2,284 research outputs found
The Phil Rogers Russell, D.O. Collection
Full text linkFinding aid for The Phil Rogers Russell, D.O. CollectionPhil Rogers Russell, D.O., practiced osteopathic medicine in the state of Texas from his 1917 graduation from the American School of Osteopathy, Kirksville, Missouri, until his death at the age of 80 in 1975. He was a strong supporter of the profession and was instrumental in the establishment and growth of the Fort Worth Osteopathic Hospital and the Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine. He won numerous awards and honors from the American Osteopathic Association, the Texas Osteopathic Association, other osteopathic institutions and associations, and civil awards. He was the author of "Quack Doctor", a memoir of his years as an osteopathic physician.The Phil R. Russell, D.O. Collection consists of speeches, articles, book manuscripts, books, memorabilia, photographs, certificates and awards that Dr. Russell authored or was presented during his lifetime
Schistosomiasis In sub-Saharan Africa: The Under Fives Need Praziquantel - 24 Jan 2012
No full textPHILADELPHIA - Scientists in the UK and Uganda have now completed a three year study showing that young children are at continued risk of intestinal schistosomiasis - also known as bilharzia - between the ages of 6-months and five years. In fact, these children should be treated routinely with the anthelminthic praziquantel, just as in older children and adults, for it is proven both safe and efficacious. The Schistosomiasis In Mothers and Infants (SIMI) study was conducted by the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine working with the Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, in Uganda and was reported at the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene annual conference in Philadelphia. Professor Russell Stothard discussed some of the key findings with Peter Goodwin
Epidemiology and clinical aspects of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Cambodia
Full text linkBackground: The threadworm Strongyloides stercoralis is endemic in settings where sanitary conditions are poor and where the climate is warm and humid. More than 70 tropical countries in Southeast Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, West Indies and Latin America are considered as high endemic settings. However, S. stercoralis is also prevalent in subtropical and temperate regions including Australia, Japan, Canada, United States and Europe. The global prevalence of S. stercoralis is heterogeneous. It is believed that about 30 - 100 million people worldwide are infected with S. stercoralis. But the true number and the global burden of infection remain unknown and most probably are today underestimating in many areas of the tropical resource poor countries. The low sensitivity of the currently available diagnostic tools and a scarcity of specialized survey are most important factors for that. Moreover, many epidemiological aspects of S. stercoralis infection are poorly understood or unknown. It is not known in detail where S. stercoralis is endemic, which infection rates and intensities can typically be expected in different settings and populations, and when an individual was infected at first-time and how quickly the re-infection can occur after successful treatment. Epidemiological information on S. stercoralis such as large-scale prevalence, re-infection, risk factors, clinical features and treatment efficacy are unknown in Cambodia and many parts of Southeast Asia.
Aim and objectives: This PhD thesis aimed to understand the importance of S. stercoralis infection in Cambodia by pursuing four main objectives: (i) assess S. stercoralis infection and risk factors, validate diagnostic methods and determine treatment efficacy among schoolchildren, (ii) determine large-scale prevalence and risk factors in two socioeconomic and ecological distinctly different settings, (iii) determine re-infection rates among schoolchildren, and (iv) document clinical aspects of patients with high intensity of S. stercoralis infection in rural communities.
Methods: School- and community-based studies were carried out in four primary schools and 120 villages of three provinces (Kandal, Preah Vihear and Takeo) in Cambodia, from 2009 to 2011. After obtaining the written informed consent from participants, an individual questionnaire was administrated to obtain demographic, risk-perception and behavioral data. The head of household was interviewed with a household questionnaire on socioeconomic indicators of the household such as house type, household assets, latrine and livestock. After the interview, each participant was given a pre-labeled plastic container (ID code, name, sex, age and date) for stool sample collection. In case a multiple stool samples analysis, another stool container was distributed upon collection of the first or second sample. The fecal materials were analyzed by Baermann method and Koga-agar plate (KAP) culture for diagnosing S. stercoralis and Kato-Katz method for helminth co-infections.
Two school-based studies were performed in four primary schools in Kandal province. In 2009, a cross-sectional study was carried out among 458 children, examining three fecal samples per child, to assess risk factors, diagnostic methods and treatment efficacy after three weeks of ivermectin treatment (100?g/kg/day for two days). A two-year cohort study was conducted among 302 schoolchildren from 2009 to 2011, analyzing two stool samples per child, to determine re-infection and risk factors of S. stercoralis.
Two large-scale cross-sectional community-based studies were conducted in 2010 and 2011 to assess infection prevalence and risk factors in two provinces (2396 participants from 60 villages of Preah Vihear province, analyzed two stool samples per participant; and 2861 participants from 60 villages of Takeo province, examined one stool sample per participant). Bayesian kriging was used to predict risk at non-surveyed locations in Preah Vihear province. A case-series study, nested in the survey in Preah Vihear province in 2010, was carried out to document the clinical features of 21 S. stercoralis cases, with high numbers of S. stercoralis larvae in their fecal specimen detected by Baermann technique.
Principal findings: A cross-sectional school-based survey in 2009 found that 24.4% of 458 schoolchildren were infected with S. stercoralis. The prevalence of S. stercoralis infection increased considerably (from 18.6% to 24.4%) when three stool samples were examined. The sensitivity of KAP culture and Baermann technique was 88.4% and 75.0%, respectively. Clinical features such as itchy skin and diarrheal episodes were significantly associated with S. stercoralis infection. Children who reported defecating in latrines were significantly less infected with S. stercoralis than those who did not use latrines (OR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2 – 0.6; P<0.001). Almost three-quarters of the infections could have been reduced by proper sanitation (PAR: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.5– 0.9). Ivermectin (200 µg/kg BW, PO, over 2 days) was highly efficacious against S. stercoralis infection, with a cure rate of 98.3% three weeks after treatment.
In Preah Vihear and Takeo provinces, S. stercoralis infection prevalence among general population was 44.7% and 21.0%, respectively. In both areas found that the male participants were significantly more infected than females (P<0.001) in all age classes. In Preah Vihear province, northern Cambodia, S. stercoralis infection statistically increased with age, starting at 31.4% in children less than 6 years to a peak of at 51.2% in participants older than 50 years. Participants defecating in latrines were significantly less infected with S. stercoralis than those who did not use latrine (OR: 0.5; 95% CI: 0.4 - 0.8; P<0.001). S. stercoralis infection exhibited almost no tendency to spatial clustering in this province. Infection risk significantly decreased with increasing rainfall and soil organic carbon content and to increase in lands occupied by rice fields. In Takeo province, southern Cambodia, S. stercoralis infection prevalence reached 14.5% in children under or equal to 5 years and 28.0% in participants aged between 56 and 60 years. Participants who reported having a latrine were statistically less infected with S. stercoralis infection than those who did not possess latrine at home (OR: 0.7; 95% CI: 04 - 0.8; P: 0.003). Muscle pain and urticaria were significantly associated with S. stercoralis infection.
A two-year cohort study among 302 schoolchildren revealed a prevalence rate of 24.2% and 22.5% at baseline (2009) and follow-up (2011), respectively. Almost one-third (31.5%) of 73 treated S. stercoralis cases at baseline were re-infected at follow-up. But, almost 70% of children infected at baseline and treated remained free of re-infection for the period of two years. Children reported having shoes and defecating in toilet were statistically less infected with S. stercoralis than those who did not possess shoes (OR: 0.3; 95% CI: 0.1 – 0.5; P: 0.031) and use latrine (OR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2 – 0.9; P<0.001) at follow-up. None of the reported clinical symptom was significantly associated with S. stercoralis infection at follow-up.
Clinical symptoms of 21 S. stercoralis patients with high intensity infection (more than 250 larvae in Baermann test) from Preah Vihear province were documented in 2010. The median age of the patients was 11 years (range: 5 - 67); 23.8% were females. Eleven patients (52.4%) were younger than 16 years. Out of 21 patients, 20 (95.2%), 18 (85.7%) and 14 (66.7%) reported frequent abdominal pain, diarrhea and periods of sensation of itching, respectively, during the previous six months. Five patients (23.8%) reported having experienced urticaria the week preceding the examination. One patient suffered from extended urticaria. Three weeks after ivermectin treatment (200µg/kg BW, single oral dose), most symptoms (diarrhea, abdominal pain and urticaria) almost entirely resolved.
Conclusions: S. stercoralis infection is highly prevalent in rural communities of Cambodia where appropriate diagnosis and treatment do not exist. The re-infection rate of S. stercoralis among schoolchildren after two years of ivermectin treatment is considerable, but more than two-third remains free of infection for at least 2 years. Preschool- and school-aged children are highly affected. Personal hygiene and sanitation including wearing shoes, possession and use of latrines, are significant predictors of S. stercoralis infection. Gastrointestinal and cutaneous symptoms are associated with S. stercoralis infection and resolve almost entirely after ivermectin treatment. Thus, S. stercoralis infection should no longer be neglected in Cambodia and elsewhere in tropical resource poor countries. Access to adequate diagnosis and treatment of S. stercoralis infection is an urgent need in Cambodi
Justification of Induction: Russell and Jin Yuelin. A Comparative Study
No full textJin Yuelin (1895-1984), a Chinese logician and philosopher, is greatly influenced by Hume's and Russell's philosophies. How should we respond to Hume's problem of induction? This is an important clue to understand Jin's whole philosophical career. The first section of this paper gives a brief historical review of Russell and Jin. The second section outlines Hume's skeptical arguments against causality and induction. The third section expounds Russell's justification of induction by discussing his views on Hume's skepticism, causality, principle of induction, and empirical postulates. The fourth section clarifies Jin's justification of induction by discussing his critique of Hume's epistemology and his arguments for the reliability of causality and the eternal truth and apriority of the principle of induction. The final section compares Jin's justification of induction with Russell's and concludes that there are similarities and differences between their projects and that both their attempts fail. This paper takes the similar responses to the problem of induction by Jin and Russell to demonstrate the communication that there has been between Chinese philosophers and the Western ones.http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000310146900004&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=8e1609b174ce4e31116a60747a720701EthicsHistory & Philosophy Of ScienceLogicPhilosophyA&HCISCI(E)0ARTICLE4353-3783
Developing an integrated implementation plan for control and elimination of NTDs: Nationwide mapping surveys for lymphatic filariasis, schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Zambia
Full text linkZambia, like most countries in Southern Africa, is non-endemic for onchocerciasis. However, this also means that, unlike many African countries experienced in community-directed delivery of medicines for helminthiasis, Zambia is relatively naive to preventive chemotherapy and associated delivery strategies, such as community-based mass drug administration (MDA). The current integrated approach the WHO is promoting for control of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) targets conditions that are amenable to preventive chemotherapy using ivermectin (IVM) or diethylcarbamazine (DEC) with albendazole (ALB) for lymphatic filariasis (LF), ivermectin for onchocerciasis, praziquantel (PZQ) for schistosomiasis (SCH) and ALB or mebendazole (MBD) for soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) is recommended for Zambia. Recent advancements and external assistance to the country has supported the initiation of these programmes. In areas free of onchocerciasis, the WHO guidelines for helminth control advise intervention through community-directed MDA strategies using DEC and ALB for LF. The first plan recommended for SCH and STHs control is co-administration of PZQ and ALB through targeted large-scale distribution using a school-based treatment delivery system targeting all school-age children. Following several sporadic studies, Zambia is a developing country that has produced evidence of LF, SCH and STH, which are widespread and amenable to MDA and controlled on the same platform. Past and current information outlines that active transmission of these NTDs is ongoing and needs urgent intervention to control morbidity. In six chapters addressing specific topics, this PhD study will be in line with the WHO Global Programmes for the control of NTDs using an integrated strategy including capacity development for mapping and monitoring and evaluation as central to this project. The aim is to review the national policies on NTDs and construct solutions to address the main gaps and challenges as the country plan to scale up integrated interventions for control and elimination of specific NTDs based on the study findings. With evidence from nationwide mapping surveys for LF, SCH and STH in Zambia. A significant decrease in LF prevalence from the years 2003–2005 (11.5% CI95 6.6; 16.4) to 2012–2014 (0.6% CI95 0.03; 1.1); a significant scale-up of ITNs
across the country from 0.2% (CI95 0.0; 0.3) to 76.1% (CI95 71.4; 80.7), respectively. ITN coverage was a better predictor of LF prevalence than a year alone with a significant Spearman’s correlation of -.462 at the 0.01 level (2-tailed), R²= 0.1878 (year alone)
And 0.2837 (year and ITN coverage). Thirty-nine thousand nine hundred four children tested for SCH and STH in 1349 schools. The overall prevalence of schistosomiasis is 16.6 %, while STH was 22.0 %. The highest prevalence was reported in Lusaka (65.3 %) and Northwestern (41.9 %) for SCH and STH, respectively. Most participants were aged 10-12 years and had the highest prevalence of S. haematobium, followed by 13-15 years who had the highest prevalence of hookworm. Pearson Chi-Square test on age group indicated statistically significant difference at 4 degrees of freedom X²=372.766 (S. mansoni), X²=353.108, (hookworm) and X²=94.965 (A. lumbricoides) at p<0.0005. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed a correlation on the independent environmental and climatic predictors with SCH and STH prevalence. The general information collected from this research will be used for policy development and provide direction for the National Neglected Tropical Diseases programme in line with the National Health Strategic Plan 2017- 2021 that focuses on primary health care and community health approaches. Currently, no nationwide MDA campaigns for SCH and STH is implemented, but LF MDAs have been going on since 2012/13 and have already reached the fifth round in one province. Therefore, the MoH NTD policy or strategic plan will be comprehensively revised to highlight the national NTD goals, strategic objectives, and key performance indicators for the next five years and beyond.
The putative synergy of LF prevalence with vector control has provided evidence that helped to put Zambia on track to meet national and global goals of LF elimination by 2020. The distribution of SCH and STH is widespread, with varying risks of transmission. The maps produced will provide evidence on the areas targeted for interventions in Zambia
HTLV-I and Strongyloides in Australia: The worm lurking beneath
No full textStrongyloidiasis and HTLV-I (human T-lymphotropic virus-1) are important infections that are endemic in many countries around the world with an estimated 370 million infected with Strongyloides stercoralis alone, and 5–10 million with HTVL-I. Co-infections with these pathogens are associated with significant morbidity and can be fatal. HTLV-I infects T-cells thus causing dysregulation of the immune system which has been linked to dissemination and hyperinfection of S. stercoralis leading to bacterial sepsis which can result in death. Both of these pathogens are endemic in Australia primarily in remote communities in Queensland, the Northern Territory, and Western Australia. Other cases in Australia have occurred in immigrants and refugees, returned travellers, and Australian Defence Force personnel. HTLV-I infection is lifelong with no known cure. Strongyloidiasis is a long-term chronic disease that can remain latent for decades, as shown by infections diagnosed in prisoners of war from World War II and the Vietnam War testing positive decades after they returned from these conflicts. This review aims to shed light on concomitant infections of HTLV-I with S. stercoralis primarily in Australia but in the global context as well
The tale of two climates - Baltimore and Phoenix urban LTER sites
No full textabstract: Two Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites now include urban areas (Baltimore, Maryland and Phoenix, Arizona). A goal of LTER in these cities is to blend physical and social science investigations to better understand urban ecological change. Research monitoring programs are underway to investigate the effects of urbanization on ecosystems. Climate changes in these urban areas reflect the expanding population and associated land surface modifications. Long-term urban climate effects are detectable from an analysis of the GHCN (Global Historical Climate Network) database and a comparison of urban versus rural temperature changes with decadal population data. The relation of the urban versus rural minimum temperatures (Tminu-r) to population changes is pronounced and non-linear over time for both cities. The Tmaxu-r data show no well-defined temporal trends.Corresponding Author:
Anthony Brazel
Arizona State University
[email protected]
Neural correlates of processing valence and arousal in affective words
Full text linkPsychological frameworks conceptualize emotion along 2 dimensions, "valence" and "arousal." Arousal invokes a single axis of intensity increasing from neutral to maximally arousing. Valence can be described variously as a bipolar continuum, as independent positive and negative dimensions, or as hedonic value (distance from neutral). In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to characterize neural activity correlating with arousal and with distinct models of valence during presentation of affective word stimuli. Our results extend observations in the chemosensory domain suggesting a double dissociation in which subregions of orbitofrontal cortex process valence, whereas amygdala preferentially processes arousal. In addition, our data support the physiological validity of descriptions of valence along independent axes or as absolute distance from neutral but fail to support the validity of descriptions of valence along a bipolar continuum
ELECTRONIC ABSORPTION SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEVERAL n,n DIHALOGENATED ALKANES AND SILANES
No full text B. R Russell, L. O. Edwards, and J. W, Raymonda, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95, 2129 (1973). G. C. Causley and B. R. Russell, J. Chem. Phys. 62, 848 (1975). This work was supported by The Robert A. Welch Foundation.""Author Institution: Department of Chemistry, North Texas State UniversityThe vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectra of a variety of n,n dihalogenated compounds in the vapor phase, taken in the region from (4.9 eV) to (10.3 eV) will be presented. The transitions which occur In this In this region are thought to arise primarily from the specific combinations of halogen non-bonding orbitals which lie perpendicular to the M-X bonding axes. The (M-X) and the first ns, np, and nd molecule Rydberg transitions of these orbitals will provide information as to the energy and configuration of the ground and excited states of the molecules in question. Starting with the spectra of CHC1, and CHBr, and CHI, subsequent spectral changes of other compounds in the series related to changes in symmetry, central atom and substituents about the central atom will be discussed. In the same regard, mixed halogen compounds will be related to the parent compounds
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