1,268 research outputs found
TOT: the association strength heuristic
No full textThree experiments were conducted to examine the effect of association strength on TOT (tip-of-the-tongue states) and recall. Two hundred nineteen undergraduate students studied pictures and names of 24 imaginary animals that were presented on a large computer screen. The strength of association between the cue and target was manipulated by varying the number of times the picture and the name were presented simultaneously, while keeping the number of presentations for each picture or the target constant across conditions. After the study phase, participants were cued by each picture to recall the imaginary animal names. Participants were asked to rate their strength of TOT on a scale ranging 0 to 3 for each item if they could not think of the name at the moment. Participants also made subjective judgments as to how many times they saw the picture and name of the animal co-occur on the same screen at the study phase, and then they performed a recognition test at the end. The results indicated that the frequency and strength of TOTs linearly increased as a function of number of co-occurrences; the correlation between TOT strength and the participants??
subjective estimation of number of co-occurrences was greater than the correlation between TOT strength and the actual number of co-occurrences. This pattern of results was found even when recall increased along with the increase in number of co-occurrences and was more pronounced particularly when recall was reduced either by interference (Experiment 1) or by increased number of critical items (Experiments 2 & 3) and also by a reduced number of co-occurrence conditions and an increased gap between one level to the next (Experiment 3). Results suggest that an increase in association strength concomitantly increases TOT strength especially when the activation of the target is under threshold for recall and that people may use rules of thumb, or heuristic when they report TOTs by estimating the strength of the cue-target association
A theoretical model for predicting potential coaching success in women's intercollegiate basketball based on the centrality theory, coaching theories, academic preparation and related variables
No full textTypescript (photocopy).The purpose of the present study was to test a theoretical model for predicting potential coaching success in women's intercollegiate basketball. This was accomplished by investigating the variables of gender, race, previous playing position, highest level of personal competition, styles of play learned during the coach's playing days, and academic preparation in relation to styles of play a coach teaches his/her team and win-loss percentages. Specifically, the variables were tested in regard to three groups of hypotheses: (1) the variables' association with finding an individual in a women's intercollegiate basketball coaching position; (2) the variables' association with the styles of offense and defense that a coach chooses to teach and implement; and (3) the variables' association with the success, based on win-loss percentages, a coach achieves in his/her profession. A questionnaire was utilized to collect the desired information. This information was obtained from a stratified sample of coaches of women's intercollegiate basketball teams from all 50 states and the 5 major levels of collegiate play (NCAA I, NCAA II, NCAA III, NAIA, NJCAA). A total sample of 470 programs was selected. Returns were received from 213 head coaches yielding a 46% return rate. Analysis of the data was limited to descriptive statistics and a regression analysis on the theoretical model. Results indicated that there were several significant variable combinations from each part of the theoretical model of coaching success. The model was found to reliably predict 20% of coaching success
Effects of context encoding and cuing: tests of the outshining and overshadowing hypotheses
No full textThe following experiments looked at how encoding information and available
cues at test can influence context effects. More specifically, the present experiments
investigated the overshadowing and outshining hypotheses. Experiment 1 established a
new method for attaining robust reinstatement effects by using movie scenes.
Experiment 2 found support for the outshining hypothesis. So, if verbal and contextual
cues were encoded and verbal cues were present at test, then context reinstatement
through the reinstatement of the movie scenes would have little effect on memory.
However, in the absence of verbal cues at test, significant context effects were found
showing that the verbal cues were able to outshine the context (i.e., the movie scenes).
Experiment 3 extended the outshining hypothesis by showing that strengthening the
association between the verbal cues and the target items led to greater outshining of the
movie scenes by the verbal cues. Experiment 4 looked at the overshadowing hypothesis
and showed that if the context (i.e., the movie scenes) was not encoded well, but the
verbal cues were then the context was overshadowed by the verbal cues. Further, if the
association between the verbal cue and target items was encoded, then the overshadowing effect was greater as compared to cases where the association between
the two items was not encoded. Finally, Experiment 5 found that if context was well
encoded but verbal cues were not well encoded then the verbal cues were overshadowed
by the context. It was also found that encoding the association between the context and
target led to a more robust overshadowing effect as compared to cases where the
association was not encoded
Proportional and non-proportional transfer of movement sequences
No full textThe ability of spatial transfer to occur in movement sequences is reflected upon in theoretical perspectives, but limited research has been done to verify to what extent spatial characteristics of a sequential learning task occur. Three experiments were designed to determine participants�� ability to transfer a learned movement sequence to new spatial locations. A 16-element dynamic arm movement sequence was used in all experiments. The task required participants to move a horizontal lever to sequentially projected targets. Experiment 1 included 2 groups. One group practiced a pattern in which targets were located at 20, 40, 60, and 80���� from the start position. The other group practiced a pattern with targets at 20, 26.67, 60, and 80����. The results indicated that participants could effectively transfer to new target configurations regardless of whether they required proportional or non-proportional spatial changes to the movement pattern. Experiment 2 assessed the effects of extended practice on proportional and non-proportional spatial transfer. The data indicated that while participants can effectively transfer to both proportional and non-proportional spatial transfer conditions after one day of practice, they are only effective at transferring to proportional transfer conditions after 4 days of practice. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanism by which response sequences become increasingly specific over extended practice in an attempt to optimize movement production. Just as response sequences became more fluent and thus more specific with extended practice in Experiment 2, Experiment 3 tested whether this stage of specificity may occur sooner in an easier task than in a more difficult task. The 2 groups in Experiment 3 included a less difficult sequential pattern practiced over either 1 or 4 days. The results support the existence of practice improvement limitations based upon simplicity versus complexity of the task
Contextual interference effect in motor skill learning : examination of attention demands
No full textVitaMajor subject: KinesiologyThe contextual interference (Cl) effect refers to the important differences observed between high Cl (e.g., random schedule) and low Cl (e.g., blocked schedule) practice in motor skill learning, in which acquisition performance suffers but retention performance is facilitated by high Cl practice. Explanations based on forgetting and elaborative processing both intimate that the additional cognitive activity required during high Cl practice contributes to the emergence of this effect. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the attention demands associated with the two practice conditions by using a dual-task method. The primary task was to learn three key-pressing patterns with three segmental timing requirements for each pattern in either random or blocked practice schedule. In Experiment 1, an auditory stimulus (i.e., high or low tone) was presented unpredictably during the practice trials. Subjects were required to concentrate on the primary task during the acquisition while also monitoring the number of the high tones. The acquisition, which consisted of three blocks of 18 trials on the timing task, was followed by 10-min and 24-hour delayed retention tests. Results showed the typical Cl effect with retention performance being facilitated by the random practice, even though acquisition performance was superior for the blocked practice. Random practice subjects produced more errors on the secondary task, indicating that greater attentional demands were required during random practice. However, a cautious interpretation of these data was necessary because degraded primary task performance was observed for the dual-task condition, compared with the control condition. Experiment 2 attempted to eliminate this problem, but failed to replicate the findings on the secondary task performance. Using a discrete reaction time (RT) probe task in Experiment 3, the findings from Experiment 1 were replicated, as well as eliminating the primary task problem observed in Experiment 1. The data from Experiment 3 are consistent with the predictions from the elaboration view. In Experiment 4, a modified practice condition was employed to directly test the forgetting hypothesis. The results provide support for the contribution of a reconstructive process to random practice. These data are discussed with respect to the contribution of forgetting and elaboration explanations for the Cl effect
Kinematic analysis of spatial and temporal errors in rapid timing tasks
No full textTypescript (photocopy).The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship of kinematics to spatial and temporal timing error measurements in a rapid timing task. In Experiment 1, subjects performed 25 trials at each of 9 amplitude-MT conditions. Changes in movement amplitude were seen to be the primary influence on spatial errors and spatial errors increased directly with movement amplitude. Changes in MT were the primary influence on temporal errors and temporal errors increased directly with MT. However, the data from Experiment 1 indicated that movement amplitude and the interactive effects of amplitude and MT also substantially influenced temporal errors. In Experiment 2, subjects performed 25 trials at each of 8 amplitude-velocity conditions. Movement amplitude was, again, seen to provide the major influence on spatial errors and these errors increased directly with amplitude. Movement velocity provided the major influence on temporal errors in that these errors were seen to decrease with increased velocity. Temporal errors were not independent of the effects of movement amplitude or the interactive effects of amplitude and MT. Kinematic information revealed that the initial portion of all movements was relatively more variable than later portions, and that the rate of decrease of this relative variability across the movement duration was directly related to the rate of acceleration of the movement. In Experiment 3, subjects performed 25 trials at each of 4 amplitude-velocity conditions for each of 20 days. The data were consistent with earlier experiments relative to the effects of the independent variables on temporal error. However, the data from Experiment 3 indicated a substantial effect of movement velocity on spatial errors. Kinematic information indicated that extended practice altered the manner in which movements were carried out such that the movements were characterized by lower initial levels of relative variability and somewhat higher levels of variability later in the movement. In general, amplitude was seen to provide the major influence on spatial errors and MT and/or velocity were seen as the major influences on temporal error measures. However, spatial errors were not independent of MT and/or velocity nor were temporal errors independent of amplitude
Control of Wrist and Arm Movements of Varying Difficulties
No full textThree experiments compared wrist and arm performance in a cyclical Fitts��� target task. The purpose of Experiment I was to determine if movement kinematics differed for wrist/elbow flexion/extension movements to targets of varying difficulty. Participants were asked to flex/extend a manipulandum in the horizontal plane at the wrist and elbow joint in an attempt to move back and forth between two targets. Online knowledge of effector position was displayed as a visual trace on a projector screen. Target widths were manipulated with amplitude constant (16 degrees) in order to create Indexes of Difficulty of 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6. Results failed to detect differences in elbow and wrist movements either in terms of movement time, movement accuracy, or kinematic characteristics of the movement. In studies that have reported difference in wrist and arm performance in Fitts��� target tasks, experimenters have typically utilized visual amplification to counterbalance the small resulting wrist movements. The purpose of Experiments II and III was to investigate how changes in task parameters and visual gain play a role in providing a performance advantage for the wrist. In these experiments arm movement amplitude was increased to 32 degrees and wrist amplitude was decreased to 8 degrees. Results found similar overall movement times for arm and wrist movements. However, kinematic analysis of the movement revealed relatively large dwell times for wrist movements at IDs of 4.5 and 6. Removal of dwell time resulted in faster movement times for the wrist compared to arm. The results of these three experiments add to the limited literature examining how different effectors perform a Fitts��� target task. These findings suggest that performance differences in past literature may be due to the visual amplification often used when arm, wrist, and finger movements are studied
Richmondaropa conjuncta Shea & Colgan & Stanisic 2012, n. comb.
No full textRichmondaropa conjuncta (Iredale, 1941) n. comb. (Figs 30D, E; 32D, E; 34D, E; 36D, E; 38C, D) Roblinella conjuncta Iredale, 1941b: 1; Iredale 1941a: 268 (illustration only). Roblinella conjuncta: Smith 1992: 203. Gyrocochlea conjuncta (Iredale): Stanisic et al. 2010: 200. Type locality. Byron Bay, NSW. Diagnosis. Shell very small, cinnamon brown, planispiral with flat to slightly depressed spire. Protoconch sculpture primarily spiral consisting of 17 prominent, widely spaced, narrow, continuous spiral cords; underlying weak radial ridges present. Teleoconch sculpture of numerous, prominent, quite uniformly spaced, slightly sinuate, orthocline to weakly prosocline radial ribs. Ribs on body whorl 67–100 (mean 77). Umbilicus wide U-shaped to cup-shaped. Type material examined. Neotype (here designated) AM C.5311, Byron Bay, NSW (28° 39' S, 153° 37' E), 1908. Other material examined. Byron Bay: AM C.140243, AM C.472888. Brunswick Heads: QMMO 16789. Description. Shell very small, cinnamon-brown, planispiral with flat to slightly depressed spire. Whorls 3.50–4.25, tightly coiled, the last weakly expanding and strongly descending in front. Sutures strongly impressed. Shell diameter 3.46–4.04 mm (mean 3.74 mm), height 1.81–2.26 mm (mean 2.08 mm), H/D 0.50–0.59 (mean 0.55). Protoconch flat, of 1.12 whorls, diameter 0.56–0.67 mm. Protoconch sculpture primarily spiral consisting of 17 prominent, widely spaced, narrow, continuous spiral cords; underlying weak radial ridges present. Teleoconch sculpture of numerous, prominent, quite uniformly spaced, slightly sinuate, orthocline to weakly prosocline radial ribs. Ribs on body whorl 67–100 (mean 77), width of interstices on the first teleoconch whorl greater than or equal to width of six ribs; on the penultimate whorl greater than or equal to width of six ribs; each rib with one or more periostracal blades; with or without overlapping thickenings. Interstitial sculpture of low prominent microradial ribs and low, weaker microspiral cords forming weak beads at their intersection; number of microradials between ribs on the first teleoconch whorl 5–8; on first quarter of body whorl 13–17. Aperture broadly ovately-lunate. Parietal callus prominent, transparent. Umbilicus wide U-shaped to cup-shaped, diameter 0.80–1.16 mm (mean 0.99 mm), D/U 3.32–4.36 (mean 3.79). Based on 11 measured adults. Anatomy unknown. Distribution and habitat. Coastally in the Byron Bay region, north-eastern NSW; found in rainforest and vine thicket; living on underside of logs. Remarks. Iredale (1941) did not provide details about the protoconch of the type of Richmondaropa conjuncta n. comb. when he described the species. The type cannot now be located so that the protoconch sculpture cannot be determined. However, by assigning the species to Roblinella Iredale, 1937 (type: Helix roblini Petterd, 1879) Iredale identified this species as having a primarily spiral protoconch (see note below). Additionally, the comparatively low rib count for the body whorl (approx. 80) given by Iredale (1941b) is distinctive among the nautiliform charopids of north-eastern NSW. The illustration of the species, provided by that author in a publication (Iredale 1941a) preceding that in which the original description appeared (Iredale 1941b), clearly shows the wide rib spacing on the body whorl. Contemporary collections from the coastal rainforests around the Byron Bay area have discovered specimens which align quite closely with Iredale’s description. Hence, in order to stabilise this name a neotype is here designated from this recently collected material. R. conjuncta differs from R. prava by having more tightly coiled whorls and fewer, more widely spaced radial ribs on the teleoconch. This species may only be a regional variant of R. prava, however without DNA results and soft parts to study, full species status is retained pending further study. A second large undescribed planispiral charopid occurs sympatrically with R. conjuncta distinguished by more crowded teleoconch ribs, shallower whorls, wider umbilicus and a cancellate protoconch not dissimilar to ‘Gyrocochlea’ species. A specimen identified as R. conjuncta from the Byron Bay-Brunswick Heads road in the Queensland Museum collections had a higher teleoconch rib count (100), compared to other specimens from the Byron Bay area (up to 90). It is here included with R. conjuncta based on its proximity to the Byron Bay site but may in fact be R. prava. Note. Four species from Tasmania (H. agnewi Legrand, 1871, H. curacoae Brazier, 1871, H. mathinnae Petterd, 1879, H. gadenensis Petterd, 1879), one from South Australia (R. speranda Iredale, 1937) and Endodonta intermedia Odhner, 1917 from the Atherton Tableland, north-eastern Queensland, were originally placed in Roblinella by Iredale (1937) on the basis of spirally lirate protoconch sculpture. Subsequently, R. conjuncta Iredale, 1941 from Northern New South Wales was also assigned to this genus. Stanisic et al. (2010) reassigned R. intermedia to Sinployea Solem, 1983. Here we have assigned R. conjuncta to Richmondaropa n. gen. Detailed examination of the micro-architecture of the protoconchs of the remaining Tasmanian representatives indicates that Roblinella still remains a polyphyletic taxon requiring revision (J. Stanisic unpublished data).Published as part of Shea, M., Colgan, D. J. & Stanisic, J., 2012, 3585, pp. 1-109 in Zootaxa 3585 on pages 83-8
Maximal oxygen uptake and oxygen kinetics in cardiac patients
No full textTypescript (photocopy).The purpose of this study was to investigate the maximal oxygen uptake capacity of cardiac patients and several transient submaximal exercise characteristics. The specific problem was to identify the speed at which oxygen uptake (VO(,2)) and heart rate (HR) reached steady state and the relationship of that speed with maximal oxygen uptake (VO(,2)max). All subjects (N = 19) were currently taking beta receptor blocking agents or calcium channel blocking agents for treatment of coronary artery disease, hypertension, myocardial infraction, or dysrhythmias. Subjects exercised on a calibrated bicycle ergometer at a work load of 300 kpm (50 watts) for 6 min. VO(,2) and HR were recorded every 20 sec and plotted against time to establish response characteristics of the change of VO(,2) and HR from testing values to steady state values for each subject. The time constant (TC) was used to define the speed at which VO(,2) (TCVO(,2)) and HR (TCHR) rose from rest to steady state. TC was calculated using a semi-log plot and regression analysis. The steady state respiratory exchange ratio (R), mechanical efficiency (ME), TCVO(,2), and TCHR were statistically analyzed to establish the correlation coefficients with VO(,2)max. VO(,2)max (x = 1.82 (+OR-) 0.33 l/min) had correlations between TCVO(,2), TCHR, and R of -0.496, -0.542, and -0.500, respectively. Correlation coefficients reported above were statistically significant with p < .05. There was not a significant correlation coefficient between ME and VO(,2)max. A multiple regression equation was developed using the independent variables TCVO(,2), TCHR, and R. The multiple regression correlation coefficient between the observed VO(,2)max and the predicted VO(,2)max was 0.797, p < 0.001, and R-square of 0.6345. The standard error of the estimate is (+OR-) .219 l/min. The following conclusions have been made: (a) VO(,2)max can be reasonably estimated using TCVO(,2), TCHR, and R (steady state), (b) the slow TC of VO(,2) and HR reveal the need for longer warm-up periods prior to exercise for cardiac patients on beta receptor blocking agents and calcium channel blocking agents
Organic Chemistry II
No full textThis text has many contributors. It was adapted for use in CHM 223 at Smith College by Kevin Shea with the assistance of a Smith College Library OER Incentive Grant.https://scholarworks.smith.edu/textbooks/1005/thumbnail.jp
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