1,721,072 research outputs found
Endogenous Appropriability
Full text linkInnovation’s private value is typically less than its social value, so to encourage innova- tion, researchers in economics and strategy have focused on how innovators can appropri- ate value across different economic, institu- tional, and strategic environments ( Teece 1986; Gans and Stern 2003 ) . For sta rt-ups without pre-existing assets such as manufacturing capa- bilities or brand reputation, researchers have identified appropriability through formal intel- lectual property protection ( which we will refer to as a “control” approach ) and first-mover com- petitive advantage ( which we will refer to as an “execution” approach ) as distinct paths. Most research has taken a start-up’s appro- priability regime as exogenous, i.e., environ- mentally determined ( e.g., control-orientation in biotechnology, and execution-orientation in Internet software ) . This paper develops a simple model highlighting the interplay between con- trol and execution as alternative routes to appro- priability. Whereas a control strategy allows an innovator to forestall imitation once established, control itself takes time, and so can delay market entry. In contrast, an execution strategy is pre- mised on taking advantage of the benefits aris- ing from rapid market entry such as customer learning, reputational advantages, or coordina- tion on a standard. Does the start-up shield itself from competition through investing in entry barriers or does it invest in dynamic capabilities allowing it to “get ahead, stay ahead”? We derive two main results. First, the choices of control and execution are strategic substi- tutes. Notably, when the ability to learn from early customer feedback in the marketplace is sufficiently high, an entrepreneur might choose not to invest in intellectual property protection even if such protection is costless and effective. Second, the choice between control and execu- tion interacts with other key strategic choices such as whether to pursue a narrow or broad customer segment, or whether to commercialize a “minimal viable product” versus a more robust version. Innovation appropriability depends not only on the instruments available to an innova- tor, but on how those instruments interact with each other as part of the firm’s ( endogenous ) entrepreneurial strategy (see Ching, Gans, and Stern 2016; Gans, Stern, and Wu 2016 )
Defining clusters of related industries
Full text linkClusters are geographic concentrations of industries related by knowledge, skills, inputs, demand and/or other linkages. There is an increasing need for cluster-based data to support research, facilitate comparisons of clusters across regions and support policymakers in defining regional strategies. This article develops a novel clustering algorithm that systematically generates and assesses sets of cluster definitions (i.e., groups of closely related industries). We implement the algorithm using 2009 data for U.S. industries (six-digit NAICS), and propose a new set of benchmark cluster definitions that incorporates measures of inter-industry linkages based on co-location patterns, input–output links, and similarities in labor occupations. We also illustrate the algorithm’s ability to compare alternative sets of cluster definitions by evaluating our new set against existing sets in the literature. We find that our proposed set outperforms other methods in capturing a wide range of inter-industry linkages, including the grouping of industries within the same three-digit NAICS
Climbing atop the Shoulders of Giants: The Impact of Institutions on Cumulative Research
Full text linkWhile cumulative knowledge production is central to growth, little empirical research investigates how institutions shape whether existing knowledge can be exploited to create new knowledge. This paper assesses the impact of a specific institution, a biological resource center, whose objective is to certify and disseminate knowledge. We disentangle the marginal impact of this institution on cumulative research from the impact of selection, in which the most important discoveries are endogenously linked to research-enhancing institutions. Exploiting exogenous shifts of biomaterials across institutional settings and employing a difference-in-differences approach, we find that effective institutions amplify the cumulative impact of individual scientific discoveries
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The Empirics of Social Progress: The Interplay between Subjective Well-Being and Societal Performance
Full text linkThough economists have long recognized that GDP is not by itself a measure of societal well-being, most GDP alternatives incorporate direct measures of economic performance. We propose instead an independently constructed measure, a social progress index, focusing exclusively on noneconomic dimensions of societal performance, highlighting three core dimensions—basic human needs, foundations of well-being, and opportunity. GDP and social progress are correlated but distinct, the social progress dimension least related to GDP (opportunity) is strongly related to subjective well-being, and the relationship between social progress and well-being is greater for individuals at lower relative income and educational attainment
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The Public and Private Sectors in the Process of Innovation: Theory and Evidence from the Mouse Genetics Revolution
No full textHow do public and private researchers
respond to a breakthrough inducing new
research opportunities? Modeling the process of
step-by-step innovation as a control rights problem,
this paper evaluates comparative research
strategies of public versus private researchers
as they respond to a common breakthrough
that induces many potential follow-on research
paths. While the opportunity may be common
to all researchers, differences in the degree of
freedom afforded researchers results in the
endogenous sorting of research projects; as a
result, public and private researchers will produce
distinctive research outputs, as measured
by publications and patents.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (grant 0738394
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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