84 research outputs found
Chenghai hua fan fu wen ju de ju fa fen xi =: Syntactic analysis of the polar questions in Chenghai dialect
No full textPh.D.Three patterns of polar questions found in the Chenghai variety of the Chaozhou and Shantou dialects, namely the simple types of VP-Neg and K-VP and the mixed type of K-VP-Neg, are investigated in this thesis. As indicated earlier in Zhu (1991), there is an enormous value in studying polar questions in the Chaozhou and Shantou dialects as they differ from other Chinese dialects by having a higher number and complexity of sentence-final negators, the existence of mixed structures etc. With limited previous research on the grammar of Chaozhou and Shantou dialects, this thesis aims to fill in the gaps by adequately describing and explaining the structures and phenomena as mentioned above.It is found that the three patterns of polar questions share some common features. For example, the sentence concerned must have a positive word (an auxiliary), the syntactic position of which can be changed to vary the question scope. The three patterns also have their own features. For example, VP-Neg is marked by the high number and complexity of sentence-final negators, the existence of an overt conjunction and the formation of the predicate with two tone-sandhi groups; K-VP is marked by the obligatory adjacency of a positive word and the prominence of the island and root effects. K-VP-Neg is marked by the undeletability of conjunction and the prohibition of sentence-final negators from being read in the neutral tone.Based on the analysis of the language data, this thesis further discusses the derivation of the three patterns of polar questions and explains their linguistic similarities and differences as mentioned above. It is found that the three different structures all contain the same set of features, namely, [+/-V], [+/-Pol] and [+/-Q]. They differ in the choice of the elements that these features are assigned to and the ways the features are checked. The negative adverb m (唔) in VP-Neg carries [-V]; the interrogative adverb ke (豈) in K-VP carries [-V]; both m (唔) and ke (豈) in K-VP-Neg carry [-V]. All those that carry [-V] attract the most adjacent positive word to move and to be incorporated to check this feature. [+/-Pol] is posited at F⁰ in VP-Neg, at PolP⁰ in K-VP and at F⁰ in VP-Neg; it is valued at F⁰ through the negative adverb and at PolP⁰ through the positive word; the question feature is checked through intonation in VP-Neg and through the LF movement of ke (豈) to C⁰ in the cases of K-VP and K-VP-Neg.Lastly, the typological features of the Chenghai dialect by means of cross-dialectal comparisons focusing on the syntheticity of sentence-final negators and the overt conjunctions, supplemented with evidence in the Chenghai dialect regarding its specialty in applicative structures and verb-complement constructions, etc are discussed in this thesis. The features of the Chenghai dialect that are distinguishable from those of Cantonese and Mandarin with regard to the preference of disyllabicity over monosyllabicity and isolation over fusion are examined. It is argued that this series of linguistic phenomena embodies the high analyticity of the Chenghai dialect.本文主要考察潮汕方言澄海話三種形式的反覆問句，分別是簡單式VP-Neg和K-VP及混合式K-VP-Neg。早在朱德熙（1991）年的文章中就指出潮汕方言反覆問句極具研究價值，其與漢語中的其他方言相比特點突出，例如：句末否定詞多而複雜、存在混合結構等。但是由於過去的研究對潮汕方言語法的討論有限，上述結構和現象並沒有得到充分描寫和解釋，本文旨在填補該領域的空白。首先，本文對三種形式反覆問句的語法特點進行了非常詳細的描寫，發現了其中的一些共同點，比如：句子中必須存在一個肯定詞（助動詞）、可以通過變動肯定詞的句法位置來調整疑問轄域；三種反覆問句也存在各自的特點，比如：VP-Neg的獨特之處在於句末否定詞數量多且呈複合性、存在顯性選擇連詞、謂語由兩個連讀變調域組成等；K-VP的獨特之處在於必須接鄰肯定詞、孤島效應和根句效應顯著等；K-VP-Neg的獨特之處在於選擇連詞不可脫落、句末否定詞不可輕讀。其次，本文在分析語料的基礎上確定了這三種形式反覆問句的生成機制，上述語法表現異同也分別得到解釋。我們發現這三個不同的結構中都存在三個相同的特徵：[+/-V]、[+/-Pol]、[+/-Q]，不同之處是這三個特徵的攜帶成分和核查方式，VP-Neg中否定副詞「唔」攜帶[-V]、K-VP中疑問副詞「豈」攜帶[-V]，K-VP-Neg中「唔」和「豈」都攜帶了[-V]，凡攜帶[-V]的都會吸引最近的一個肯定詞移位併入來核查該特徵；[+/-Pol]在VP-Neg中位於F⁰、在K-VP中位於PolP⁰、在K-VP-Neg中位於F⁰，在F⁰的通過否定副詞移位賦值，在PolP⁰的通過肯定詞移位賦值；疑問特徵在VP-Neg中通過語調來核查，在K-VP和K-VP-Neg中則通過「豈」LF移位到C⁰來核查。最後，本文通過跨語言／方言對比，凸顯澄海話的語言類型特點。本文針對「句末否定詞複合性」現象與粵語進行對比分析、針對「顯性的選擇連詞」顯性與普通話進行對比分析，並以澄海話蒙受結構、動結式等的特殊表現作為佐證，討論了澄海話相比粵語和普通話「能雙不單」、「寧分不合」的特點，並認為這一系列現象都是澄海話的強分析性表現。金佳.Parallel title from added title page.Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2018.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-120).Abstracts in English and Chinese.Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 24, 2020).Jin Jia
Climate change dominates recent sedimentation and organic carbon burial in Lake Chenghai, southwest China
No full textLacustrine ecosystems are directly influenced by terrestrial soil erosion, and excessive sediment loading constitutes a significant and widespread environmental issue. In order to investigate the response of catchment soil erosion and organic carbon burial to climate change and human activity, a sediment core spanning the last 160 years was retrieved from Lake Chenghai in southwest China. Multi-proxy analysis including grain-size composition and geochemical indicators were undertaken in this study. The result of grain-size vs. standard deviation method shows that the sensitive component with a modal size of 13.2 μm is related to fluvial processes and sensitive to the catchment soil erosion. The increasing intensity of soil erosion was mainly determined by the weakening of Indian summer monsoon and global warming, as well as intensive human activities during the middle of 20 th century, which resulted in decreasing vegetation cover in Lake Chenghai catchment. The organic carbon burial rate was also attributed to the catchment disturbance, indicating that increased catchment soil erosion may impact the terrestrial carbon recycling
Climate change dominates recent sedimentation and organic carbon burial in Lake Chenghai, southwest China
No full textLacustrine ecosystems are directly influenced by terrestrial soil erosion, and excessive sediment loading constitutes a significant and widespread environmental issue. In order to investigate the response of catchment soil erosion and organic carbon burial to climate change and human activity, a sediment core spanning the last 160 years was retrieved from Lake Chenghai in southwest China. Multi-proxy analysis including grain-size composition and geochemical indicators were undertaken in this study. The result of grain-size vs standard deviation method shows that the sensitive component with a modal size of 13.2 μm is related to fluvial processes and sensitive to the catchment soil erosion. The increasing intensity of soil erosion was mainly determined by the weakening of Indian summer monsoon and global warming, as well as intensive human activities during the middle of 20th century, which resulted in decreasing vegetation cover in Lake Chenghai catchment. The organic carbon burial rate was also attributed to the catchment disturbance, indicating that increased catchment soil erosion may impact the terrestrial carbon recycling.</jats:p
Microbial Membrane Tetraether lipid-inferred paleohydrology and paleotemperature of Lake Chenghai during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition
No full textOver the past few decades, paleoenvironmental studies in the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) region have mainly focused on precipitation change, with few published terrestrial temperature records from the region. We analyzed the distribution of isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (isoGDGTs) in the sediments of Lake Chenghai in southwest China across the Pleistocene–Holocene transition, to extract both regional hydrological and temperature signals for this important transition period. Lake-level was reconstructed from the relative abundance of crenarchaeol in isoGDGTs (%cren) and the crenarchaeol'/crenarchaeol ratio. The %cren-inferred lake-level identified a single lowstand (15.4–14.4 cal ka BP), while the crenarchaeol'/crenarchaeol ratio suggests relatively lower lake-level between 15.4–14.4 cal ka BP and 12.5–11.7 cal ka BP, corresponding to periods of weakened ISM during the Heinrich 1 (H1) and Younger Dryas (YD) cold event. A filtered TetraEther indeX consisting of 86 carbon atoms (TEX86 index) revealed that lake surface temperature reached present-day values during the YD cold event, and suggests a substantial warming of ~ 4 °C from the early Holocene to the mid-Holocene. Our paleotemperature record is generally consistent with other records in southwest China, suggesting that the distribution of isoGDGTs in Lake Chenghai sediments has potential for quantitative paleotemperature reconstruction
Chenghai hua xu zhi dai ci "yi" de yu fa fen xi.
No full text文章討論了潮汕澄海話虛指的第三人稱"伊"的語法特點并進行澄海話、普通話和粤語蒙受結構的對比分析。第一部分描寫了澄海話三種虛指代詞"伊"的相關結構──"乞伊"結構、"佮伊"結構和"V伊R"結構的語法特點。"乞伊"結構和"佮伊"結構各可分為A、B兩類，兩種結構內部分別在動詞的選擇、"伊"的所指和"乞/佮"的隱現上表現出不同。兩種結構之間的主要差別則在於主語的題元角色及"乞/佮"的句法位置高低上。"V伊R"結構是"佮伊"結構的一種條件變體，主要用於表達祈使等語氣。文章第二部分分析了澄海話三種蒙受結構的生成機制。并進一步概括出"伊"的種類:從所指對象題元角色的角度可以分為兩類，一是施事或致事、二是蒙事；從所指對象位置的角度也可以分為兩類，一是所指在句中，二是所指在句外。以及"伊"的句法位置：一是，位於"中間層次"；二是，緊鄰輕動詞。文章第三部分嘗試以澄海話蒙受結構的分析方法為角度和基礎，分別分析普通話蒙受結構"V他O"和粤語蒙受結構"VR佢"。通過三種方言蒙受結構的對比分析，我們看到三種方言類型上的不同，也驗證了劉丹青（2001）、鄧思穎（2006）的分析：澄海閩南話是"最弱的SVO"，動詞傾向於留在原地；粤語是"最強的SVO"，動詞傾向於長距離移位；普通話是"溫和的SVO"，動詞移位但距離不長。This thesis discusses the syntax of the Chinese non-referential pronoun 伊 yi ‘it’ in Chenghai Southern Min in three different affective constructions: keyi 乞伊 construction, kaiyi 佮伊 construction and V伊R construction. After examining the syntactic and semantic properties of these three yi affective constructions, we figure out that firstly there are two types of keyi 乞伊 construction and two types kaiyi 佮伊 construction. Secondly keyi 乞伊 construction differs from kaiyi 佮伊 construction in theta-roles of the subject and the position of yi. Thirdly V伊R construction is a conditioned variant of keyi 乞伊 construction. The following part we explore the hierarchical order of these three yi affective constructions, and we employ high and middle applicatives to capture their syntactic and semantic idiosyncrasies. In this part yi is classified into two ways according to the property of the object it refers to. For example, in keyi 乞伊 construction, yi always refers to a causer or a agent, and in kaiyi 佮伊 construction, yi refers to an affectee. In both constructions, yi is situated in a middle position which close to light verbs. The last part of this paper compare the affective constructions of Chenghai Southern Min with affective constructions of Mandarin and Cantonese. The main differences among these three dialects match with the claim proposed by Liu(2001) and Tang(2006): Chenghai Southern Min is the weakest SVO construction in which verbs prefer to stay in situ; Cantonese is the strongest SVO construction in which verbs prefer to take long-distance movement; Mandarin is the moderate SVO construction in which verbs will move but won’t move far.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.Detailed summary in vernacular field only.金佳.Thesis (M.Phil.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-93).Abstracts in English and Chinese.Jin Jia
Archaeal lipid-inferred paleohydrology and paleotemperature of Lake Chenghai during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition
No full textOver the past decades, paleoenvironmental studies in the Indian summer monsoon region have mainly focused on precipitation change, with few published terrestrial temperature records from the region. We analysed the distribution of isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (isoGDGTs) in the sediments of Lake Chenghai in southwest China across the Pleistocene-Holocene transition, to extract both regional hydrological and temperature signals for this important transition period. The lake level was reconstructed from the relative abundance of crenarchaeol in isoGDGTs (%cren) and the crenarchaeol'/crenarchaeol ratio. The %cren-inferred lake level identified a single lowstand (15.4-14.4 ka cal BP), while the crenarchaeol'/crenarchaeol ratio suggests a relatively lower lake level between 15.4-14.4 and 12.5-11.7 ka cal BP, corresponding to periods of weakened ISM during the Heinrich 1 and Younger Dryas cold event. A filtered TetraEther indeX consisting of 86 carbon atoms (TEX86 index) revealed that lake surface temperature was similar to present-day values during the last deglacial period and suggests a substantial warming of similar to 4 degrees C from the early Holocene to the mid-Holocene. Our paleotemperature record is generally consistent with other records in southwest China, suggesting that the distribution of isoGDGTs in Lake Cheng-hai sediments has potential for quantitative paleotemperature reconstruction
Computation and visualization of periodic orbits in the circular restricted three-body problem
No full textIn this thesis, the continuation and bifurcation software AUTO is used to compute periodic solutions of the circular restricted Three-Body problem (CR3BP). Periodic solution families for the Sun-Earth, the Earth-Moon, and the Sun-Jupiter system are studied in detail. Bifurcation diagrams for these systems are presented. Corresponding periodic orbits are also shown. To understand the solution structure better, a new data visualization package, PLAUT04, has been developed for AUTO. It reads AUTO data files and creates solution diagrams and bifurcation diagrams. This new package can also be used to animate solutions. A special version of PLAUT04, called PLAUT04/r3b, has been developed for the CR3BP. Using PLAUT04/r3b, we can animate solutions both in a rotating frame and in an inertial frame. These new graphics packages for AUTO have good rendering speed, flexibility, and display quality. A user-friendly interface makes both easy to learn and use
Liobagrus chenghaiensis, a new species of catfish (Siluriformes: Amblycipitidae) from Yunnan, South China
No full textLiobagrus chenghaiensis, new species, is described from Chenghai Lake, Yunnan Province, South China. It is distinguished from all other species of Liobagrus with a serrated posterior margin of the pectoral-fin spine by possessing a free apex on the posterior margin of the adipose fin. It is similar to L. marginatus in the presence of a subtruncate caudal fin, by which both are distinguished from all other Chinese congeners with a serrated posterior margin of the pectoral-fin spine. These two species are distinguished by differences in the body depth and the distance between the pelvic-fin insertion and the vent. Their distinction is also supported by osteological evidence.Liobagrus chenghaiensis, new species, is described from Chenghai Lake, Yunnan Province, South China. It is distinguished from all other species of Liobagrus with a serrated posterior margin of the pectoral-fin spine by possessing a free apex on the posterior margin of the adipose fin. It is similar to L. marginatus in the presence of a subtruncate caudal fin, by which both are distinguished from all other Chinese congeners with a serrated posterior margin of the pectoral-fin spine. These two species are distinguished by differences in the body depth and the distance between the pelvic-fin insertion and the vent. Their distinction is also supported by osteological evidence
Abrupt changes in Indian summer monsoon strength during the last deglaciation and early Holocene based on stable isotope evidence from Lake Chenghai, southwest China
No full textIdentifying variability and the mechanisms driving variability in the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) since the last deglaciation is critical for understanding past hydroclimatic change. In this study, we present an accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dated record of δO variations in authigenic carbonates derived from Lake Chenghai in southwest China, a region that receives moisture mainly from the Indian Ocean. The δO values vary from −11.9 to +0.1‰, providing a detailed record of variations in ISM precipitation δO values, and lake hydrological balance. The record shows that the ISM generally strengthened in the post-glacial between 15.6 and 8.8 cal ka BP, but that three centennial to millennial-scale drought events were superimposed on the long-term trend. Drought events, as indicated by substantial positive shifts in δO value, occurred from 15.6 ± 0.2 to 14.4 ± 0.2, 12.5 ± 0.2 to 11.7 ± 0.2 and 10.1 ± 0.1 to 10.0 ± 0.1 cal ka BP, corresponding to the Heinrich 1, Younger Dryas, and Bond 7 cold events in the North Atlantic region, respectively. The timings of these droughts are suggested to be related to meltwater discharge into the North Atlantic. The weakened Atlantic Meridional Overturning circulation, which leads in turn to the southward migration of the intertropical convergence zone and cooling in the tropical Indian Ocean
Particulate Nature of Blood Determines Macroscopic Rheology: A 2-D Lattice Boltzmann Analysis
No full textAbstractHistorically, predicting macroscopic blood flow characteristics such as viscosity has been an empirical process due to the difficulty in rigorously including the particulate nature of blood in a mathematical representation of blood rheology. Using a two-dimensional lattice Boltzmann approach, we have simulated the flow of red blood cells in a blood vessel to estimate flow resistance at various hematocrits and vessel diameters. By including white blood cells (WBCs) in the flow, we also calculate the increase in resistance due to white cell rolling and adhesion. The model considers the blood as a suspension of particles in plasma, accounting for cell-cell and cell-wall interactions to predict macroscopic blood rheology. The model is able to reproduce the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect, i.e., the increase in relative apparent viscosity as tube size increases, and the Fahraeus effect, i.e., tube hematocrit is lower than discharge hematocrit. In addition, the model allows direct assessment of the effect of WBCs on blood flow in the microvasculature, reproducing the dramatic increases in flow resistance as WBCs enter short capillary segments. This powerful and flexible model can be used to predict blood flow properties in any vessel geometry and with any blood composition
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