156 research outputs found
A proof of the Erd\H{o}s primitive set conjecture
No full textA set of integers greater than 1 is primitive if no member in the set divides
another. Erd\H{o}s proved in 1935 that the series is uniformly bounded over all choices of primitive sets . In 1986
he asked if this bound is attained for the set of prime numbers. In this
article we answer in the affirmative. As further applications of the method, we
make progress towards a question of Erd\H{o}s, S\'ark\"ozy, and Szemer\'edi
from 1968. We also refine the classical Davenport-Erd\H{o}s theorem on infinite
divisibility chains, and extend a result of Erd\H{o}s, S\'ark\"ozy, and
Szemer\'edi from 1966.Comment: 22 pages. The author thanks M. Balazard and F. Morain for the earlier
1986 reference on the Erd\H{o}s primitive set conjectur
New attempts at Electronic Documents in Transport. Bolero - the end of the experiment, the beginning of the future?
No full textIn this thesis the author examines a 'revolution' taking place in the shipping industry brought on by the development of computerisation, electronic commerce and the change from paper documentation to electronic documentation in the carriage of goods by sea. The focus of the paper is on Bolero, a project of the European Community beginning in the early 1990s and which has been used commercially since September 1999. In this paper the author follows the Bolero project from its inception as an experiment through to its commercial application. The question is asked to what extent Bolero has become an alternative to, or in fact replaced paper documentation in the carriage of goods by sea. As an introduction the author looks at the paper bill of lading and other forms of sea transport documentation with a focus on their advantages and disadvantages. He then examines the development of EDI and paperless sea transport documentation, in particular Bolero and the history of its development. Following this is an in depth investigation of the Bolero system in its current form, the contractual relations involved and the position of Bolero in the surrounding legal framework in a South African and international context. Finally the author looks at the future of Bolero as a commercial enterprise
A study of procurement behaviour in small firms
No full textThe purpose of this paper is to introduce research which analyses buyer-supplier relationships from the perspective of small and medium firms (SMEs). The study to be outlined shows that actors within a supply chain are not homogeneous in terms of their size, resources and business motives, which bring into question the validity and relevance of the purchasing literature when examining small firms. The paper will explain the usefulness and importance of studying purchasing behaviour in SMEs and explain how these relationships might differ depending on the nature of the firm. The methodology for the field research will be explained in the paper. The fieldwork draws principally from a series of interviews undertaken with owner-managers within plastic moulding companies in Lancashire. The empirical data will be explored in some depth with a particular focus on their implications for practice
PENGGUNAANELECTRONICDATA INTERCHANGE(EDI) PABEAN DALAM PROSES PENGAJUAN PEMBERITAHUAN BARANG IMPOR (PIB) TERHADAP EFEKTIFITAS DAN EFISIENSI KERJA PADA PT. HERU RAHAYU SURABAYA
No full textAtikaKhoirulUmaraoh, NIT. 50135048.K, (2017), “Penggunaan Electronic Data
Interchange (EDI) PabeanDalam Proses
PengajuanPemberitahuanBarangImpor (PIB) TerhadapEfektifitas Dan
EfisiensiKerjaPada PT. HeruRahayu Surabaya’’, Minithesis,Diploma IV
Programme, Port and Shipping Departement in Semarang Merchant Marine
Polytecnic, Counselor I: H. Suharso, SH, S.pd, SE, MM, Counselor II:
AmadNarto, M.Pd, M.Mar.E
Significant development of export import, make the government applying
thecnology in customs system. Wisdom to apply Electronic Data Intrechange (EDI)
system is a system which based on electronic document service and customs file that
integrated and quickly. Abstacles, and effort that doing by PT. HeruRahayu Surabaya
to support effectivity and work efficiency.
Observation methodology choose descriptive and quairtative submitting data
technic using interview, observation, literature study, and document study. Choosen
location in PT. HeruRahayu Surabaya office and also KPBC Tanjung Perak Office,
this observation spend time for three monts since 27th July 2015 till 27 th October
2015. Description method using Urgenvy, Seriousness, Groowth (USG).
Observation result showed that EDI system easier the process of customs
clearance furtherance PIB, lessen human errors and lessen using paper that can
increase company aility in quality and quantity service product wichfinnaly can
increase effectivity and work efficiency and company’s benefit. This also an effort
from gofernment to make easy customs notification and easier to control and service
in customs and exice office. At the end ofminithesys author give recommendation to
two object. For PT. HeruRahayu Surabaya advice to improve SDM quality and
supporting facility EDI system. To KPBC Tanjung Perak more develop EDI system
and need to apply in relate government’s programme.
Keywords: Import Export Business, EDI system, Customs
The 1997 pension reform in Mexico
No full textIn 1995-96, Mexico shifted to a multipillar approach to old-age security. The objective of the publicly managed first pillar is redistribution; a fully-funded second pillar provides for mandatory individual savings accounts and competitive but exclusive and specialized pension fund management; the third pillar is voluntary savings. The package could provide effective income security and protection against old-age poverty, in a manner compatible with goals of savings and economic growth. It offers Mexico's first real opportunity to shift to a defined-distribution model and to expand and deepen institutional investors - although in the short term its impact on capital markets will be limited by the need to focus on the security of pension fund investments. The reformed systems provides for a probably irreversibly shift toward private intermediation of most domestic investment funds. Further efforts to improve the pension system should encourage efficiency, confidence, and economies of scale. There are weaknesses in Mexico's pension design - especially the limited scope for workers in the private sector, the continued role of the housing-fund component, and the moral hazard implications of the lifetime-switch option. But Mexico achieved radical reform with its pension system within a difficult political and economic environment. And the timing of the reform was appropriate. The age structure in the existing system was very young, so coverage could increase. Also, reform took place after the inflationary 1980s and the recent financial crisis, which eroded the real value of old pensions, the acquired pension rights of the transition generation, and the minimum pension for minimum-wage retirees. If returns on invested contributions are high enough, much of the transition generation will choose the defined-contribution alternative over the old pay-as-you-go system. This will release the government from pension liabilities, except for the minimum pension guarantee for new affiliates. Ensuring the system's long-term success will require improved financial performance from INFONAVIT, the authorities'political will and regulations, and the system's flexibility in the face of changing circumstances.Payment Systems&Infrastructure,Public Health Promotion,Banks&Banking Reform,Pensions&Retirement Systems,Environmental Economics&Policies,Pensions&Retirement Systems,Banks&Banking Reform,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Stabilization
Development of natural gas and pipeline capacity markets in the United States
No full textDeregulation of the U.S. natural gas industry has been under way since the late 1970s. The industry was deregulated to create competitive markets in natural gas and its pipeline transportation, in the expectation that competition would guide transactions toward a more efficient outcome. The author provides an overview of the deregulation process and its effect on the development and functioning of natural gas and gas transportation markets in the United States. He analyzes the trading of pipeline capacity in primary and secondary markets and the regulation of pipeline transportation, identifies mechanisms that pipeline companies use to coordinate bilateral transactions, and summarizes deregulation's main achievements in the U.S. natural gas industry. Industry achievements in the past 15 years show that expectations were not realistic. The United States enjoys a highly competitive interstate transportation market. Both markets have benefited from the deregulation of natural gas production and marketing and the liberalization of natural gas prices. Introducing open access to interstate pipelines and their unbundling from gas sales has allowed end users to participate in the efficiency gains in upstream markets. All this has contributed to declining retail prices for all major consumer categories. Deregulation is far from complete, however. Current regulation of interstate pipeline companies and the secondary transportation market does not promote efficient allocation of transportation contracts. Flexible pricing of transportation contracts should be introduced in both the primary and secondary transportation markets. But deregulation of retail markets remains the most important task and the bigger challenge facing industry regulators. Small-volume end users (such as residential or commercial customers) are captive to local distribution utilities, without access to competitive wholesale markets. All end users should be able to choose a natural gas supplier and receive natural gas at the minimum cost to society.Oil&Gas,Water and Industry,Markets and Market Access,Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Transport and Environment,Water and Industry,Oil Refining&Gas Industry,Oil&Gas,Carbon Policy and Trading
Processes, information, and accounting gaps in the regulation of Argentina's private railways
No full textAlmost a decade after Argentina began privatizing its railways, resolution of conflicts between regulators, users, and operators continues to take longer, and to be more difficult, than expected. The authors contend that many of these conflicts arose because there are no rules for interactions between the key stakeholders: government, regulators, users, unions, and the media. One result of inexperience in setting up concession agreement has been that the agreements did not clearly define the information needed for oversight and regulation. Argentine rail concession contracts were supposed to be specific about the way tariffs, quality, investment, exclusivity, and so on, would change over time. And the newly created regulatory bodies were given some discretion about adjusting the contracts in the face of unforeseen developments. However, initial privatization were carried out in such a way that there was no time to refine terms, so many loopholes remained. Those unforeseen events have happened, and the regulatory agency, the National Commission for Transport Regulation (CNRT), has had to adapt its procedures and decisions to available information. In some cases, alleged modifications of the operating environment have led to renegotiations. Changes have been introduced in the approach to furnishing information to the government for oversight and regulatory accounting. The changes center on clearer definitions in connection with four major issues: a) The measurement of efficiency; b) access prices; and c) the financial model. Circumstances in the Argentine rail industry early in 2001 did not favor dramatic changes, but current renegotiations could be used to adjust information requirements to reflect what has been learned through six yearsof experience.Environmental Economics&Policies,Knowledge Economy,Labor Policies,Decentralization,Financial Intermediation,Environmental Economics&Policies,Financial Intermediation,Banks&Banking Reform,Education for the Knowledge Economy,Knowledge Economy
The growth of evangelicalism in the Church of Scotland, 1793-1843
No full textThis thesis examines Evangelicalism as a broadly-based intellectual
and social movement which sought to shape the overall thought and life of
the Church of Scotland during the first half of the nineteenth century. A
set of distinctive organisations --religious periodicals, voluntary
societies, education, and corporate prayer-- provided its institutional
structure. They represented the practical response to a general concern
for revitalising the Church, for evangelism, and for social morality.
'Evangelicals' are defined as those who combined participation in these
institutions with a fundamental commitment to the Church of Scotland as an
established, national church.
The development of each of these institutions is explored as a means
of tracing the growth of the movement as a whole. Religious periodicals
helped to unite scattered individuals within the Established Church who
shared a desire to spread experiential Christianity. By providing a forum
for discussing issues related to this concern, these publications communicated
Evangelical ideas throughout the Kirk, giving Evangelicals far
greater influence than their relative lack of power in the ecclesiastical
courts around the turn of the century suggested they would have.
Religious voluntary societies enabled Evangelicals to translate their
ideas into action on a wide range of issues. The seeming effectiveness of
groups such as missionary and Bible societies made Evangelicalism
increasingly attractive, and led to the incorporation of their activist
approach into existing Kirk structures after the mid-1820s. However,
Evangelicals struggled with the tensions between the gathered and territorial
views of the Church inherent in their commitments both to
societies and to the Establishment.
Because Evangelicals, following the Scottish Reformers, believed that
education encouraged biblically-based Christianity, they were actively
involved in all levels of education, from Sabbath schools to the universities,
helping to spread Evangelical ideas and practice among young
people. Evangelicals' emphasis upon corporate prayer not only reflected
their belief that they needed divine aid to achieve their aims, but built
up social bonds at a local level and reinforced commitment to the other
Evangelical institutions
Additional file 1 of Promoting inclusion in clinical trials—a rapid review of the literature and recommendations for action
No full textAdditional file 1. EDI Rapid Review Paper Author Response
A conceptual model for EAI adoption in an e-government environment
No full textThe non-integrated nature of Local Government Authority (LGA) Information Systems (IS) is
strongly associated with the inconsistency and duplication of data, reduction in data integrity and
quality, and high operational and maintenance cost. The reason is that legacy IS within the LGAs
are usually tailored to support particular business processes and functions and are as a
consequence usually difficult to integrate. This gives rise to a strong need for an integrated
architecture that facilitates reuse of existing applications and flexibly implementing business
processes across the functional boundaries within the LGAs. This paper examines a potentially
important area of IS integration in the United Kingdom (UK) LGAs through Enterprise
Application Integration (EAI) technology. A review of the literature indicates that EAI has been a
focal technology for several organisations in solving their integration problems. However, is new
in the LGAs; thus research literature around it is limited. Yet the effect of IS integration using
EAI technology remains under explored, as little research has been conducted to comprehend the
LGAs perception of integration that influences their decisions and actions. The author
demonstrates that it is of high importance to investigate this area within LGAs and result in
research that contributes towards successful EAI adoption. Therefore, resulting in the
development of a conceptual model that may be used to assist the government decision-making
process for EAI adoption in an electronic Government (e-Government) environment
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