194 research outputs found
“I Can Choose to be a Good Man Even if I Got a Raw Deal”:Neoliberal Heteromasculinity as Manosphere Counter Narrative in r/Stoicism
No full textThis article provides findings from our dual-computational/qualitative analysis of r/Stoicism, a large subreddit in which self-presenting boys and men seek Stoic philosophical advice on various life matters. In choosing to investigate this decidedly (hetero)masculinized online space in which users share their anxieties and grievances, we expected to find substantial evidence of “toxic” manosphere-style discourse, while also hoping to uncover counter patterns which, like Maloney et al.’s study of 4chan, complicate assumptions around the discursive practices of boys and men in online spaces such as these. Rather, what we found was a complete absence of toxic discourse, and instead the presence of patterns which complicate the logics underpinning efforts at deradicalization and wider socio-positive masculinity agendas. Thorburn’s work has been important in foregrounding how the “neoliberal emphasis on individualism and a capitalist ‘hustle-culture’” underpin manosphere logics. Here, we see similar, albeit more palatable (to mainstream sensibilities), neoliberal tenets at work across counter logics, and reflect on why economic-structural explanations for boys’ and men’s anxieties are sidelined in such mainstream responses to the manosphere
Papers, discussions and issues : a conference held at the UBC Fisheries Centre July 2000
No full textABSTRACT -- DIRECTOR'S FOREWORD -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- CONTRIBUTED PAPERS -- Evaluating Marine Protected Area Management: A New Modelling Approach (Jacqueline Alder, UssifRashid Sumaila, Tony Pitcher, and Dirk Zeller) -- Marine Reserves - will they accomplish more with management costs? A comment to Hannesson's (1998) paper
(Claire Armstrong and Siv Reithe) -- Marine Reserves: Is there an economic justification? --
(Ragnar Arnason)
Marine protected areas in the North Sea: a preliminary bioeconomic evaluation using
Ecoseed, a new game theory tool for use with the ecosystem simulation Ecopath with
Ecosim (Alasdair Beattie, Villy Christensen, Ussif Rashid Sumaila and Daniel Pauly) -- Costs and benefits of implementing a marine reserve facing prey-predator interactions
(Jean Boncoeur, Frederique Alban Olivier Thebaud and Olivier Guyader) -- Importance of Marine Protected Areas and their Benefits: the local community's perspectives
(Ratana Chuenpagdee, Julia Fraga, Ricardo Torres, and Jorge Euan) -- An overview of socioeconomic Aspects of an Indonesian Marine Protected Area:
A Perspective from Kepulauan Seribu Marine Park
(Akhmad Fauzi and Eny Buchary) -- Contingent Valuation of Southern California Rocky Intertidal Ecosystems
(Darwin C. Hall, Jane V. Hall, Steven N. Murray)
The Economics of Marine Reserves
(Rognvaldur Hannesson) -- Integrating Marine Protected Areas into Dynamic Spatial Models of Fish and Fishermen
(Daniel S. Holland) -- The value of a spill-over fishery for spiny lobsters around a marine reserve in northern New Zealand (S. Kelly, A. B. MacDiarmid, D. Scott and R. Babcock) --
Marine reserves: designing cost effective options
(Kenton Lawson and Peter Gooday) -- The Potential Role of Marine Reserves in Selected Countries in East and Southern Africa.
(O.V. Msiska, N. Jiddawi and U. R. Sumaila)
Lake Malawi National Park Fisheries: Basic Assessment of Benefits and Impact
(Edward Nsiku) -- Consequences of MPAs: an exercise in the Upper Gulf of California assessing immediate economic consequences of no-take zones
(Ivonne Ortiz) -- Spatial Ecosystem Simulation of No-take Human-Made Reefs in Marine Protected
Areas: Forecasting the Costs and Benefits in Hong Kong
(Tony Pitcher, Ussif Rashid Sumaila and Eny Anggraini Buchary) -- Estimating the fishery benefits of fully-protected marine reserves: why habitat and behaviour are important
(Callum M. Roberts and Helen Sargant) -- A bioeconomic analysis of tropical marine reserve-fishery linkages: Mombasa Marine National Park
(Lynda D. Rodwell, Edward B. Barbier, Callum M.Roberts and Tim R. McClanahan) -- Are Marine Protected Areas in the Turks and Caicos Islands ecologically or economically valuable?
(MA. Rudd,A.J. Danylchuk, SA. Gore, and M.H. Tupper) -- The Impacts of Marine Reserves on Limited Entry Fisheries (James Sanchirico and James E. Wilen)
MPAs: Process, Privilege and Participation: a sociological discussion Victoria Silk -- Marine protected area performance in a game theoretic model of the fishery (Ussif Rashid Sumaila) -- PAPERS IN ABSTRACT GENERAL DISCUSSION -- SUMMARY (Scott Farrow) -- LIST OF PARTICIPANTSFisheries Centre (FC)Non UBCUnreviewedFacultyUnknow
Dynamical breaking of U(1)R and supersymmetry in a metastable vacuum
No full textAbstractWe consider the metastable N=1 QCD model of Intriligator, Seiberg and Shih (ISS), deformed by adding a baryon term to the superpotential. This simple deformation causes the spontaneous breaking of the approximate R-symmetry of the metastable vacuum. We then gauge the flavour SU(5)f and identify it with the parent gauge symmetry of the Standard Model (SM). This implements direct mediation of supersymmetry breaking without the need for an additional messenger sector. A reasonable choice of parameters leads to gaugino masses of the right order. Finally, we speculate that the entire “ISS × SM” model should be interpreted as a magnetic dual of an (unknown) asymptotically free theory
Reduced half-life of holocarboxylase synthetase from patients with severe Multiple Carboxylase Deficiency
No full textPublished in Human Mutation, 2008; 29 (6):E47-E57 at www.interscience.wiley.com
Link to a related website: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/humu.20766, Open Access via UnpaywallMultiple carboxylase deficiency is a clinical condition caused by defects in the enzymes involved in biotin metabolism, holocarboxylase synthetase (HLCS) or biotinidase. HLCS deficiency is a potentially fatal condition if left untreated, although the majority of patients respond to oral supplementation of 10-20 mg/day of biotin. Patients who display incomplete responsiveness to this therapy have a poor long-term prognosis. Here we investigated cell lines from two such HLCS-deficient patients homozygous for the c.647T>G p.L216R allele. Growth of the patients' fibroblasts was compromised compared with normal fibroblasts. Also the patient cells were not sensitive to biotin-depletion from the media, and growth rates could not be restored by re-administration of biotin. The molecular basis for the HLCS deficiency was further investigated by characterisation of the p.L216R protein. The HLCS mRNA was detected in MCD and normal cell lines. However, protein and enzyme activity could not be detected in the patients' cells. In vitro kinetic analysis revealed that enzyme activity was severely compromised for recombinantly expressed p.L216R and could not be increased by additional biotin. Furthermore, the turn-over rate for the mutant protein was double that of wildtype HLCS. These results help provide a molecular explanation for the incomplete biotin-responsiveness of this p.L216R form of HLCS.Lisa M. Bailey, Ruby A. Ivanov, Sarawut Jitrapakdee, Callum J. Wilson, John C. Wallace and Steven W. Polya
Harmony and discord within the English ‘counter-culture’, 1965-1975, with particular reference to the ‘rock operas’ Hair, Godspell, Tommy and Jesus Christ Superstar
No full textPhDThis thesis considers the discrete, historically-specific theatrical and musical sub-genre of ‘Rock Opera’ as a lens through which to examine the cultural, political and social changes that are widely assumed to have characterised ‘The Sixties’ in Britain. The musical and dramatic texts, creation and production of Hair (1967), Tommy (1969), Godspell (1971), Jesus Christ Superstar (1970) and other neglected ‘Rock Operas’ of the period are analysed. Their great popularity with ‘mainstream’ audiences is considered and contrasted with the overwhelmingly negative and often internally contradictory reaction towards them from the English ‘counter-culture’. This examination offers new insights into both the ‘counter-culture’ and the ‘mainstream’ against which it claimed to define and differentiate itself.
The four ‘Rock Operas’, two of which are based upon Christian scriptures, are considered as narratives of spiritual quest. The relationship between the often controversial quests for re-defined forms of faith and the apparently precipitous ‘secularization’ and ‘de-Christianization’ of British society during the 1960s and 1970s is considered.
The thesis therefore analyses the ‘Rock Operas’ as significant, enlightening prisms through which to view many of the profound societal debates – over ‘faith’ and ‘belief’ in the widest senses, sexuality, the Vietnam war, generational conflict, drugs and ‘spiritual enlightenment’, and race – which were, to some considerable extent, elevated onto the national, political agenda by the activities of the broadly-defined ‘counter-culture’. It considers subsequent representations of the ‘counter-culture’ as the root of a contested but enduring popular legacy of ‘The Sixties' as a period of profound cultural change
The bioeconomics of marine reserves: a selected review with policy implications
No full textThe paper ‘bridges the divide’ between the biological and economic literature on marine reserves. It provides a selected review of the traditional use of reserves, the early reserve literature, the potential benefits of reserves, spillovers from reserves to harvested areas and bioeconomic models of marine reserves. The bioeconomics literature is examined from the perspectives of deterministic models, spatial economic models and models that include uncertainty and stochasticity. Insights from the review are used to provide management implications in terms reserve design, stakeholder cooperation and process, reserve-fishery transfers, traditional management controls, and ecosystem approaches to managing fisheries.UnpublishedAgardy, Tundi, Peter Bridgewater, Michael P. Crosby, Jon Day, Paul K. Dayton, Richard Kenchington, Dan Laffoley, Patrick McConney, Peter A. Murray, John E. Parks & Lelei Peau. 2003. Dangerous targets? Unresolved issues and ideological clashes around marine protected areas. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 13: 353-367.
Alcala, Angel C. & Garry R. Russ. 1990. A direct test of the effects of protective management on abundance and yield of tropical marine resources. ICES Journal of Marine Science/J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer 46: 40-47.
Allison, Gary W., Jane Lubchenco & Mark H. Carr. 1998. Marine reserves are necessary but not sufficient for marine conservation. Ecological Applications 8(1), supplement: S79-S92.
Anderson, Lee G. 2002. A bioeconomic analysis of marine reserves. Natural Resource Modeling 15(3): 311-334.
Apostolaki, P., Eleanor J. Milner-Gulland, Murdoch K. McAllister & Geoff P. Kirkwood. 2002. Modelling effects of establishing a marine reserve for mobile fish species. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59(3): 405-415.
Beattie, Alisdair, Ussif Rashid Sumaila, Villy Christensen & Daniel Pauly. 2002. A model for the bioeconomic evaluation of marine protected area size and placement in the North Sea. Natural Resource Modeling 15(4): 414-437.
Béné, Christophe & Alexander Tewfik, A. 2003. Biological evaluation of marine protected area: evidence of crowding effect on a protected population of Queen Conch in the Caribbean. Marine Ecology 24(1): 45-58.
Bennett, B.A. & C.G. Attwood. 1991. Evidence for recovery of a surf-zone fish assemblage following the establishment of a marine reserve on the southern coast of South Africa. Marine Ecology Progress Series 75: 179-181.
Beverton, Raymond J.H. & Sidney J. Holt. 1957. On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office: London.
Bhat, Mahadev G. 2003. Application of non-market valuation to the Florida Keys marine reserve management. Journal of Environmental Management 67: 315-325.
Bohnsack, James.A. 1998. Application of marine reserves to reef fisheries management. Australian Journal of Ecology 23: 298-304.
Botsford, Louis.W., Juan Carlos Castilla, & Charles H. Peterson. 1997. The management of fisheries and marine ecosystems. Science 277: 509.
Botsford, Louis.W., Alan Hastings, & Steven D. Gaines. 2001. Dependence of sustainability on the configuration of marine reserves and larval dispersal distance. Ecology Letters 4: 144-150.
Botsford, Louis.W., Fiorenza Micheli, & Alan Hastings. 2003. Principles for the design of marine reserves. Ecological Applications 13(1) Supplement: S25-S31.
Brown, Gardner & Jonathan Roughgarden. 1997. A metapopulation model with private property and a common pool. Ecological Economics 22: 65-71.
Bulte, Erwin H. & G. Cornelis van Kooten. 1999. Metapopulation dynamics and stochastic bioeconomic modelling. Ecological Economics 30: 293-299.
Christie, Patrick, Alan White and Evelyn Deguit. 2002. Starting point or solution? Community-based marine protected areas in the Philippines. Journal of Environmental Management 66: 441-454.
Clark, Colin.W. 1996. Marine reserves and the precautionary management of fisheries. Ecological Applications 6(2): 369-370.
Cohen, Dan. 1966. Optimizing reproduction in a randomly varying environment. Journal of Theoretical Biology 12: 119-129.
Conrad, Jon M. 1999. The bioeconomics of marine sanctuaries. Journal of Bioeconomics 1: 205-217.
Côté, I.M., Mosquiera, I. and Reynolds, J.D. 2001. Effects of marine reserve characteristics on the protection of fish populations: a meta-analysis. Journal of Fish Biology 59 (supp. A): 178-189.
Crowder, L.B., Lyman, S.J., Figueira, W.F. & Priddy, J. 2000. Source-sink population dynamics and the problem of siting marine reserves. Bulletin of Marine Science 66 (3): 799-820.
Davidson, R.J. 2001. Changes in population parameters and behaviour of blue cod (Paraoercis colias; Pinguipedidae) in Long Island—Kokomohua Marine Reserve, Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 11: 417-435.
DeMartini, Edward E. 1993. Modeling the potential for fishery reserves for managing Pacific coral reef fishes. Fishery Bulletin 91(3): 414-427.
Doyen, Luc & Christophe Béné. 2003. Sustainability of fisheries through marine reserves: a robust modelling analysis. Journal of Environmental Management 69: 1-13.
Edgar, Graham J. & Neville S. Barrett. 1999. Effects of the declaration of marine reserves on Tasmanian reef fishes, invertebrates and plants. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 242: 107-144.
Francis, Julius, Agneta Nilsson & Dixon Wareuinga. 2002. Marien protected areas in Eastern African Region: how successful are they? Ambio 31(708): 503-511.
Gaines, Steven D., Brian Gaylord & John L. Largier. 2003. Avoiding Current Oversights in Marine Reserve Design. Ecological Applications 13(1) Supplement: S32-S46.
Gell, Fiona R. and Callum M. Roberts. 2002. The fishery effects of marine reserves and fishery closures. World Wildlife Fund, United States, Washington DC.
Gell, Fiona.R. & Callum M. Roberts. 2003. Benefits beyond boundaries: the fishery effects of marine reserves. TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution 18(9): 448-455.
Gerber, Leah R., Louis W. Botsford, Alan Hastings, Hugh P. Possingham, Steven D. Gaines, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Sandy Andelman. 2003. Population models for marine reserve design: a retrospective and prospective synthesis. Ecological Applications 13(1), supplement: S47-S64.
Grafton, R. Quentin, Pham Van Ha & Tom Kompas. 2004. Saving the Seas: The Economic Justification for Marine Reserves. Economics and Environment Network Working Paper 0402. http://een/download_files/een0402.pdf
Guénette, Sylvie, Tim Lauck & Colin Clark. 1998. Marine reserves: from Beverton Holt to the present. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 8: 251-272.
Guénette, Sylvie & Tony J. Pitcher. 1999. An age-structured model showing the benefits of marine reserves in controlling overexploitation. Fisheries Research 39: 295-303.
Guidetti, Paolo. 2002. The importance of experimental design in detecting the effects of protection measures on fish in Mediterranean MPAs. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 12: 619-634.
Halpern, Benjamin S. 2003. The impact of marine reserves: do reserves work and does reserve size matter? Ecological Applications 13(1), supplement: S117-S137.
Halpern, Benjamin S. & Robert R. Warner. 2002. Marine reserves have rapid and lasting effects. Ecology Letters 5: 361-366.
Halpern, Benjamin S. & Robert R. Warner. 2003. Matching marine reserve design to reserve objectives. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B 270: 1871-1878.
Hannesson, Rögnvaldur. 1998. Marine reserves: what would they accomplish? Marine Resource Economics 13: 159-170.
Hannesson, Rögnvaldur. 2002. The economics of marine reserves. Natural Resource Modeling 15(3): 273-290.
Hastings, Alan & Louis W. Botsford. 1999. Equivalence in yield from marine reserves and traditional fisheries management. Science 284: 1537-1538.
Hastings, Alan & Louis W. Botsford. 2003. Comparing designs of marine reserves for fisheries and biodiversity. Ecological Applications 13(1), supplement: S65-S70.
Helvey, M. 2004. Seeking consensus on designing marine protected areas: keeping the fishing community engaged. Coastal Management 32: 173-190.
Holland, Daniel S. 2000. A bioeconomic model of marine sanctuaries on Georges Bank. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57(6): 1307-1319.
Holland, Daniel S. 2002. Integrating marine protected areas. Natural Resource Modeling 15(3): 369-386.
Holland, Daniel S. & Richard J. Brazee. 1996. Marine reserves for fisheries management. Marine Resource Economics 11: 157-171.
Holland, Daniel S. & Jon G. Sutinen. 2000. Location Choice in New England Trawl Fisheries: Old Habits Die Hard. Land Economics 76(1): 133-149.
Hyrenbach, K. David, Karin A. Forney & Paul K. Dayton. 2000. Marine protected areas and ocean basin management. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Frashwater Ecosystems 10: 437-458.
Inglis, G. 1992. Ambiguities in the identification and selection of representative marine reserves. Pp. 23-28 in C.N. Battershill et al. (eds) Proceedings of the Second International Temperate Reef Symposium, 7-10 January 1992, Auckland, New Zealand.
Jennings, Simon. 2001. Patterns and prediction of population recovery in marine reserves. . Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 10: 209-231.
Johannes, Robert Earl. 1978. Traditional marine conservation methods in Oceania and their demise. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 9: 349-364.
Jones, Peter J.S. 1999. Marine nature reserves in Britain: past lessons, current status and future issues. Marine Policy 23(4-5): 375-396.
Kramer, Donald L. & Matthew R. Chapman. 1999. Implications of fish home range size and relocation for marine reserve function. Environmental Biology of Fishes 55: 65-79.
Lauck, Tim, Colin W. Clark, Marc Mangel, & Gordon R. Munro. 1998. Implementing the precautionary principle in fisheries management through marine reserves. Ecological Applications 8(1), supplement: S72-S78.
Levins, Richard. 1970. Extinction. In Gerstenhaber, M. (Ed.) Some Mathematical Problems in Biology, American Mathematical Society, Providence Rhode Island, pp. 77-107.
Lockwood, Dale R., Alan Hastings & Luois W. Botsford. 2002. The effects of dispersal patterns on marine reserves: does the tail wag the dog? Theoretical Population Biology 61: 297-309.
Ludwig, Don, Ray Hilborn, & Carl Walters. 1993. Uncertainty, resource exploitation and conservation: lessons from history. Science 260: 7, 36.
Mangel, Marc. 1998. No-take areas for sustainability of harvested species and a conservation invariant for marine reserves. Ecology Letters 1: 87-90.
Mangel, Marc. 2000a. On the fraction of habitat allocated to marine reserves. Ecology Letters 3: 15-22.
Mangel, Marc. 2000b. Irreducible uncertainties, sustainable fisheries and marine reserves. Evolutionary Ecology Research 2: 547-557.
McClanahan, T.R. & B. Kaunda-Arara. 1996. Fishery recovery in a coral-reef marine park and its effect on the adjacent fishery. Conservation Biology 10 (4): 1187-1199.
McClanahan, T.R. & S. Mangi. 2000. Spillover of exploitable fishes from a marine park and its effect on the adjacent fishery. Ecological Applications 10 (6): 1792-1805.
National Research Council. 2001. Marine protected areas: tools for sustaining ocean ecosystems. National Academy Press: Washington, D.C.
Neubert, Michael G. 2003. Marine reserves and optimal harvesting. Ecology Letters 6: 843-849.
Pauly, Daniel, Villy Christensen Sylvie Guénette, Tony J. Pitcher, Ussif Rashid Sumaila, Carl Walters, R. Watson, & Dirk Zeller. 2002. Towards sustainability in world fisheries. Nature 418: 689-695.
Pezzey, John C.V., Callum M. Roberts & Bjorn T. Urdal. 2000. A simple bioeconomic model of a marine reserve. Ecological Economics 33: 77-91.
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Polacheck, Tom. 1990. Year round closed areas as a management tool. Natural Resource Modeling 4(3): 327-354.
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Rakitin Ana and Donald L. Kramer. 1996. Effect of a marine reserve on the distribution of coral reef fishes in Barbados. Marine Ecology Progress Series 131: 97-113.
Roberts, C.M., James Bohnsack, Fiona Gell, Julie P. Hawkins & Renate Goodridge. 2001. Effects of marine reserves on adjacent fisheries. Science 294: 1920-1923.
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Roberts, Callum M. & Helen Sargant. 2002. Fishery benefits of fully protected marine reserves: why habitat and behavior are important. Natural Resource Modeling 15(4): 487-507.
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Sanchirico, James N. & James E. Wilen. 2001. A bioeconomic model of marine reserve creation. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 42: 257-276.
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Ward, Trevor J., Dennis Heinemann & Nathan Evans. 2001. The Role of Marine Reserves as Fisheries Management Tools: A Review of Concepts, Evidence and International Experience. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra, 192 pp.
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Pure POPC membrane simulations using Amber Lipid 14 Force Field
No full textPure POPC membrane simulations using the Amber Lipid 14 force field.
@article{dickson2014lipid14, title={Lipid14: the amber lipid force field}, author={Dickson, Callum J and Madej, Benjamin D and Skjevik, {\AA}ge A and Betz, Robin M and Teigen, Knut and Gould, Ian R and Walker, Ross C}, journal={Journal of chemical theory and computation}, volume={10}, number={2}, pages={865--879}, year={2014}, publisher={ACS Publications} }
The trajectories are centered such that the center of mass of the lipid tails are at the origin. Please check the imaging again to make sure that there are no problems.
The trajectories do not contain water molecules.
Simulation Details:
Lipids : 72 POPC lipids, 36 per leaflet
Water: 9560 TIP3P water molecules (water coordinates are not saved)
Temperature: 303 K
Pressure: 1 bar
Thermostat: Langevin
Barostat: Berendsen
Pressure coupling: Semi-isotropic
Trajectory Length: 100 ns (after 100 ns pre-equilibration)
Saving frequency: 100 ps
Further details are available at the 04_Run.in file
All trajectories started from the same structure but equilibriated for 100 ns independently (using 03_Hold.in
Understandings of evidence-based practice within a group of practising Educational Psychologists.
No full textThe drive for professionals to become more evidence-based has resulted in a climate of greater scrutiny and accountability. However the notion of evidence-based practice as a positive force in the work of practitioners is
contested, particularly within the social sciences and psychology specifically.
While some studies have sought to identify how the concept of evidencebased practice has been applied by practitioners, and what influences its implementation, the way in which evidence-based practice is understood by
applied practitioners has as yet received little empirical attention. Employing a mixed-method design, the current study aimed to provide an empirical account of the understandings of evidence-based practice among a group of
21 qualified Educational Psychologists. The range and diversity of views were initially collected through two Focus Groups (n=6, n=7) which were analysed
and interpreted using a thematic analytic approach. The resulting themes and codes provided ‘naturalistic’ statements that were used alongside ‘ready
made’ statements taken from a range of sources to form a ‘concourse’ about evidence-based practice. From the resulting concourse a Q-methodological approach was used to explore the range of understandings that existed within
the group of Educational Psychologists (n=20). Based on a shared interpretation of the results it appeared that a broad level of consensus existed in terms of how evidence-based practice was understood by the group, however there did appear to be philosophical differences among practitioners that may mediate the way in which understandings of evidencebased practice manifest themselves in applied settings
Heterogeneous firms and trade costs: a reading of French access to European agro-food market
No full textThis article offers a new reading of intra-European trade based on recent developments in new international economics (Melitz, 2003; Chaney, 2008). These models take the heterogeneity of firms into account and offer a micro-economic analysis of the process of selection at work for firms entering markets. An exporting firm has to bear certain specific costs to break into a market, and only sufficiently productive firms are able to do so. Using individual data for French agro-food firms and the distribution of their exports across European markets, this article shows that access conditions to the various European markets are not identical for French firms: the Belgian market would seem to be a natural extension of the French market, whereas the markets of small, distant countries (Austria, Finland or Sweden) are the least accessible. Econometric analysis based on analysis both of the firm selection process and of the value of their exports shows that the standard geographical variables (distance, country size) affecting the single European market still play a major role in the choice of export markets. Results also reveal that there are still remaining trade costs at entry to the different European markets; but these trade frictions don’t matter to all firms in the same way. The higher the firm experience, the lower the impact of trade costs.firm heterogeneity, trade costs, European Integration., International Relations/Trade,
Author response image 1.
No full textA molecular model that provides a framework for interpreting the wealth of functional information obtained on the E. coli F-ATP synthase has been generated using cryo-electron microscopy. Three different states that relate to rotation of the enzyme were observed, with the central stalk’s ε subunit in an extended autoinhibitory conformation in all three states. The Fo motor comprises of seven transmembrane helices and a decameric c-ring and invaginations on either side of the membrane indicate the entry and exit channels for protons. The proton translocating subunit contains near parallel helices inclined by ~30° to the membrane, a feature now synonymous with rotary ATPases. For the first time in this rotary ATPase subtype, the peripheral stalk is resolved over its entire length of the complex, revealing the F1 attachment points and a coiled-coil that bifurcates toward the membrane with its helices separating to embrace subunit a from two sides.MOE (Min. of Education, S’pore)Published versio
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