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #17952 on 2022-11-11 at 12:12:06Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'U of I Access', the embargo will last until 2024-05-01Given the dynamic market for protein-based ingredients in the pet food industry, demand continues to increase for both plant- and animal-based options. Animal and plant protein sources contain different amino acid profiles and vary in digestibility, which can affect the protein quality provided to the animal. The objective of this study was to evaluate the apparent total tract digestibility of canine diets differing in protein source and test their effects on serum metabolites, whole blood gene expression, and fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota of healthy adult dogs consuming them. Four isocaloric and isonitrogenous extruded diets were formulated to meet all Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) nutrient profiles for adult dogs at maintenance, with the primary difference being protein source: 1) chicken by-product meal (CBPM), 2) deboned chicken, dried chicken, and spray dried chicken (DC), 3) corn gluten meal (CGM), or 4) wheat gluten meal (WGM). Twelve adult spayed female beagles (BW = 9.9± 1.0 kg; age = 6.3 ±1.1 yr) were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square design (n=12/treatment). Each period consisted of a 22-d adaptation phase, 5 d for total and fresh fecal collection, and 1 d for blood collection. Fecal microbiota data were analyzed using QIIME 2.2020.8. All other data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS version 9.4. Fecal scores were higher (p<0.05; looser stools) in dogs fed DC or CBPM than those fed WGM or CGM, but all remained within an appropriate range. Apparent dry matter digestibility was lower (p<0.05) in dogs fed CBPM or CGM than those fed DC or WGM. Apparent crude protein digestibility was also lower (p<0.05) in dogs fed DC or CGM than those fed WGM. Dogs fed CBPM had lower (p<0.05) apparent organic matter, crude protein, and energy digestibilities than those fed the other 3 diets. Fecal indole concentrations were higher (p<0.05) in dogs fed CBPM than those fed WGM, but phenol and total phenol and indole concentrations were not different. Fecal total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were higher (p<0.05) in dogs fed DC than those fed CGM, but individual SCFA (i.e., acetate; propionate; butyrate) were not different. Fecal total branched-chain fatty acid concentrations were higher (p<0.05) in dogs fed DC or CBPM than those fed WGM. Fecal ammonia concentrations were higher (p<0.05) in dogs fed the animal-based protein diets than those fed the plant-based protein diets. Gene expression was not affected by diet. The relative abundance of 3 bacterial phyla and 9 bacterial genera were significantly shifted among treatment groups (p<0.05). Considering AA profiles and digestibility data together, the protein sources of the DC diet provided the most and highest quality protein without AA supplementation of all diets tested. However, the animal-based protein diets resulted in higher concentrations of proteolytic fermentative end-products. Further studies evaluating moderate dietary protein concentrations are needed to better compare plant- and animal-based protein sources
Evaluating glucose-based carbohydrates for use in canine diets
No full textExtruded diets remain the most common diet format fed to dogs. Even though dogs are classified as Carnivora, carbohydrates make up 20-50% of most extruded diets. The majority of carbohydrates are in the form of starch, providing a readily available energy source. Other carbohydrate forms include dietary fiber, oligosaccharides, and resistant starches (RS) that may elicit a multitude of health benefits. Previous research has focused on the composition of traditional carbohydrate-based ingredients, but little has been done as regards the composition of various whole ingredient, fractionated ingredient, or single-source carbohydrate sources.
The overall objective of this research was to evaluate glucose-based carbohydrate sources for use in canine diets, including ingredient chemical compositional analyses, effects on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility, and effects on fecal characteristics, microbiota composition, and fermentative end-products. Our first aim was to determine the chemical composition of carbohydrate sources commonly incorporated into pet foods. We evaluated various whole grains, processed grains, grain fractions, and pseudocereal grains. Our second aim was to evaluate the effects of graded concentrations of polydextrose on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, fecal fermentative end-products, and fecal microbial populations in healthy adult dogs. Polydextrose was fed at 0, 0.5, 1, or 1.5% of the diet DM. Our third aim was to determine the effects of RS, naturally from whole grains, on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, and fecal fermentative end-products in healthy adult dogs fed a baked whole grain-containing biscuit treat. Dogs received either 0, 10, or 20 g biscuits/d (estimated to be 0, 2.5, or 5 g RS/d) that were fed within their daily caloric allowance. Our fourth aim was to determine the effects of graded concentrations of a corn-based RS source on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility, fecal fermentative end-products, and fecal microbial populations in healthy adult dogs. Dogs were fed 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4% of diet DM of Hi-maize 260®, a corn-based ingredient that consists of 60% RS and 40% digestible starch.
In our first aim, we determined that whole grains and grain fractions contain many essential nutrients including amino acids and minerals, and may provide a significant source of fiber. Because the chemical composition of grains varied greatly depending on their respective fractions (i.e., barley flake vs. malted barley vs. steamed rolled barley) and among grain type (i.e., barley flake vs. brown rice vs. canary grass seed), pet food professionals must consider both factors when formulating diets. In our second aim, we determined that polydextrose appeared to be moderately fermentable, which was evident by the increased (P<0.05) fecal SCFA concentrations, primarily acetate and propionate, and by the decrease (P<0.05) in fecal pH, without affecting food intake or fecal output. The inclusion of polydextrose also decreased (P<0.05) some protein catabolites, in particular fecal indole concentrations. Fecal C. perfringens concentrations were decreased (P<0.05) by including polydextrose in the diet, but other bacteria were unaffected. In our third aim, we determined that fat digestibility decreased (P<0.05) with whole grain treat consumption (i.e., increased RS consumption), but apparent total tract dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein digestibilities were not affected. Fecal fermentative end-products, including short- and branched-chain fatty acids, ammonia, phenols, and indoles, and microbial populations were not affected. In our fourth and final aim, we determined that dietary RS linearly decreased (P<0.05) apparent total tract dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, fat, and gross energy digestibilities, and fecal pH was linearly decreased (P < 0.05) with increased RS consumption. Fecal output was linearly increased (P < 0.05) with increased RS consumption. Fecal scores and fecal fermentative end-product concentrations, including ammonia, short-chain fatty acids, branched-chain fatty acids, phenols, and indoles were not affected by RS consumption. Predominant bacterial phyla present in all dogs included Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Tenericutes. Although few bacterial taxa were altered by RS consumption, fecal Faecalibacterium were increased (P < 0.05) with increased RS consumption.
This research provided a compositional database of whole ingredient, fractionated ingredient, and single-source carbohydrate sources, which may potentially impact future pet food formulations. This research provided knowledge about the use of non-digestible, glucose-based carbohydrate sources, including polydextrose, whole grain-containing RS and dietary fiber, and corn-based RS, for use in canine diets. Based on the current results, the most prominent beneficial effects were observed in healthy dogs when fed 1.5% polydextrose. However, more research is needed to determine an optimal dose of whole grains, grain fractions, or single-source RS that may elicit a beneficial response when fed to dogs.Item withdrawn by Laura Spradlin ([email protected]) on 2014-04-21T21:50:10Z
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Effects of photoperiod on weight maintenance in adult neutered male cats
No full textWith the continued rise of obesity in humans and companion animals, novel weight management strategies are needed. To date, most strategies have focused on dietary intervention. Strategies aimed at altering physical activity, an important factor in weight maintenance, have been lacking. Due to the drastic decrease in physical activity level noted after gonadectomy, neutered animals are targets for activity-related weight management strategies. Photoperiod is known to cause physiological changes in seasonal mammals, including changes in body weight (BW) and reproductive status. Thus, our objective was to determine the effect of increased photoperiod (longer days) on voluntary physical activity levels, resting metabolic rate (RMR), food intake required to maintain BW, and fasting serum leptin and ghrelin concentrations in adult cats. Eleven healthy, adult, neutered, male domestic shorthair cats were used in a randomized crossover design study. During two 12-wk periods, cats were exposed to either a short day (SD) photoperiod of 8 hr light: 16 hr dark or a long day (LD) photoperiod of 16 hr light: 8 hr dark. Cats were fed a commercial diet to maintain baseline BW. In addition to daily food intake and twice-weekly BW, RMR (via indirect calorimetry), body composition [via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)], and physical activity (via Actical activity monitors) were measured at wk 0 and 12 of each period, and fasted serum leptin and ghrelin concentrations were measured at wk 0, 6, and 12 of each period. Average hourly physical activity was greater (P=0.008) in LD vs. SD cats (3770 vs. 3129 activity counts/hr), which was primarily due to an increase (P<0.001) in dark period activity (1188 vs. 710 activity counts/hr). This corresponded to a higher (P<0.0001) daily ME intake (mean over 12-wk period: 207 vs. 197 kcal/d), and an increased (P=0.048) RMR in LD cats (9.02 vs. 8.37 kcal/h). Body composition, serum leptin, and serum ghrelin were not altered by photoperiod. More research is needed to determine potential mechanisms by which these physiological changes occurred and how they may apply to weight management strategies.Item withdrawn by Mark Zulauf ([email protected]) on 2012-07-13T16:13:05Z
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Drawing the Line: How African, Caribbean and White British Women Live Out Psychologically Abusive Experiences
No full textThe final, definitive version of this paper has been published in Violence Against Women, 19 (9):1104-32, Sept 2013 by SAGE Publications Ltd, All rights reserved. © The Author(s) 2013.
The online version of this article can be found at: http://vaw.sagepub.com/content/19/9/110
Nitrogen fixation in the western English Channel (NE Atlantic Ocean)
No full textIn temperate Atlantic waters (18.8 to 20.1°C), biological nitrogen fixation has beendemonstrated by 2 independent measurements: 15N-N2 incorporation and nifH identification in theDNA and expressed messenger RNA (mRNA). At 2 stations in the western English Channel, bulkwaters were incubated with 15N-N2. At the high levels of particulate nitrogen (?11.5 ?mol N l–1),absolute fixation rates of 18.9 ± 0.01 and 20.0 nmol N l–1d–1 were determined. While a caveat mustaccompany the magnitude of the rates presented due to the limited number of data, the presence andactivity of diazotrophic organisms in these waters is of ecological significance and may affect currentattitudes to nitrogen and carbon budgets. In particular, our estimate of the rate of N fixation(0.35 mmol N m–2 d–1) is comparable to that of denitrification rates in UK shelf seas. Molecular analysisidentified a diversity of expressed nifH genes, and 21 different prokaryotic nifH transcripts wereidentified
Effects of weight loss while feeding a moderate-protein, high-fiber diet on body composition, voluntary physical activity, and blood metabolite profiles in overweight cats
No full textObesity is a major nutritional disorder in cats and is associated with several comorbidities and reduced life span. The primary objectives of this study were to determine the effects of feeding a moderate-protein, high-fiber diet on BW loss, voluntary physical activity levels, body composition, and blood metabolite profiles in overweight cats. During a 4-wk baseline period, 8 adult neutered male domestic shorthair cats (mean BW = 7.7±0.4 kg, mean BCS = 7.6/9) were fed to maintain BW. For 18 wk following baseline, food intake was adjusted to allow cats to lose weight at a rate of ~1.5% BW/wk. Cats were group-housed for 20 h/d and individually housed for two, 2-h periods each day for feedings. Daily food intake, twice-weekly BW, and weekly BCS were recorded throughout the study. Voluntary physical activity was measured over a 7-d period at wk 0, 6, 12, and 18 using Actical® activity monitors. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans were taken at wk 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 to estimate body composition. Overnight fasted blood samples were collected at wk 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16. The University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved all procedures. As expected, mean BW (7.7±0.4 vs. 6.2±0.4 kg) and mean BCS (7.6 vs. 6.0) decreased (P < 0.05) from wk 0 to wk 18. The NRC (2006) maintenance energy requirement (MER) for overweight cats is 130(BWkg0.40). In comparison, the mean MER during baseline in our study was 113(BWkg0.40). Throughout wk 1-4, 5-8, and 9-18, the energy levels to sustain weight loss were 76, 64, and 57% of baseline MER, respectively, demonstrating how restrictive feeding must be for consistent weight loss. Mean fat mass was decreased (P < 0.001) at wk 8, 12, and 16 (2417 , 2097 , and 1810 g, respectively) versus wk 0 (2924 g); therefore, body fat percentage also was decreased (P < 0.05) at wk 8, 12, and 16 (36.8, 34.0, 30.7%, respectively) versus wk 0 (40.9%). Mean lean body mass was lower (P < 0.01) at wk 12 and 16 (3671 and 3664 g, respectively) versus wk 0 (3865 g). Importantly, lean body mass percentage was increased (P < 0.05) at wk 8, 12, and 16 (61.5, 64.4, and 67.6%) versus wk 0 (57.6%). Mean daily activity tended to be higher (P = 0.061) at wk 12 vs. wk 0. The mean light:dark ratio of activity was increased ( P <0.05) at wk 18 vs wk 0, 6, and 12. Except for elevated mean creatinine (P < 0.05) during weight loss, all blood metabolites remained within reference ranges. Mean triglyceride concentrations were decreased (P < 0.05) throughout the weight loss phase. Using non-targeted gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry, a total of 535 named biochemicals were identified, with up to 269 metabolites altered (P- and q- values < 0.05) at any time point. Principal component analysis showed a continual shift in metabolite profile as weight loss progressed. Components 1 and 2 explained 14.3% and 10.3% of the variability, respectively. There was a significant and dramatic reduction of bile acids (cholate; taurocholate; deoxycholate) with weight loss. A reduction in numerous non-esterfied fatty acids (NEFA) and an increase in ketones (acetoacetate; 3-hydroxybutryate) and monoglycerides suggested a shift toward lipolysis and hepatic NEFA oxidation. Decreased markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were indicated by reduced pro-inflammatory oxylipids, eicosanoids, and oxidized biomarkers following weight loss. Mevalonate was decreased (P < 0.05) after wk 8 compared to baseline, which agrees with the reduced bile acids without altering cholesterol concentration. In conclusion, restricted feeding of a moderate-protein, high-fiber diet is a safe and effective means for weight loss in cats, leading to increased physical activity and reduced blood triglycerides. Global metabolomics identified biomarkers of reduced food intake, weight loss, and/or altered metabolism. Based on our data, the current NRC (2006) MER estimates for cats appear to be too high and should be reconsidered.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2017-08-01The student, Marissa Pallotto, accepted the attached license on 2015-06-16 at 12:12.The student, Marissa Pallotto, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2015-06-16 at 12:25.This Thesis was approved for publication on 2015-06-16 at 15:32.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #8283 on 2015-09-29 at 15:05:15Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-29T21:02:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3
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Previous issue date: 2015-06-16Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 89529
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Reason: Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD systemEmbargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 89529
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Evaluation of S‐Adenosyl l‐Methionine in a double‐blinded, randomized, placebo‐controlled, clinical trial for treatment of presumptive osteoarthritis in the dog
No full textObjective: To evaluate the efficacy of S-adenosyl l-methionine (SAMe) in the treatment of clinically inferred canine osteoarthritis (OA).
Study Design: Six weeks, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, clinical trial.
Animals: Dogs (n=33) with clinical signs, history, and orthopedic exams consistent with OA.
Methods: Dogs were block randomized by body condition score (<6/9, or ≥6/9) into either the placebo or SAMe group. Outcome was assessed using pressure platform gait analysis, examination score, goniometry, and the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) at the time of study entrance and at 3 and 6 weeks after entry. Groups were compared using parametric and nonparametric paired tests as appropriate, and numbers needed to treat (NNT) were calculated for the CBPI and peak vertical force (PVF).
Results: Both groups (n=15 placebo, n=18 SAMe) had a reduction in mean PVF (P=.02) and vertical impulse (VI; P=.06) from the 1st to 3rd visit. There was no significant difference between the placebo group and SAMe group for PVF, VI, or either part of the CBPI (Severity or Impact). The NNT at 6 weeks for the Severity score was 3, Impact score was 25, and PVF was 45.
Conclusions: These data do not support the use of SAMe as an effective stand alone treatment for reducing clinical signs of OA, as measured by PVF, VI, goniometry, CBPI (both Severity and Impact), and examination score within 6 weeks of treatment
Effects of dietary calcium fructoborate supplementation on joint comfort and flexibility and serum inflammatory markers in dogs with osteoarthritis
No full textThe student, Angela Price, accepted the attached license on 2015-11-09 at 19:26.The student, Angela Price, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2015-11-09 at 19:35.Symptoms of osteoarthritis (OA) afflict approximately 20% of adult dogs in North America. Clinical signs consistent with OA include decreased range of motion of a joint, reduced physical activity, difficulty climbing stairs or onto furniture, and a reduced ability to rise from a lying position. A safe and effective nutraceutical supplement may benefit dogs suffering from OA. Calcium fructoborate (CFB), a mimetic of a naturally occurring molecule, has previously been reported to be safe and effective in humans with joint problems. The objective of this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was to evaluate the short-term effects of CFB alone, or in combination with a blend of glucosamine hydrochloride (GH) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), on gait analysis, goniometry, serum inflammatory markers, and owner perception of pain in client-owned dogs. Sixty-four dogs with joint discomfort were recruited and 59 dogs (mean age = 8.42 ± 0.37 yr.; mean BW = 31.11 ± 1.28 kg) completed the study. All procedures were approved by the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, and pet owners signed an informed consent prior to study initiation. Dogs were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: placebo (60 mg fructose; n = 15), low dose (69 mg CFB; n = 14), high dose (127 mg CFB; n = 14), or combination (69 mg CFB, 500 mg GH and 200 mg CS; n = 16). Treatments were provided once daily as dietary supplements. Small dogs weighing up to 22.9 kg received 1 capsule/day, while large dogs weighing 23 to 50 kg received 2 capsules/day for 28 days. A physical examination, radiographs, goniometry measurements, gait analysis, blood sample collection, and the canine brief pain inventory (CBPI) questionnaire were performed and administered on days 0 and 28. As expected, a majority (69%) of the dogs were overweight or obese, with a body condition score (BCS) > 6 on a 9-point scale. Dogs fed the low dose (-2.93) and high dose (-2.21) of CFB were shown to improve (P < 0.05) in their ability to rise from a lying position from day 0 to day 28 compared to dogs fed the placebo (0.00), but no difference was observed for dogs fed the combination treatment. Dogs assigned the low dose of CFB also tended to have an improved pain severity score (PSS; -1.46; P = 0.08) and pain at its worst score (-2.14; P = 0.06) from day 0 to day 28 compared to dogs fed the placebo (0.05 and 0.00, respectively). Dogs fed the high dose of CFB had a greater increase (P = 0.05) in serum concentration of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) from day 0 to day 28 (7.88 ng/mL) compared to dogs fed the placebo (0.83 ng/mL). All blood metabolites were within reference range except total alkaline phosphatase and corticosteroid-induced alkaline phosphatase, which started and ended at concentrations greater than the upper reference range. Dogs assigned the high dose of CFB tended to have a greater reduction (P = 0.07) in serum chloride from day 0 to day 28 (-1.64 mmol/L) compared to dogs fed the low dose of CFB (0.08 mmol/L). Given the low number of small dogs recruited and the increased variability noted as a result of their inclusion, a sub-analysis of large dogs only was performed. Large dogs fed the low dose were shown to have decreased (P < 0.05) scores for PSS (-1.77) and pain at its worst (-2.45) from day 0 to day 28 compared to the placebo group (0.19 and 0.42, respectively). Large dogs assigned the low dose of CFB tended to have improved scores for pain at its least (-1.27; P = 0.08) and pain on average (-1.82; P = 0.07) from day 0 to day 28 compared to dogs fed the placebo (0.25 and -0.08, respectively), but no difference was observed for dogs fed the high dose or combination groups. Large dogs fed the low dose also were shown to improve (P < 0.05) in their ability to rise from a lying position (-3.09) compared to the placebo treatment (0.25) from day 0 to day 28. Overall, supplementation of CFB alone was well-tolerated and appeared to have potential for joint discomfort mitigation in canines.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'U of I Access', the embargo will last until 2017-12-01This Thesis was approved for publication on 2015-11-10 at 11:22.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #8768 on 2016-03-08 at 11:05:14Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-08T17:21:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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Previous issue date: 2015-11-10Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 91494
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Nutrient composition of foodstuffs available to wild lemurs living in the Analamazaotra Special Reserve, eastern Madagascar, and a survey of diets fed to captive black-and-white ruffed lemurs at United States zoological institutions
No full textLemurs are a group of primates endemic to Madagascar, an island off the southeastern coast of Africa. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists 39 of the 93 recognized species of lemur in Threatened categories, including the Endangered diademed sifaka (Propithecus diadema) and the Critically Endangered black-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata). Human activities on the island, such as agriculture, logging, and hunting of lemurs for bushmeat, are significant stresses on lemur populations. Conservation efforts for lemurs include Species Survival Plan® Programs (SSP) for some species. Diets for animals in zoological parks often are based on the nutrient requirements of domestic animals or closely related exotic animals that have a history in captivity. In order to more fully understand the nutrient requirements of a species, studies of foraging behavior in the wild may be combined with nutrient analyses of the items selected in the wild. Nutrient composition of captive diets also must be determined to assess the impact of ingredient inclusion on captive lemur health, especially obesity and diabetes that are common problems in captive populations.
Previous studies have investigated the nutrient composition of wild lemur diets, but the literature specific to P. diadema is limited. To obtain more data on the diets of wild P. diadema, twelve known groups of P. diadema in the Analamazaotra Special Reserve (ASR), Madagascar, were observed from October, 2008, to March, 2009. Samples from plants within the range occupied by the observed lemurs were collected, dried at 55°C, and secured in heat sealed bags for transport to Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium (OHDZ). The Nutrition Department at OHDZ analyzed the samples for crude protein (CP) and gross energy (GE) and then stored them at 4°C until shipment to the University of Illinois (UI). At UI, 13 plant species, totaling 36 samples, were selected for further analysis, with both fruits (n = 15) and leaves (n = 21) analyzed
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for each species. Fat concentrations were determined via acid hydrolysis. Dietary fiber fractions were determined via three assays: total dietary fiber (TDF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Nitrogen-free extract (NFE) was calculated to estimate digestible carbohydrate content. Leaves tended to be higher in CP compared with fruits. Total dietary fiber concentrations also were higher in leaves than in fruits. Conversely, leaves were lower in AHF and NFE than were fruits. The data from this study will improve understanding of the nutrient composition of dietary items available to wild lemurs in ASR.
Additionally, a survey was conducted to determine items used in diets fed to captive V. variegata at institutions in the United States listed in the International Species Information Systems (ISIS) registry. The survey identified the type and amount of diet items fed to captive V. variegata, and nutritional analysis software was used to estimate the chemical composition and gross energy content of captive diets. Data from 33 institutions that responded to the survey were compiled. The most commonly included items were bananas (31 of 33 institutions) and apples (29 of 33 institutions). A majority of institutions fed Marion Zoological’s Leaf Eater biscuit (10 institutions), Mazuri’s Leaf Eater biscuit (14 institutions), Mazuri’s Primate Browse biscuit (10 institutions), or a combination of those biscuits. Estimated DM, OM, CP, fat, and TDF concentrations of captive diets ranged from 14.5% to 67.6% (DM basis, DMB), 93.1% to 97.2% DMB, 7.9% to 23.9% DMB, 2.0% to 6.5% DMB, and 10.1% to 28.1% DMB, respectively. In general, captive diets contained higher CP concentrations and lower fat and fiber concentrations than did wild diet items. Reducing the amount of fruit included in diets fed to captive V. variegata, and reformulating captive diets to more closely resemble wild diet items, could reduce the prevalence of obesity in captive V. variegata.Item withdrawn by Mark Zulauf ([email protected]) on 2013-07-01T19:39:09Z
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Effects of inulin or yeast cell wall extract on nutrient digestibility and fecal fermentative end-product concentrations of healthy adult dogs fed raw diets
No full textThe use of raw meat diets for pets continues to increase in popularity. Owners may choose to feed either homemade or commercially available raw meat-based diets. Raw meat-based diets often are fed because they do not contain preservatives, are highly digestible, and may improve stool quality or skin/coat quality, with many of these claims being substantiated by peer-reviewed research reports. Despite their potential benefits, raw diets also pose many potential risks. Raw meat-based diets have been shown to increase pathogen exposure, contain nutritional imbalances if not carefully formulated and monitored, and may be inconvenient for the pet owner to store or feed. Despite the proposed advantages and risks of feeding raw diets, little research has been performed to test their nutritional adequacy and safety. Due to the growing trend of pet owners choosing to feed raw meat-based diets, research on the nutrient composition and palatability of such diets, and testing their effects on stool characteristics, nutrient digestibility, fecal fermentative end-product concentrations, and fecal microbial populations is needed. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of inulin or yeast cell wall extract (YCW) on macronutrient digestibility, blood cell and metabolite concentrations, and fecal fermentative end-product concentrations in healthy adult dogs fed raw diets. Six adult female beagles (5.5 ± 0.5 yr; 8.5 ± 0.5 kg) were randomly allotted to the following diets using a 3 x 2 factorial in a Latin square design: 1) Beef control; 2) Beef + 1.4% inulin dry matter basis (DMB; Orafti HP, BENEO Group, Tienan, Belgium); 3) Beef + 1.4% YCW (DMB; Bio-Mos, Alltech Biotechnology, Nicholasville, KY); 4) Chicken control; 5) Chicken + 1.4% inulin (DMB); 6) Chicken + 1.4% YCW (DMB). All dogs maintained desirable stool quality characteristics, produced low stool volume, and diets were highly digestible (protein digestibility >88%; fat digestibility >97%). There were minor changes in fermentative end-product concentrations, but fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations were increased (P<0.05) with inulin and YCW inclusion in dogs fed beef-based diets. Fecal spermine concentrations were increased (P<0.05) with inulin and YCW inclusion. In general, blood cell populations and metabolites were within the normal ranges for dogs. To evaluate the standardized amino acid digestibility of the six raw meat-based diets, a cecectomized rooster assay was conducted. Twenty-four, Single Comb White Leghorn cecectomized roosters were used in this study. Each rooster was crop-intubated and given an average of 24 g of each test diet. All excreta were collected and amino acid concentrations measured in each sample. The results of the cecectomized rooster assay indicate that the standardized amino acid digestibility was high for all diets; however, differences in amino acid digestibility existed between protein sources. The beef control diet had the lowest total essential amino acid (TEAA), total non-essential amino acid (TNEAA), and total amino acid (TAA) digestibilities (90.2, 88.7, and 85.9%, respectively) and the chicken + inulin diet had the highest TEAA, TNEAA, and TAA digestibilities (95.6, 95.2, and 92.2%, respectively). Our results agree with those from feline studies demonstrating a high nutrient digestibility of raw diets. Inulin and YCW inclusion in raw meat-based diets had similar effects on large intestinal fermentation as extruded diets containing inulin and YCW. More research is needed to confirm our data and study such diets when fed long term.Item withdrawn by Mark Zulauf ([email protected]) on 2011-04-01T19:02:19Z
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Beloshapka_Alison.doc: 513536 bytes, checksum: 07d1ed349e6292bcb6b983b4c1cd7594 (MD5)Item marked as restricted to the 'Administrator' Group (id=1) by William Ingram ([email protected]) on 2011-05-25T14:29:58Z
Item is restricted until 2013-05-25T14:29:35ZItem reinstated by Sarah Shreeves ([email protected]) on 2013-05-26T10:00:19Z
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University of Illinois Dissertations and Theses (ID: 204)
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license.txt: 4067 bytes, checksum: 78e3cd9f768a8f29fda2dc4431875149 (MD5)
Beloshapka_Alison.doc: 513536 bytes, checksum: 07d1ed349e6292bcb6b983b4c1cd7594 (MD5)Item released from any restrictions by Sarah Shreeves ([email protected]) on 2013-05-26T10:00:19
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