1,138 research outputs found
Meningeal inflammation is widespread and linked to cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis
No full textMeningeal inflammation in the form of ectopic lymphoid-like structures has been suggested to play a prominent role in the development of cerebral cortical grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis. The aim of this study was to analyse the incidence and distribution of B cell follicle-like structures in an extensive collection of cases with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis with a wide age range and to determine their relationship to diffuse meningeal inflammation, white matter perivascular infiltrates and microglial activation. One hundred and twenty three cases with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis were examined for the presence of meningeal and perivascular immune cell infiltrates in tissue blocks and/or whole coronal macrosections encompassing a wide array of brain areas. Large, dense, B cell-rich lymphocytic aggregates were screened for the presence of follicular dendritic cells, proliferating B cells and plasma cells. Ectopic B cell follicle-like structures were found, with variable frequency, in 49 cases (40) and were distributed throughout the forebrain, where they were most frequently located in the deep sulci of the temporal, cingulate, insula and frontal cortex. Subpial grey matter demyelinated lesions were located both adjacent to, and some distance from such structures. The presence of B cell follicle-like structures was associated with an accompanying quantitative increase in diffuse meningeal inflammation that correlated with the degree of microglial activation and grey matter cortical demyelination. The median age of disease onset, time to disease progression, time to wheelchair dependence and age at death all differed significantly in these cases when compared with those without B cell follicle-like structures. Our findings suggest that meningeal infiltrates may play a contributory role in the underlying subpial grey matter pathology and accelerated clinical course, which is exacerbated in a significant proportion of cases by the presence of B cell follicle-like structures
“TRYING TO SAVE A MEMORY”: REDEEMING THE IMAGE OF THE AMERICAN MUSTANG IN THE 20th CENTURY
No full text46 pagesVelma B. Johnston helped transform the perception of mustangs during the 1950s and 60s from pest to heritage species. The mustanger culture of the early 20th century, Velma Johnston’s early conservation campaign, and Johnston’s charge towards federal protection for wild mustangs encompass dynamic changes in rangeland management. The west went from primarily utilitarian to holding invaluable national symbols in the form of mustangs. Johnston streamlined the conservation movement by capitalizing on the symbolism of mustangs that were presented in the media. She used terms such as “symbol of freedom” and heritage species to gather nation support for mustang conservation and management. Using magazine publications, news articles, popular media, federal and state legislation, this thesis explores the mustang conservation movement during the early and mid-twentieth century. Understanding the current state of mustang management involved going back through the history of the Wild Free Roaming Horses And Burros Act of 1971
Temporal and spatial variability in speakers with Parkinson's Disease and Friedreich's Ataxia
No full textSpeech variability in groups of speakers with Parkinson's disease (PD) and with Friedreich's ataxia was compared with healthy controls. Speakers repeated the same phrase 20 times at one of two rates (fast or habitual). A non-linear analysis of variability was performed which used some of the principles behind the spatio-temporal index (STI). The STI usually employs variation in lip displacement over repetitions of the same utterance and a linear analysis of such signals is conducted to represent the combined variation in spatial and temporal control. When working with patients, audio measures (here we used speech energy) are preferred over kinematics ones as they are minimally disruptive to speech. Non-linear methods allow spatial variability to be estimated separately from temporal variability. The results are tentatively interpreted as showing that PD speakers were distinguished from healthy control speakers in spatial variability and ataxic speakers were distinguished from controls in temporal variability. These findings are consistent with the speech symptoms reported for these disorders. We conclude that the non-linear analysis using the speech energy measure is worth investigating further as it is potentially revealing of the differences underlying these two pathologies
The campaign for democratic socialism 1960-1964.
No full textPhDIn early 1960 it seemed likely that the official Labour
Party defence policy would be defeated by a unilateralist
resolution at the Scarborough Conference. In response to
this possibility the Campaign for Democratic Socialism,
or CDS, was established.
The CDS projected the image of a grass-roots movement
inspired by Gaitskell's "fight and fight again" speech.
But it was run by a Campaign Committee which included
leading members of the Party like Tony Crosland, Roy
Jenkins and Patrick Gordon Walker, as well as less well
known members like Bill Rodgers, Dick Taverne, Philip
Williams, Brian Walden, Denis Howell and David Marquand.
This highly talented group launched an elaborate and
successful lobbying, publicity and briefing operation
which was influential in overturning the unilateralist
vote at the Blackpool Conference of 1961. After Blackpool
the Campaign helped many of its leading members find
seats in the House of Commons while continuing to put the
"revisionist" case through its newspaper Campaign.
The importance of the CDS in the history of the Labour
Party is, primarily, as the first internal pressure group
organised by the right of the Party. It was also the
first internal Party group to use such sophisticated
lobbying techniques. Moreover, the subsequent careers of
the leading members of the Campaign influenced the
development of the Labour Party. The CDS was an important
formative political action for many of them. Finally many
of the CDS supporters set-up or joined the SDP when it
was launched
Correction to Read for Credit #955 question 4
No full textDear Editor MacDermid, As the authors of "An in-depth look at zone III and IV anatomy of the finger extensor mechanism and some clinical implications for use of the relative motion flexion orthosis," 1 We are requesting that the author of Read for Credit Quiz #955 provide the correct answer to question #4. The correct answer is detailed in the article (1) on page 283; left column, line 4. Communication among clinicians and anatomists will improve if universal terminology regarding the structures composing the ex-tensor mechanism (EM) is implemented. This use of universal terminology between scientist and clinician colleagues would lend to better understanding and discussions about the anatomical and functional interactions between the EM's complex tendinous, in-tertendinous, and ligamentous structures. An example is the inappropriate use of the term lateral bands (LBs) instead of conjoined lateral bands (CLBs) when describing the tendinous structures that run on each side of the distal-dorsal end of the proximal phalanx and continue distally past the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ). For this structure, the use of LBs instead of CLBs has lingered for too long and was an important aim for writing our article to distinguish the difference between the LBs and the CLBs. Another important focus of the article was to bring attention to the spiral fibers (SFs), their relationship with the CLBs, and their importance for the proper functioning of the EM. Knowledge of the arrangement of the EM's tendinous and inter-tendinous structures may improve our clinical insight into the EM's function. For example, we point out that intact SFs limit the volar shift of the CLBs (not the LBs) when moving into PIPJ flexion. As shown in Figure 11, the fibers composing the CLBs are derived from both extrinsic fibers from the LBs of the extensor digitorum (ED) and intrinsic fibers from the intrinsic tendon (IT). This is an important distinction between the CLBs and the LBs as the merger of the ex-trinsic fibers (LBs) and intrinsic fibers (IT) is proximal to the PIPJ, while the CLBs continue distally along the PIPJ. The SFs that are located directly over the PIPJ originate from these CLBs, then run dorsal on both sides of the PIPJ and attach to the medial band of the ED and the central slip. The clinical significance of understanding these anatomical relationships lies herein that a zone IV injury (LB/ IT) will probably be managed differently than a zone III EM injury (CLB/SF), and the use of universal (and correct) terminology will improve clinical decision making and communication between surgeons and therapists. Based on our description, the answers to Read for Credit #955 as provided below for question #4 are incorrect: Question #4. The spiral fibers run between the a. dorsal expansionand the EDC b. central slip and the lateral bands c. lumbricales and the interossei d. FDP and the EDC The correct answer should be the SFs are located between the central slip (and the medial slip of the ED) and the CLBs. On a final note, as we endorse the use of universal and precise terminology, we would have preferred that the author of the Read for Credit questions had not used the term EDC but would have followed the article's text, which consistently used ED based on the official International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand and universal anatomical terminology (https://ifssh.info/terminology_hand_ surgery.php/, chapter 1: anatomy)
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