21 research outputs found
Operationalising factors that explain the emergence of infectious diseases : A case study of the human campylobacteriosis epidemic
No full textPeer reviewe
Cryptosporidiosis decline after regulation, England and Wales, 1989-2005
No full textSince new drinking water regulations were implemented in England and Wales in 2000, cryptosporidiosis has been significantly reduced in the first half of the year but not in the second. We estimate an annual reduction in disease of 905 reported cases and ≈6,700 total cases
Modelling the vector pathway and infection of humans in an environmental outbreak of Escherichia coli 0157
No full textQuantifying the transfer of Escherichia coli O157 from the environment to humans is essential for understanding outbreaks, establishing the infectious dose of the organism and proposing safeguards. We modelled the pathogen loading shed onto a field by sheep immediately prior to a scout camp where 18 scouts and two adults were infected with E. coli O157. We estimated the dose ingested (4-24 organisms) which is in agreement with the low infective dose reported previously for this organism in food outbreaks. These data closely fit a surrogate Shigella dose-response model which can be used as a basis for risk assessment.</p
A systematic review of source attribution of human campylobacteriosis using multi-locus sequence typing
No full textThis work was supported by the United Kingdom Food Standards Agency [grant number FS101013]; the Wellcome Trust [grant numbers 087622 to M.C.J.M., 072782MA to N.D.M.]; and National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Gastrointestinal Infections at the University of Oxford in partnership with Public Health England (PHE). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the FSA, NHS, the NIHR, the Department of Health or Public Health England.Peer reviewe
Long-term survival of Escherichia coli O157 on pasture following an outbreak associated with sheep at a scout camp
No full textEffect of long-term starvation on the survival, recovery, and carbon utilization profiles of a bovine Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolate from New Zealand
No full textThe ability to maintain a dual lifestyle of colonizing the ruminant gut and surviving in nonhost environments once shed is key to the success of Escherichia coli O157:H7 as a zoonotic pathogen. Both physical and biological conditions encountered by the bacteria are likely to change during the transition between host and nonhost environments. In this study, carbon starvation at suboptimal temperatures in nonhost environments was simulated by starving a New Zealand bovine E. coli O157:H7 isolate in phosphate-buffered saline at 4 and 15°C for 84 days. Recovery of starved cells on media with different nutrient availabilities was monitored under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. We found that the New Zealand bovine E. coli O157:H7 isolate was able to maintain membrane integrity and viability over 84 days and that the level of recovery depended on the nutrient level of the recovery medium as well as the starvation temperature. In addition, a significant difference in carbon utilization was observed between starved and nonstarved cells
Genomic plasticity and rapid host switching can promote the evolution of generalism : a case study in the zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter
No full textThis work was supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) grant BB/I02464X/1, the Medical Research Council (MRC) grants MR/M501608/1 and MR/L015080/1, and the Wellcome Trust grant 088786/C/09/Z. GM was supported by a NISCHR Health Research Fellowship (HF-14–13).Peer reviewe
Antiferromagnetic ordering in a novel five-connected 3D polymer {Cu2(2,5-Me2pyz)[N(CN)2]4}n (2,5-Me2pyz=2,5-dimethhlpyrazine)
No full textReaction of Na[N(CN)2] with CuSO4·5H2O and 2,5-Me2pyz produced {Cu2(2,5-Me2pyz)[N(CN)2]4}n (2,5-Me2pyz = 2,5-dimethylpyrazine), which is an unusual five-connected, two-fold interpenetrated network that orders antiferromagnetically at low temperature
Microstructural characterization of chromium oxide thin films grown by remote plasma assisted pulsed laser deposition
No full textIn this work, we investigate the use of Remote Plasma Assisted PLD for the growth of chromium oxide thin films. In an attempt to enhance oxygen incorporation in the growing layers, laser ablation takes place in an activated oxygen background that contains atomic oxygen as well as excited oxygen molecules, thereby creating growth conditions that are inaccessible by reactive PLD. All films were grown on Si (100) substrates by ablating a pure Cr 2O3 target using a KrF excimer laser. The micro-structural analysis of the grown layers was achieved using Infra- Red Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, Atomic Force Microscopy and Rutherford Back- Scattering. It is found that films deposited under remote plasma conditions show a predominance of the higher oxidation states of chromium while the antiferromagnetic Cr 2O3 phase is mostly present in films grown in an O 2 ambient. The effect of substrate temperature on the microstructure of the films was also studied. At low substrate temperatures (andlt;350°C), the films have an amorphous microstructure with elongated rod-like features that could indicate the formation of the CrO2 phase. With increasing temperature up to 450oC, the structure of the films reverts to a crystalline Cr2O3 phase as inferred from the appearance of the corresponding peaks in the XRD spectra and from the narrowing of the infra-red absorption bands. © 2007 IOP Publishing Ltd.Bermudez VM, 2001, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V19, P576, DOI 10.1116-1.1339008; DUVAL C, 1963, C R, V257, P3766; GUILLAMET R, 1992, SOLID STATE COMMUN, V81, P633, DOI 10.1016-0038-1098(92)90609-D; Ingle NJC, 2001, J APPL PHYS, V89, P4631, DOI 10.1063-1.1355286; Ji Y, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P5585, DOI 10.1103-PhysRevLett.86.5585; KHILLA MA, 1982, THERMOCHIM ACTA, V54, P319, DOI 10.1016-0040-6031(82)80022-1; Li XW, 1999, J APPL PHYS, V85, P5585, DOI 10.1063-1.369807; PARNIS JM, 1990, J PHYS CHEM-US, V94, P8152, DOI 10.1021-j100384a033; Shima M, 2002, J APPL PHYS, V91, P7920, DOI 10.1063-1.1451881; Shwarz K, 1986, J PHYS F MET PHYS, V16, pL211; Sousa PM, 2005, APPL SURF SCI, V247, P423, DOI 10.1016-j.apsusc.2005.01.061; Yu T, 2003, J APPL PHYS, V93, P3951, DOI 10.1063-1.155820443
