709 research outputs found
The comparative advantage of government : a review
Get PDFIn theory, market failures are necessary but not sufficient conditions for justifying government intervention in the production of goods and services. Even without market failures, there might be a case for government intervention on the grounds of poverty reduction or merit goods (for example, mandatory elementary education and mandatory use of seatbelts in cars and of helmets on motorbikes). In every case, contends the author, a case for government intervention must first identify the particular market failure that prevents the private sector from producing the socially optimal quantity of the good or service. Second, it must select the intervention that will most improve welfare. Third, it must show that society will be better off as a result of government involvement--must show that the benefits will outweigh the costs. It is impossible to judge a priori whether or what type of government intervention is appropriate to a particular circumstance or even to a class of situations. Such judgments are both country- and situation-specific and must be made on a case-by-case basis. To be sure, it is easier to make such judgments about market failures based on externalities, public goods, and so on, than about the market failures based on imperfect information. Market failures rooted in incomplete markets and imperfect information are pervasive: Markets are almost always incomplete, and information is always imperfect. This does not mean that there is always a case for government intervention and that further analysis is unnecessary. On the contrary, there is a keener need for analysis. The welfare consequences of the"new market failures"are more difficult to measure so government intervention's contribution to welfare is likely to be more difficult to assess and the case for intervention (especially the provision of goods and services) is more difficult to make. One must also keep in mind that government interventions are often poorly designed and overcostly. Poorly designed interventions may create market failures of their own. Governments concerned about low private investment in high-risk projects, for example, may guarantee them against risk but in the process create problems of moral hazard and induce investors to take no actions to mitigate such risks. And some interventions may turn out to be too costly relative to the posited benefits. In seeking to provide extension services, for example, governments may incur costs that are higher than the benefits farmers receive.Decentralization,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Health Economics&Finance,Labor Policies,Health Economics&Finance,Banks&Banking Reform,Knowledge Economy,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research
Belli dialettale, Belli universale. Francis Darbousset traduttore dei sonetti romaneschi
No full textL'articolo studia le 461 traduzioni che Francis Darbousset ha lasciato inedite dei Sonetti romaneschi di Giuseppe Gioachino Belli. Si prende in esame il difficile rapporto tra testi in dialetto e traduzioni in lingue straniereThe essay examines 461 translations of Giuseppe Giochiano Belli's Sonnet by Frencj translator Francis Darbousset. The author reflects on the difficult relationship between texts in dialect and translations in foreign languages
Perpetuare la memoria: architettura e arredo scultoreo nella città teatroide
No full textLa città di età ellenistica e romana si sviluppa attraverso i suoi spazi pubblici e le sue architetture in funzione della rappresentazione di se stessa, della comunità civica che la abita o del suo rapporto con il potere; complessi monumentali e architetture marcano il paesaggio urbano e definiscono spazi pubblici come quinte scenografiche, all’interno delle quali assume un ruolo importante l’arredo scultoreo, funzionale a rappresentare i valori della comunità, ad onorare i suoi cittadini, in un complesso rapporto tra il personaggio onorato – spesso artefice delle stesse trasformazioni urbane - e la comunità che lo onora e che definisce spazi e modi attraverso cui manifestare il proprio omaggio. La ricostituzione dell’arredo scultoreo e del suo rapporto con gli spazi pubblici e i complessi architettonici è spesso condizionato dal livello di conservazione e dalle vicende della vita postclassica dei centri urbani antichi; il contributo, che si propone, intende esaminare il fenomeno del rapporto tra scultura negli spazi pubblici urbani antichi, attraverso alcuni casi studio, per cercare di definire forme e modi attraverso cui l’arredo scultoreo diviene elemento integrante dell’immagine della città.Hellenistic and Roman cities define their public spaces and architectures with the view to represent themselves, the local community or their relationship with the established power; monumental architectures mark the urban landscape and outline public areas conceived as theatrical spaces, within which sculptures play a key role in representing the values of the community and in honoring citizens, in a complex relation between the honored man – who is often the main author of the urban transformations - and the local community that honors him and plans spaces and ways to homage him. The possibility to reconstruct the decorative sculptures and their relation to public spaces and architectural complexes is often conditioned by the level of conservation and the events occurred in the ancient urban centers during the post-classical period. The aim of this paper is to examine the connection between sculpture and ancient urban public spaces, by analyzing some meaningful case studies, in the attempt of identifying forms and ways through which sculptures become an integral part of the city’s overall image
FIGURAÇÕES DA MULHER INDÍGENA EM A MULHER HABITADA, DE GIOCONDA BELLI: UM ESTUDO SOB A PERSPECTIVA PÓS-COLONIAL
Get PDFNext, we analyze the work A mulher habitada (2000), by Gioconda Belli. Which discusses the nationality of the author, starting from the flow of indigenous origins in Nicaragua in the 16th century, configured by the Itzá indigenous female character, and starring Lavinia who breaks the paradigms of patriarchal society and presents themes around social suppression and oppression. In this sense, Belli (2000) further discusses the construction of female identity, gender, violence, power relations, ethnicity, politics, economy. Not referring to romance, the author focuses on the role of women in society, presenting us as the female subject that recovers vestiges of a repressed memory by hegemonic power, with marks in the ideological process of invisibility of the figure of women, a problematic rooted in the intention of pretended superiority from the Eurocentric perspective. It highlights aspects of feminist criticism and identity perspectives. The theoretical assumptions will be based on scholars and literary critics who deal with the topics listed, such as: Nicaraguan literature, Belli (2000); Contijo (2019); Randall (1989), to address post-colonial quests, Quijano (2005); Spivak (2010), on identity, Stuart Hall (20015), Homi Bhabha (2019) to discuss indigenous guidelines OliveriGodet (2019), Potiguara (2014) among other researchers who dialogue with the research content.Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo refletir sobre as figurações da mulher indígena em A mulher habitada (2000), de Gioconda Belli. O romance imprime questões ligadas a nacionalidade da autora, partindo do fluxo das origens indígenas em Nicarágua no século XVI, configurado pela personagem feminina indígena Itzá, e protagonizado também por Lavinia que rompem os paradigmas limitantes da sociedade patriarcal em contexto, além de apresentar eixos temáticos em torno da supressão e opressão social, a qual as mulheres latino-americanas estavam expostas. Nesse sentido, Belli (2000) discute ainda, sobre a construção da identidade feminina, gênero, violência, relações de poder, etnia, política, economia. No referido romance, a autora focaliza o papel da mulher na sociedade, nos apresentando o sujeito feminino que recupera vestígios de uma memória reprimida pelo poder hegemônico, com marcas no processo ideológico de invisibilidade da figura da mulher, uma problemática enraizada pela intenção de superioridade pretendida pela perspectiva eurocêntrica. Destarte, este estudo atesta discussões pertinentes a teoria Pós-Colonial. Aponta aspectos da crítica feminista e vieses identitários, mostrando assim, a ambivalência catártica da composição pluralista no ensejo das questões anticolonialistas apresentadas na superfície textual das temáticas indígenas. A pesquisa proposta terá como procedimento metodológico análise bibliográfica com caráter qualitativo. Para tanto, os pressupostos teóricos estarão baseados em estudiosos e críticos-literários que versam sobre as temáticas elencadas, como: literatura nicaraguense, Belli (2000); Contijo (2019); Randall (1989), para abordar as questões pós-coloniais, Quijano (2005); Spivak (2010), sobre identidade, Stuart Hall (20015), Homi Bhabha (2019) para pontuar as pautas indígenas Oliveri-Godet (2019), Potiguara (2014) entre outros pesquisadores que dialogam com o conteúdo da pesquis
La cultura figurativa delle poleis del Golfo di Taranto: forme e funzioni della scultura
No full textThe paper deals with marble sculptures from the Greek poleis on the Ionian Coast. While Taranto and Metaponto yielded a series of sculptures dating from the Archaic to the Hellenistic period, other sites such as Satyrion and Heraclea yielded relatively few marble works, although typologically interesting. After reexamining the evidence, the author concludes that during the Archaic and Classical periods, marble was used almost exclusively for public monuments such as cult statues and architectonic sculptures. During the Hellenistic period, however, private commission became more important, especially in the case of Taranto with its rich funerary sculpture. As can be demonstrated, both local and foreign workshops are attested
Assuring Dependability of Software Reuse: An Industrial Standard
Get PDFWhereas a software component may be perfectly suited to one application, it may prove to cause severe faults in other applications. The prestandard IEC/PAS 62814 (Dependability of Software Products Containing Reusable Components – Guidance for Functionality and Tests), which has recently been released, addresses the functionality, testing, and dependability of software components to be reused and products that contain software to be used in more than one application; that is, reused by the same or by another development organization, regardless of whether it belongs to the same or another legal entity than the one that has developed this software. This paper introduces into this pre-standard and give hints how to use it. The author, who chaired its realization that started in 2006, briefly summarizes the difficult process to bring the industrial partners with controversial interests to a consensus
Il fantomatico Belli. Pittore girovago nella Francia di fine Ottocento o copista per la regina Vittoria?
Get PDFFrom the Parisian collection of Angelo Sommaruga, two paintings signed “Belli” were considered realized by
the Italian artist Enrico Belli. The author identified him in Benet Belli, a Spanish painter who was confused
in his life with the most known Enrico, who worked in England as a copyist for her Majesty the Queen Victoria.
From this point the author traces the works and life of Benet Belli – who travelled from Barcelona to Paris in
1878 – and also of Enrico who left England for India in the same years. Nowadays many paintings by Benet
– especially in the French and Italian market of art – are confused and attributed to Enrico; now we know the
difference between them
JET diagnostic enhancements in preparation for DT operations
No full textIn order to complete the exploitation of the JET ITER-like Wall and to take full benefit from deuterium-Tritium experiments on JET, a set of diagnostic system refurbishments or upgrades is in progress. These diagnostic enhancements focus mainly on neutron, gamma, fast ions, instabilities and operations support. This effort intends to provide better spatial, temporal and energy resolution while increasing measurement coverage. But also previously non existing capabilities, such as Doppler Reflectometry, will now be made available for scientific exploitation. Guaranteeing diagnostic reliability and consistency during the expected DT conditions is also a critical condition for the work and systems being implemented. An overview of status and scope of the ongoing projects is presented. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike Licence
Examining the Antioxidant and Superoxide Radical Scavenging Activity of Anise, (Pimpinella anisum L. Seeds), Esculetin, and 4-Methyl-Esculetin Using X-ray Diffraction, Hydrodynamic Voltammetry and DFT Methods
Get PDFPimpinella anisum L., or anise, is a plant that, besides its nutritional value, has been used in traditional medical practices and described in many cultures in the Mediterranean region. A possible reason for anise’s therapeutic value is that it contains coumarins, which are known to have many biomedical and antioxidant properties. HPLC analysis in our laboratory of the anise extract shows the presence of the coumarin esculetin. We used a hydrodynamic voltammetry rotating ring–disk electrode (RRDE) method to measure the superoxide scavenging abilities of anise seeds and esculetin, which has marked scavenging activity. A related coumarin, 4-methyl-esculetin, also showed strong antioxidant activity as measured by RRDE. Moreover, this study includes the X-ray crystal structure of esculetin and 4-methyl-esculetin, which reveal the H-bond and the stacking intermolecular interactions of the two coumarins. Coordinates of esculetin crystal structure were used to perform a DFT study to arrive at the mechanism of superoxide scavenging. Besides performing a H(hydroxyl) abstraction in esculetin position 6 by superoxide, the scavenging also includes the presence of a second superoxide radical in a π–π approach. Both rings of esculetin were explored for this attack, but only the pyrone ring was effective. As a result, one product of esculetin scavenging is H2O2 formation, while the second superoxide remains π–π trapped within the pyrone ring to form an esculetin-η-O2 complex. Comparison with other coumarins shows that subtle structural differences in the coumarin framework can imply marked differences in scavenging. For instance, when the catechol moiety of esculetin (position 6,7) is shifted to position 7,8 in 4-methyl-7,8-dihydroxy coumarin, that coumarin shows a superoxide dismutase action, which, beside H2O2 formation, includes the formation and elimination of a molecule of O2. This is in contrast with the products formed through esculetin superoxide scavenging, where a second added superoxide remains trapped, and forms an esculetin-η-O2 comple
Gioconda Belli: la responsabilità della scrittura
No full textGioconda Belli is one of the most refined female voices of emancipation
in twenty-century Latin American literature. Since her earliest works, this Nicaraguan
writer carries out her own personal revolution starting with a rethinking of the female
body, which takes on a symbolic and metaphorical meaning capable of representing
the profound ideological change desired by Belli. According to the author, it is necessary
to rethink the female role within Latin American societies so that women can acquire
the status of subjects capable of freeing themselves from the markedly subordinated
image that the patriarchal universe has reserved to them. This common thread guides
the reader within the author’s production and it can be found also in her latest novel,
Las fiebres de la memorias (2018), in which, exceptionally, a male protagonist appears,
who will be able to redefine himself only through a ‘feminization’, an enhancement of
that dimension of caring for others which is generally thought of as strictly belonging
to a feminine universe.Gioconda Belli è una delle voci più raffinate dell’emancipazione della figura femminile all’interno del panorama letterario latinoamericano del XX secolo. La scrittrice nicaraguense, sin dalle sue prime opere, attua una propria personale rivoluzione a partire da ripensamento della dimensione del corpo femminile, il quale assume un significato simbolico e metaforico capace di rappresentare il profondo cambiamento ideologico auspicato dalla Belli. Secondo l’autrice è necessario ridefinire al ruolo femminile all’interno delle società latinoamericane affinché la donna acquisisca uno status di soggetto capace di affrancarla dall’immagine marcatamente subordinata che l’universo patriarcale le ha riservato. Questo filo conduttore che guida il lettore all’interno della produzione dell’autrice, si ritrova anche nell’ultimo romanzo, Las fiebres de la memorias (2018), nel quale, eccezionalmente, compare un protagonista maschile, il quale riuscirà a ridefinire sé stesso solo attraverso una ‘femminizzazione’, una valorizzazione di quella dimensione della cura dell’altro che generalmente viene pensata come pertinenza muliebre
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