3 research outputs found
Surgical importance of distance from mandibular condyle to carotid canal and foramen spinosum: an anatomical study
No full textBackground: The objective of this study was to compare the distance from mandibular condyle to internal carotid artery and middle meningeal artery.Methods: In this study 20 skulls obtained from the Department of Anatomy were utilized for the study. The following two parameters were measured using Vernier Caliper (digital). 1. Distance from Mandibular condyle to carotid canal 2. Distance from medial margin of Mandibular condyle to Foramen spinosum. All the measurements were taken thrice to minimize errors. Photograph of the skull base showing the measurements done was captured.Results: A total of 40 sides, 20 right and 20 left sides were studied. The mean distance between medial margin of mandibular condyle to carotid canal was 11.2 mm±0.6 on right side and 11.6mm±0.8 on left side. The mean distance from the medial margin of mandibular condyle to Foramen spinosum (middle meningeal artery) was 9.3 mm±1.1 on right side and 9.8mm±0.9 on left side. Conclusions: The distance between mandibular condyle to Middle meningeal artery is less compared to the distance between Mandibular condyle to carotid artery. The current study concludes that MMA is comparatively at high risk for damage compared to internal carotid artery
Edge security in smart inverters: Physical invariants based approach
No full textThe endeavour towards making power distribution systems (PDSs) smarter has made the interdependence on communication network indispensable. Further, prospective high penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources in the form of distributed energy resources (DERs) has resulted in the necessity for smart controllers on such DERs. Inverters are employed for the purpose of DC to AC power conversion in the distribution network where the present standards require these inverters to be smart. In general, distributed energy resource management systems (DERMS) calculate and send set points/operating points to these smart inverters using protocols such as smart energy profile (SEP) 2.0. Given the nature of sites at which such DERs are installed i.e., home area networks with a pool of IoT(Internet-of-Things) devices, the opportunity for a malicious actor to sabotage the operation is typically higher than that for a transmission system. National Electric Sector Cyber-security Organization Resource (NESCOR) has described several failure scenarios and impact analyses in case of cyber attacks on DERs. One such failure scenario concerns attacks on real/reactive power control commands. In this paper, it is demonstrated that physical invariant based security on the edge devices, i.e. smart controllers deployed in DER inverters, is an effective approach to minimize the impact of cyber attacks targeting reactive power control in DER inverters. The proposed defense is generic and can also be extended to attacks on real-power control. The proposed defense is validated on a co-simulation platform (OpenDSS and MATLAB/SIMULINK).Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Network Architectures and Service
