5 research outputs found
Cross-Cultural encounters: the early reception of Charles Dickens in China, 1895-1915
No full textThis thesis examines the early reception of Charles Dickens in China from 1895 to 1915, with the aim of exploring the extent to which the values and politics that are purportedly embedded in Dickensian texts were interpreted and re-rendered for a totally different readership in a new place and time. I shall first introduce the publication and circulation history of Dickens's works in China during this first phase of cross-cultural transfer, and outline the theoretical underpinning of my research by arguing that the early Chinese translation of Dickens's works was a distinctive form both of translation and of adaptation, and one which was conditioned by specific cultural and historic contexts. I shall then focus on three main case studies-the Chinese translations and adaptations of Little Dorrit (1855-57), David Copperfield (1849-50) and A Tale a/Two Cities (1859)-to explore how different Dickensian features were re-enacted, or in cases subverted, during this crosscultural encounter. In Chapter One, I shall examine how Dickens's use of space and place in Little Dorrit is adapted and transformed by the Chinese translators, to the extent that the labyrinthine cityscape that characterised the author's portrayal of London is replaced by a gridlike structure that embodies traditional Chinese architectural principles. I shall also investigate how the social value and ideology as inscribed in built structures in Victorian England was transformed, and undermined during this adaptive process. In Chapter Two, I argue that traditional Chinese life writing, which was often used to exemplify wider history and culture instead of articulating the 'difference' of a bourgeois subject found in Western autobiographical traditions, has influenced the translation and adaptation of David Copperfield. I shall demonstrate the importance of examining these different traditions, and their impact on the way the text was adapted, against the two cultures' different conceptions of the self and of the individual at their respective historic moments. In Chapter Three, I shall first consider how in A Tale of Two Cities Dickens makes use of the French Revolution, and the antithesis between the individual and the collective, to comment on contemporary politics before proceeding to consider how the novel was adapted to serve specific political purposes when it was first published in China in an overtly political journal, The Justice, about a year and a half after the Chinese Revolution of 1911. I shall demonstrate the importance of reading the text in its original print contexts, and consider how the changes which the Chinese translator introduced to both the main text and the paratexts have transformed the politics of Dickens's original narrative. The influence of Chinese traditional historical writing on the adaptive text will also be explored. I shall conclude this thesis by situating it within the wider contexts of Victorian studies, arguing that my emphasis on cultural specificities and historical contingency challenges some of the methodologies and underlying assumptions pertaining to the 'global' turn of Dickens studies
Table S2. List of museum specimen material inspected for each of the 10 new taxa. Over 300 specimens were examined in total for plumage comparisons.
No full textSupplement to Rheindt, Frank E., Prawiradilaga, Dewi M., Ashari, Hidayat, Suparno, Gwee, Chyi Yin, Lee, Geraldine W. X., Wu, Meng Yue, Ng, Nathaniel S. R. (2020): A lost world in Wallacea: Description of a montane archipelagic avifauna. Science 367: 167-170, DOI: 10.1126/science.aax2146</p
Table S3. List of Locustella sound recordings included in bioacoustic analysis surrounding description of the Taliabu Grasshopper-Warbler. The table provides information on sound library sources and sampling localities of recordings as well as raw data on all 11 bioacoustic parameters measured (see Supplementary Materials section SM3 for more details on parameters). Recordings whose source is labeled as "private recording" were obtained by colleagues and are available upon demand from the corresponding author.
No full textsupplement to Rheindt, Frank E., Prawiradilaga, Dewi M., Ashari, Hidayat, Suparno, Gwee, Chyi Yin, Lee, Geraldine W. X., Wu, Meng Yue, Ng, Nathaniel S. R. (2020): A lost world in Wallacea: Description of a montane archipelagic avifauna. Science 367: 167-170, DOI: 10.1126/science.aax2146</p
Table S1. List of all new avian species descriptions from 2000 through 2016. Neotropical birds are indicated in yellow, whereas Asian / Australasian species are indicated in green.
No full textIs supplement to Rheindt, Frank E., Prawiradilaga, Dewi M., Ashari, Hidayat, Suparno, Gwee, Chyi Yin, Lee, Geraldine W. X., Wu, Meng Yue, Ng, Nathaniel S. R. (2020): A lost world in Wallacea: Description of a montane archipelagic avifauna. Science 367: 167-170, DOI: 10.1126/science.aax2146</p
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Groundwater Recharge in the West Bank Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
No full textEstimating groundwater recharge to aquifer systems is a very important element in assessing the water resources of the West Bank. Of particular interest is the sustainable yield of the aquifers. Previous studies have developed analytical recharge models that are based on the long-term annual rainfall data. These models have been shown to be inadequate and changes over shorter periods, e.g. monthly estimates, must be known in order to study the temporal distribution of recharge.
The approach used in this research integrates data derived from satellite images (e.g. land cover, evapotranspiration, rainfall, and digital elevation model) with hydrogeological data in a Geographic Information System (GIS) model to identify and map the surface recharge areas. The Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) is applied to time series of remote sensing MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) level 3 data of reflectance and surface temperature measurements to estimate monthly evapotranspiration; precipitation is derived from the monthly data sets of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM); runoff is given assumed values of 0.75 mm month-1 and 0.4 mm month-1 for the months of January and February, respectively. Recharge is quantified from November until March by applying the water balance method where evapotranspiration estimates and runoff are subtracted from precipitation. Results show good agreement between data reported in the literature and remote sensing-based analysis. Empirical models that are based on long term rainfall measurements suggest recharge values between 800 and 836 MCM yr-1 while the remote sensing based model results estimate recharge to be 700 MCM yr-1. The Western, North-Eastern, and Eastern Aquifer Basins receive 30%, 23%, and 47% of the total calculated recharge while percentages available in the literature provide 49%, 22%, and 29%, respectively. Discrepancies are mainly due to lack of field data, the overestimation of actual evapotranspiration, and underestimation of TRMM precipitation values.
The recharge map indicates that the most effective groundwater recharge zones are located in the north and west of the area that is characterised by thick and well developed soil deposits, heavy vegetation, and a sub-humid climate with the potential of significant recharge occurring during the wet season. Some areas in the east include concentration of drainage and stream flows which increase the ability of to recharge the groundwater system. The least effective areas are in the south and south-west region that is more arid with much less recharge, mainly due to its isolated thin soil deposits.
A sensitivity analysis was carried out to demonstrate the impact of land cover change on groundwater and natural recharge. The assessment involved the use of land covers of 1994 and 2004 with the same fixed parameters of evapotranspiration, precipitation, drainage, slope, soil, and geology. Results show a decrease in high and intermediate high recharge areas from 40.25 km2 and 2462.25 km2 in year 1994 to 15.5 km2 and 1994 km2 in 2004, respectively. This illustrates the extent of land cover/land use change influence on recharge and calls for integrated plans and strategies to preserve recharge at least at its current rates
