135 research outputs found
sj-pdf-1-trj-10.1177_00405175231181088 - Supplemental material for Different assembled nano-MnO<sub>2</sub> fiber supercapacitors applied for smart wearable clothing
No full textSupplemental material, sj-pdf-1-trj-10.1177_00405175231181088 for Different assembled nano-MnO2 fiber supercapacitors applied for smart wearable clothing by Qi Wang, Mengfan Wang, Jiali Sun, Xiaolin Zhang, Weichun Chen, Xichen Yu and Wei Fan in Textile Research Journal</p
Chronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis in a patient with chronic migraine
No full textChronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (CIFRS) is a rare disease caused by fungal infection and has an insidious course, which generally presents with headache at first, resulting in misdiagnosis and underestimation. Migraine is the most common primary headache and has symptoms mimicking rhinosinusitis. As a result, this may contribute to confusion of diagnosis when we consider the reason of headache, especially in patients suffering from migraine and rhinosinusitis at the same time. Here, we report a patient diagnosed with CIFRS and chronic migraine with the help of next-generation sequencing examination, to provide a reference in clinical treatment
差异教学在新加坡国际学校国际汉语课堂上运用的调查研究 (Application of differentiated instruction in the Chinese class in a Singapore international school: A survey research)
No full textWith the development of Teaching Chinese as an international language classes in international schools in Singapore, the research and discussion on teaching methods are gradually deepening. Based on the current situation of Chinese teaching in international schools in Singapore, this paper mainly studies the application of differentiated instruction in Chinese class. This paper relies on the research, through the questionnaire survey, comprehensively analyzes the current application status of differentiated instruction in the international class from two different perspectives of teachers and students. The first chapter is the introduction of this paper. The first section of it mainly introduces the research background. The second section focuses on the research questions of this study. Starting from the design purpose of the questionnaire, which is divided into tt5eachers' questionnaire and students' questionnaire to discuss different directions. The third section mainly introduces the value and significance of the research, which is discussed from three aspects, that is, research difference teaching is based on the actual needs of Chinese learning; difference teaching can effectively solve the current problems of Chinese classroom; there is still a gap in this research field. The last section briefly introduces the structure of this paper. The second chapter mainly expounds the definition and relevant theoretical basis of differentiated instruction, clarifies relevant concepts, and introduces the basis of differentiated instruction research. The third chapter introduces the current research status of differentiated instruction in international Chinese classroom, including theoretical research and practical research, and summarizes the research results of differentiated instruction in the field of education in China and abroad, as well as the research status and problems in the field of Teaching Chinese as an international language. The fourth chapter, the research design includes the description of the selection of research objects, clarifying the research objectives again, and the specific description of research methods. In this study, teachers and students of an international school in Singapore were given questionnaires by questionnaire survey method, and then the data obtained were integrated and analyzed by data analysis method. After getting the data, the author makes a further analysis in the fifth chapter and draws the conclusion. After getting the data, the author makes further analysis in the fifth chapter of this paper and draws the research conclusion. The conclusion integrates the same part of the teacher's questionnaire and student's questionnaire and puts them together for analysis. The research conclusions include the frequency and basis of the differentiated instruction, the specific implementation process of the differentiated instruction, students' feelings towards the current international Chinese classroom, the shortcomings and difficulties existing in the current Chinese classroom, and the final summary. In the last chapter of this paper, the author reviews introspect and summarizes the shortcomings of this research and points for improvement, puts forward the direction of further research
Manufacturer’s Encroachment and Carbon Emission Reduction Decisions Considering Cap-and-Trade Regulation and Consumers’ Low-Carbon Preference
No full textCarbon emission reduction and achieving carbon neutrality has become an inevitable trend in the sustainable development era. We investigate the manufacturer’s encroachment and carbon emission reduction decisions considering government cap-and-trade regulations and consumers’ low-carbon preference. The equilibrium decisions for the four scenarios are analytically obtained and compared based using the Stackelberg game. A comparison with and without cap-and-trade regulation under two encroachment decisions regarding member’s profits and carbon emission reduction levels are conducted. It is shown that the encroachment decision is always advantageous for the manufacturer if the government decides not to implement cap-and-trade regulation, and the retailer always loses profit. Moreover, if the carbon quota is sufficient, cap-and-trade regulation benefits the manufacturer. Otherwise, the manufacturer’s encroachment decision depends on the appropriate initial unit amount of carbon emission and unit carbon price. The retailer’s profit may not always be hurt by the manufacturer’s encroachment with cap-and-trade regulation; unless the unit carbon price exceeds a certain threshold, a higher consumer’s low-carbon preference in the encroachment scenario reduces more carbon emissions than in the no-encroachment scenario for the manufacturer. Further, the rising platform commission rate causes the platform profit to increase first and then decrease; the platform profit will slightly decrease if both products become more substitutes
Water body extraction and change analysis based on landsat image in Xinjiang coal-mining regions
No full textFrom massive rapid reconstruction to small-scale stepwise urban renewal: A contribution to socially integrative cities? Case studies of Wuhan, China
Get PDFInitially, urban renewal focused mainly on promoting better physical environments, living conditions and economic activities, by upgrading derelict neighbourhoods. But since the 1990s in Europe, the urban renewal approach emphasising the physical, environmental and economic spheres has been replaced by a more comprehensive and integrated approach, which links the stimulation of economic activities and environmental improvements with social integration, inclusion and cultural elements.
The former pathway, marked by massive rapid demolition and reconstruction, is regarded as the dominant urban renewal approach in China. Driven by the unprecedented urbanisation, it has brought enormous economic benefits but at the cost of aggravating social and environmental problems, resulting in unsustainable cities. Therefore, China has entered a new stage by transforming into a more sustainable avenue – the small-scale stepwise urban renewal. Since 2009, the Chinese government has launched experimental actions in many pilot cities to cultivate the new approach. This trend can be noticed in different fields involving policies, movements, institutional settings and academia. Government and scholars expect small-scale urban renewal to simultaneously enhance physical infrastructures, reinforce cultural diversity and foster social cohesion, leading to sustainable and socially integrative cities. However, it can be questioned if the new urban renewal approach genuinely has a better performance in this regard.
Therefore, the guiding research question (RQ) asks: How does urban renewal contribute to socially integrative cities in China? The author first sought insights to build a holistic conceptual framework: urban renewal towards socially integrative cities. It helped understand the urban renewal evolution in China, and the concept of social integration and inclusion both in international and in the Chinese context, especially regarding urban renewal projects. By conducting a literature review, three research gaps were identified: 1) A lack of systematic studies that integrate and summarise fragmented urban renewal approaches and concepts in China; 2) Social integration and inclusion in China have a relatively narrow perspective of “assimilation”; 3) Systematic and multi-faceted evaluation of experimental urban renewal in China, especially in social aspects, is too inadequate to make suggestions for improving current Chinese urban renewal approaches. To fill these gaps, this dissertation firstly scrutinises the differences between these co-existing two renewal approaches in China, massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal; secondly, it examines to what extent these two approaches have contributed to socially integrative cities, and thirdly, analyses the strengths and weaknesses of these two approaches and the rationales behind them.
The 'socially integrative cities' (SIC) analytical framework, jointly proposed by Chinese and European scholars, is applied to examine the accomplishments in two urban renewal cases. The author defines 26 indicators corresponding to 12 characteristics, grouped into five dimensions: collaborative urban planning and design, urban environment and living conditions, local economy and labour market, socio-cultural development and social capital, institutional development and urban finance.
The methodology comprises descriptive documents analysis and literature research, followed by qualitative comparative case studies. Two typical cases were selected, representing massive rapid reconstruction (Wuhan Tiandi) and small-scale stepwise urban renewal (Tanhualin). Both are traditional inner-city and run-down areas in Wuhan, a frontrunner prefecture-level city in China. During the fieldwork, semi-structured in-depth interviews have been conducted on identified stakeholders. After the fieldwork, a thematic content analysis and a stakeholder analysis were performed to analyse the interview data collected from online databases, documents, and project plans.
Results firstly suggested that the differences between massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal exist in the aspects of the intervention levels, the actors and strategies, the scales of coverage, the planning goals, the renewal targets, the housing types and the sources of funds. An urban renewal project can combine both approaches in a hybrid model or adopt different approaches in different periods.
The assessment of the implementation and impact of both urban renewal cases reveals that massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal have genuinely contributed to socially integrative cities in all five dimensions but to a varying degree. Massive rapid reconstruction has unique advantages in improving living and environmental conditions in urban areas, upgrading the physical environment in distressed areas, and strengthening the economy and labour market on a large regional scale, but it does not respect the social and cultural dimension. In contrast, small-scale stepwise renewal prevails in the adaptive reuse of existing buildings, revitalising cities and older towns, keeping people in the original neighbourhoods, stabilising housing prices and affordability, strengthening the economy and labour market on a small local scale, preserving cultural heritage, fostering the identity of neighbourhoods, as well as fostering social capital and the engagement of local stakeholders. However, it suffers from a comprehensive but limited effectiveness.
The study also shows that many strengths and weaknesses of both urban renewal approaches are antithetical. Based on this finding, the author discovers their rationales behind the two different approaches, investigates the underlying causes that precipitate these antitheses, and proposes possible solutions to the challenges and dilemmas facing current Chinese urban renewal.
Overall, this research concludes fragmented urban renewal approaches and concepts in China, summarised into two paradigms: massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal. Besides, it develops a more comprehensive and analytical framework that adapts to the Chinese context - “socially integrative cities”, to examine urban renewal projects. Finally, it elucidates in-depth empirical knowledge of the urban renewal paradigm shift in China and makes recommendations for government, practitioners and scholars to promote a more socially integrative urban renewal.:CONTENTS
1 Introduction
1.1 Problem overview
1.2 Study design and thesis structure
2 Conceptual framework: urban renewal towards socially integrative cities
2.1 Urban renewal in China
2.1.1 Basic Chinese terms and concepts
2.1.2 Massive rapid demolition and reconstruction
2.1.3 Small-scale stepwise urban renewal
2.1.4 Urban renewal evolution in China: initiating, testing and promotion
2.2 Social integration and inclusion
2.3 Influence of urban renewal on social integration and inclusion - socially integrative cities
2.4 Typical practices of urban renewal in China
2.5 Raised research questions
3 Research design and methodology
3.1 Overall research design
3.2 Framework to examine the accomplishment of socially integrative cities in urban renewal projects
3.3 Comparative case studies
3.3.1 Case study selection
3.3.2 Interview design
3.3.3 Data analysis
4 Exploring the context: Wuhan city and its two cases
4.1 Urban renewal in Wuhan
4.2 Planning documents of Wuhan concerning urban renewal
4.3 Massive rapid reconstruction case: Wuhan Tiandi
4.4 Small-scale stepwise urban renewal case: Tanhualin
5 Differences between massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.1 Classification criteria for urban renewal approaches
5.2 Intervention levels
5.2.1 Redevelopment, rehabilitation, and conservation
5.2.2 Intervention levels in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.3 Actors and strategies
5.3.1 Government-led, property-led, comprehensive model, and community-oriented mode
5.3.2 Actors and strategies in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.3.3 Sources of funds in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.4 Scales of coverage
5.4.1 Macro-level, medium-level, micro-level
5.4.2 Scales of coverage in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.5 Planning goals
5.5.1 Physical, social, economic, and morphological integrated
5.5.2 Planning goals in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.6 Renewal targets
5.6.1 Old city, old factory, old village
5.6.2 Renewal targets in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.7 Summary
6 Contributions to socially integrative cities by massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
6.1 Collaborative urban planning and design
6.1.1 Reducing urban sprawl and appropriate access to urban land
6.1.2 Involving different stakeholders in collaborative and participative planning and design on the different politico-administrative levels
6.1.3 Reflections
6.2 Urban environment and living conditions
6.2.1 Improving urban environment and living conditions in Wuhan Tiandi
6.2.2 Improving the urban environment and living conditions in Tanhualin
6.2.3 Reflections
6.3 Local economy and labour market
6.3.1 Strengthening the local economy and labour market
6.3.2 Strengthening technical and social innovation in cities and neighbourhoods opening up new possibilities for the local population
6.3.3 Reflections
6.4 Socio-cultural development and social capital
6.4.1 Fostering proactive education and training policies for children and young people in disadvantaged neighbourhoods
6.4.2 Preserving cultural heritage and fostering the identity of neighbourhoods and their inhabitants
6.4.3 Fostering social capital and engagement of local stakeholders
6.4.4 Reflections
6.5 Institutional development and urban finance
6.5.1 Supporting adequate institutional conditions and mechanisms
6.5.2 Supporting adequate financial conditions and mechanisms
6.5.3 Reflections
6.6 Summary
7 Strengths and weaknesses of massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise renewal and their rationales
7.1 Collaborative urban planning and design
7.1.1 Rental-sales rights inequality
7.1.2 Paternalistic Danwei system
7.1.3 Lack of channels for public participation
7.1.4 Lack of vertical and horizontal integration between government sectors
7.1.5 Lack of clear collective goals
7.2 Urban environment and living conditions
7.2.1 Housing prices and affordability
7.2.2 Low-rent housing programmes and two innovations
7.2.3 Monetisation strategy
7.2.4 Efficiency versus quality
7.3 Socio-cultural development and social capital
7.3.1 Cultural heritage protection
7.3.2 Aesthetic concept cultivation
7.3.3 Open community versus gated community
7.3.4 Understandings of social integration and inclusion
7.4 Institutional development and urban finance
7.4.1 Establishment of urban renewal bureau
7.4.2 Transition from management-oriented government to service-oriented government
7.4.3 Human-centred, people-oriented design
7.5 Summary
8 Conclusion
References
Annexes
Annex 1: Interview guidelines
Annex 2: Dates of interviews
Annex 3: Collected data
Annex 4: Example of consent formUrsprünglich zielte Stadterneuerung in erster Linie darauf ab, Infrastruktur, Lebensbedingungen und wirtschaftliche Gegebenheiten durch die Aufwertung baufälliger Stadtviertel zu verbessern. Seit den 1990er Jahren jedoch wurde in Europa der Ansatz der hauptsächlich materielle, ökologische und ökonomische Aspekte betonenden Stadterneuerung durch eine ganzheitlichere Herangehensweise abgelöst. Diese verbindet die Stimulation ökonomischer Aktivitäten und ökologischer Verbesserungen mit sozialer Integration und Teilhabe der Bewohner sowie Rücksichtnahme auf kulturelle Gegebenheiten (Dixon et al., 2009, p. 3).
Ersterer Ansatz, gekennzeichnet durch großflächigen und schnellen Abriss und Neubau städtischer Areale, wird meist als die in China übliche Vorgehensweise bei Stadterneuerungen angesehen. Getrieben von einem Prozess beispielloser Urbanisierung, ging sie einen enormen wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung einher. Dieser brachte allerdings gravierende soziale und ökologische Problemen mit sich, welche zu einer nicht-nachhaltigen Stadtentwicklung führten. Deshalb beschreitet China zunehmend einen nachhaltigeren Weg: die schrittweise Stadterneuerung in jeweils kleinerem Umfang. Seit 2009 initiierte die chinesische Regierung verschiedene experimentelle Pilotprojekte für den neuen Ansatz. Dieser Trend macht sich in verschiedenen Bereichen wie Planungs- und Baustrategien, institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen und der Wissenschaft bemerkbar. Sowohl chinesische Regierungsinstitutionen als auch zahlreiche Wissenschaftler gehen davon aus, dass eine kleinteiligere Stadterneuerung nicht nur die physische Infrastruktur verbessert, sondern auch das Gefühl der Identität, die kulturelle Entwicklung und den sozialen Zusammenhalt unter den Bewohnern verstärkt. Damit geht allerdings die Frage einher, ob der neue Ansatz der Stadterneuerung tatsächlich per se besser zur Verwirklichung dieser Absichten beiträgt.
Die zentrale Forschungsfrage lautet daher: Auf welche Weise trägt Stadterneuerung zur sozialen Integrativität chinesischer Städte bei? Zunächst entwickelte die Autorin den konzeptionellen Rahmen: Stadterneuerung im Sinne sozial-integrativer Stadtentwicklung. Dieser hilft beim Verständnis chinesischer Stadterneuerung und der Einsicht in den städtebaulichen Bezug von Konzepten sozialer Integration und Inklusion sowohl international als auch spezifisch in China. Bei der Recherche in Dokumenten und Fachliteratur zeigten sich weiterhin folgende drei Forschungslücken: 1) Ein Mangel an systematischen Untersuchungen, die die einzelnen Herangehensweisen und Konzepte der Stadterneuerung in China integrieren und zusammenfassen; 2) Ansätze der sozialen Integration und Teilhabe folgen in China einem relativ engen Verständnis von „Assimilierung“; 3) Der gegenwärtige Bestand systematischer Analyse und Bewertung experimenteller Stadterneuerungsprojekte ist hinsichtlich sozialer Aspekte unzureichend für eine Verbesserung aktueller Ansätze der Stadterneuerung in China. Um diese Forschungslücken zu füllen, sollen in der vorliegenden Dissertation zum Ersten die Unterschiede zwischen den beiden in China angewendeten Vorgehensweisen der Stadterneuerung – großflächiger und scheller gegenüber kleinteiligem und schrittweisem Stadtumbau – erforscht werden; zum Zweiten soll untersucht werden, inwiefern beide Ansätze zur sozial integrierten Stadtentwicklung beitragen, und zum Dritten soll eine generelle Analyse der Stärken und Schwächen beider Ansätze und ihrer inneren Logik erfolgen.
Zur Untersuchung zweier Fälle von Stadterneuerung bezüglich des Ziels einer sozial-integrativen Stadtentwicklung kommt der Analyserahmen „Socially Integrative Cities“ (SIC), der gemeinsam von chinesischen und europäischen Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern vorgeschlagen wurde, zum Einsatz. Die Autorin definierte 26 Indikatoren aufbauend auf 12 Charakteristika aus vorausgegangenen Forschungen, die fünf thematischen Dimensionen zugeordnet wurden: kollaborative Stadtplanung und Stadtgestaltung, urbane Umwelt- und Lebensbedingungen, wirtschaftliche Situation und Arbeitsmarkt vor Ort, soziokulturelle Entwicklung und soziales Kapital und schlussendlich institutionelle Entwicklung und städtisches Finanzwesen.
Das methodische Vorgehen vereint beschreibende Analyse von Dokumenten und Literaturrecherche, gefolgt von qualitativen vergleichenden Fallstudien. Für die Untersuchung wurden zwei typische Fälle von Stadterneuerungsprojekten ausgewählt, die einerseits eine großflächige und schnelle (Wuhan Tiandi) und andererseits eine kleinteilige und schrittweise (Wuhan Tanhualin) Vorgehensweise repräsentieren. In beiden Fällen handelt es sich um traditionelle innerstädtische, jedoch baufällige Viertel in Wuhan, einer aufstrebenden chinesischen Bezirkshauptstadt. Im Laufe der Feldforschung wurden unter anderem semistrukturierte vertiefende Interviews mit Vertretern von Einrichtungen geführt, die vorher als Stakeholder identifiziert wurden. Für die Auswertung des Interviewmaterials schloss sich während und nach der Feldforschung die inhaltliche Analyse und die Stakeholderanalyse an. Weitere Daten hierfür wurden von Online-Datenplattformen, Dokumenten und Projektplanungen generiert.
Zunächst einmal legen die Resultate nahe, dass die Unterschiede zwischen großflächiger, schneller und kleinteiliger, schrittweiser Stadterneuerung hauptsächlich bei den Aspekten Interventionsebene, Akteure und ihre Strategien, Größe der Baufläche, Planungs- und Erneuerungsziel, Gebäudetypen und Finanzierung liegen. Dabei besteht die Möglichkeit, dass Projekte der Stadterneuerung beide Vorgehensweisen in einem hybriden Modell kombinieren oder verschiedene Ansätze in unterschiedlichen Abschnitten zur Anwendung bringen.
Die Auswertung der Umsetzung und Folgen der beiden Stadterneuerungsprojekte offenbarte, dass sowohl die großflächige und schnelle als auch die kleinteilige, schrittweise Stadterneuerung in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß einen spezifischen Einfluss auf allen fünf o.g. Dimensionen des Konzepts der sozial-integrativen Stadt haben. Großflächige und schnelle Stadterneuerung bietet unbestreitbare Vorteile für die Verbesserung der Lebens- und Umweltbedingungen, bei der baulichen Aufwertung in baufälligen Stadtbereichen sowie für die Stärkung der regionalen Wirtschaftstätigkeit und des überregionalen Arbeitsmarktes. Allerdings nimmt sie wenig Rücksicht auf soziale und kulturelle Aspekte. Im Gegensatz dazu zeichnet sich eine kleinteilige, schrittweise Stadterneuerung durch flexible Umnutzung existierender Gebäude, eine Wiederbelebung von Stadtkernen und Altstädten und stabileren und erschwinglicheren Immobilienpreisen aus. Menschen können in ihrem angestammten Viertel bleiben, die Lokalwirtschaft und der Arbeitsmarkt vor Ort werden gestärkt, baukulturelles Erbe bewahrt und sowohl das Identitätsgefühl der Quartiersbewohner mit ihrer Umgebung als auch Sozialkapital und Engagement lokaler Stakeholder gestärkt. Gleichwohl leiden diese zwar umfassenden Ansätze unter einer begrenzten Effektivität.
Darüber hinaus wurde in der Studie deutlich, dass die Vorteile des einen Ansatzes in vielen Fälle die Nachteile des anderen spiegeln und umgekehrt. Darauf aufbauend beschrieb die Autorin die zu Grunde liegende Logik beider Wege, untersuchte die Ursachen, die zu deren Widersprüchen führen und bietet mögliche Lösungswege für die Herausforderungen und Dilemmata an, denen gegenwärtige chinesische Stadterneuerungsprojekte gegenüberstehen.
Diese Forschungsarbeit fasst verschiedene bislang fragmentarische Ansätze und Konzepte der Stadterneuerung in China zu zwei Paradigmen zusammen: Dem des großflächigen, schnellen Stadtumbaus und jenem der kleinteiligen, schrittweisen Erneuerung. Daneben wurde ein breiter gefasster und an den Kontext der chinesischen „sozial-integrativen Stadt“ angepasster Analyserahmen für Stadterneuerungsprojekte entwickelt. Schlussendlich erläutert die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit ausführlich empirische Erkenntnisse im Zusammenhang mit dem städtebaulichen Paradigmenwechsel, der sich in China vollzieht, und gibt Empfehlungen für entsprechende Regierungsinstitutionen, Fachleute und Wissenschaftler zur Förderung einer sozial–integrativen Stadtentwicklung.:CONTENTS
1 Introduction
1.1 Problem overview
1.2 Study design and thesis structure
2 Conceptual framework: urban renewal towards socially integrative cities
2.1 Urban renewal in China
2.1.1 Basic Chinese terms and concepts
2.1.2 Massive rapid demolition and reconstruction
2.1.3 Small-scale stepwise urban renewal
2.1.4 Urban renewal evolution in China: initiating, testing and promotion
2.2 Social integration and inclusion
2.3 Influence of urban renewal on social integration and inclusion - socially integrative cities
2.4 Typical practices of urban renewal in China
2.5 Raised research questions
3 Research design and methodology
3.1 Overall research design
3.2 Framework to examine the accomplishment of socially integrative cities in urban renewal projects
3.3 Comparative case studies
3.3.1 Case study selection
3.3.2 Interview design
3.3.3 Data analysis
4 Exploring the context: Wuhan city and its two cases
4.1 Urban renewal in Wuhan
4.2 Planning documents of Wuhan concerning urban renewal
4.3 Massive rapid reconstruction case: Wuhan Tiandi
4.4 Small-scale stepwise urban renewal case: Tanhualin
5 Differences between massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.1 Classification criteria for urban renewal approaches
5.2 Intervention levels
5.2.1 Redevelopment, rehabilitation, and conservation
5.2.2 Intervention levels in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.3 Actors and strategies
5.3.1 Government-led, property-led, comprehensive model, and community-oriented mode
5.3.2 Actors and strategies in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.3.3 Sources of funds in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.4 Scales of coverage
5.4.1 Macro-level, medium-level, micro-level
5.4.2 Scales of coverage in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.5 Planning goals
5.5.1 Physical, social, economic, and morphological integrated
5.5.2 Planning goals in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.6 Renewal targets
5.6.1 Old city, old factory, old village
5.6.2 Renewal targets in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal
5.7 Summary
6 Contributions to socially integrative cities by
Geographic and gender disparities in global education achievement during the COVID-19 pandemic
Get PDFSchool closures induced by the COVID-19 pandemic have negatively impacted on 1.7 billion children, resulting in losses of learning time and a decline of learning scores. However, the learning losses of students exposed to the COVID-19 pandemic at the country level have been quantitatively unaddressed. Here we model the global learning losses of students due to the COVID-19 in 2020. Our results reveal a global average Harmonized Test Scores (HTS) loss of 2.26 points. Learning continuity measures reduce the global average HTS loss by 1.64 points. South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa have high HTS losses (5.82 and 2.94 points), while Europe & Central Asia and North America have low HTS losses (0.85 and 0.93 points). Compared with South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, North America and Europe & Central Asia implement more effective learning continuity measures. HTS losses in low-income and lower-middle-income countries are higher (3.35 and 3.13 points) than those in high-income and upper-middle-income countries (0.99 and 2.31 points). Learning losses of global female students are higher than their male counterparts, and there is significant heterogeneity across national regions. Our results reveal both global learning losses and gender inequality in learning scores due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Global disparities highlight the importance of the need to mitigate education inequality
Urbanization-driven changes in land-climate dynamics : A case study of Haihe River Basin, China
No full textUrbanization changes the land surface environment, which alters the regional climate system. In this study, we took the Haihe River Basin in China as a case study area, as it is highly populated and experienced rapid urbanization from 2000-2015. We investigated how land use and cover change (LUCC) was driven by urban land development affects land-climate dynamics. From 2000-2015, we collected data from the land use and cover database, the remote sensing database of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) series, and the meteorological database to process and generate regional datasets for LUCC maps. We organized data by years aligned with the selected indicators of land surface, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), albedo, and land surface temperature (LST), as well as of regional climate, cloud water content (CWC), and precipitation (P). The assembled datasets were processed to perform statistical analysis and conduct structural equation modelling (SEM). Based on eco-climatology principles and the biophysical process in the land-climate dynamics, we made assumptions on how the indicators connected to each other. Moreover, we testified and quantified them in SEM. LUCC results found that from 2000-2015 the urban area proportion increased by 214% (2.20-6.91%), while the agricultural land decreased by 7.2% (53.05-49.25%) and the forest increased by 4.3% (10.02-10.45%), respectively. This demonstrated how cropland intensification and afforestation happened in the urbanizing basin. SEM results showed that the forest had both positive and negative effects on the regional hydrological cycle. The agricultural land, grassland, and shrub had indirect effects on the P via different biophysical functions of LST. The overall effects of urbanization on regional precipitation was positive (pathway correlation coefficient = 0.25). The interpretation of how urbanization drives LUCC and alters regional climate were herein discussed in different aspects of socioeconomic development, biophysical processes, and urbanization-related atmospheric effects. We provided suggestions for further possible research on monitoring and assessment, putting forth recommendations to advance sustainability via land planning and management, including agricultural land conservation, paying more attention to the quality growth of forest rather than the merely area expansion, integrating the interdisciplinary approach, and assessing climatic risk for extreme precipitation and urban flooding
Silicate melt properties and volcanic eruptions
Get PDFPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/95246/1/rog1657.pd
A fast pulse phase estimation method for X-ray pulsar signals based on epoch folding
No full textAbstractX-ray pulsar-based navigation (XPNAV) is an attractive method for autonomous deep-space navigation in the future. The pulse phase estimation is a key task in XPNAV and its accuracy directly determines the navigation accuracy. State-of-the-art pulse phase estimation techniques either suffer from poor estimation accuracy, or involve the maximization of generally non-convex object function, thus resulting in a large computational cost. In this paper, a fast pulse phase estimation method based on epoch folding is presented. The statistical properties of the observed profile obtained through epoch folding are developed. Based on this, we recognize the joint probability distribution of the observed profile as the likelihood function and utilize a fast Fourier transform-based procedure to estimate the pulse phase. Computational complexity of the proposed estimator is analyzed as well. Experimental results show that the proposed estimator significantly outperforms the currently used cross-correlation (CC) and nonlinear least squares (NLS) estimators, while significantly reduces the computational complexity compared with NLS and maximum likelihood (ML) estimators
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