140 research outputs found
Development of an energy dispersive micro-X-ray fluorescence spectrometer for light element analysis
No full textMikro-Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (Mikro-RFA) ist eine etablierte analytische Methode, um die räumliche Verteilung der Haupt-, Neben- und Spurenelemente in einer Probe zu bestimmen. Die meisten Mikro-RFA-Spektrometer sind nicht in der Lage, leichte Elemente zu analysieren. Um den analytischen Bereich zu den leichten Elementen zu erweitern, wurde ein spezielles Mikro-RFA-Spektrometer entwickelt. Es bietet verbesserte Anregungs- und Detektionsbedingungen, welche für die Analyse leichter Elemente erforderlich sind. Die Komponenten das Spektrometers wurden sorgfältig ausgewählt, damit sie bei leichten Elementen die optimale Leistung liefern. Um die Absorption der niederenergetischen Strahlung zu vermeiden, arbeitet das System unter Vakuum. Der Messablauf geschieht automatisiert von einer für dieses Spektrometer speziell entwickelten Software. Das Design und der Aufbau des Spektrometers, sowie die Entwicklung der Software erfolgten vom Autor. Die mechanischen Komponenten wurden in der Werkstatt des Atominstituts gefertigt. Das Spektrometer verwendet eine luftgekühlte Niederleistungs-Mikrofokus-Röntgenröhre mit Mo-Anode, welche die Mo-L Linien fu-r eine besonders effiziente Anre- gung der leichten Elemente verwenden kann. Der kleine Anodenbrennfleck (50µm) ist ideal für die Fokussierung der Röntgenstrahlen mittels einer Polykapillaroptik auf die Probe. Die Probe kann mit einer motorisierten Probenbühne bewegt werden. Ein hochauflösendes Videomikroskop mit kleiner Schärfentiefe (3,5 µm) wird verwendet, um die Probe exakt zu positionieren. Die Fluoreszenzstrahlung wird von einem Si(Li)-Detektor mit ultradünnem Polymerfenster (340 nm) detektiert. Dieses spezielle Fenster erlaubt es, die niederenergetische Fluoreszenzstrahlung leichter Elemente zu detektieren. Verschiedene Proben wurden gemessen, um das Spektrometer zu testen und zu charakterisieren. Die Spotgröße wurde mittels eines Scans über einen 10µm Cu-Draht bestimmt und ergaben 31 µm für Mo-K-, 44 µm an der Cu-K Kante und 71 µm an der Cu-L Kante. Die unteren Nachweisgrenzen liegen im pg-Bereich pro Spot bzw. ppm- Bereich. Flächenscans von einem kleinen Laserausdruck und einem NaF-Tropfen zeigen die Fähigkeit, Elementverteilungen aufzunehmen und demonstrieren die Analyse leichter Elemente.Micro X-Ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) is a well established analytical method to determine the spatial distribution of major, minor, and trace elements in a sample. Most micro-XRF spectrometers are not capable of analyzing light elements. A special micro-XRF spectrometer has been designed in order to extend the analytical range down to light elements. The new spectrometer offers improved excitation and detection conditions necessary for light element analysis. The components for the spectrometer have been carefully chosen for optimal performance when measuring light elements. In pursuance to eliminate absorption of the low energy radiation, the system operates under vacuum condition. Sample mapping is automated and controlled by specialized computer software developed for this spectrometer. The design and setup of the spectrometer, as well as the development of the software were done by the author. The mechanical components were manufactured in the Atominstitut workshop. The system uses an air cooled low power microfocus X-Ray tube with Mo-anode. This allows the Mo-L lines to be used for particularly efficient excitation of light elements. The small spot (50 µm) is ideal to be used in conjunction with a polycapillary optic. The X-Ray optic focuses the exciting radiation onto the sample. The sample can be moved by a motorised sample stage. A high resolution video microscope with small depth of field (3.5 µm) is used to position the sample accurately. The fluorescence radiation is detected using a Si(Li) detector with ultra thin (340 nm) window. This special window allows the low energy fluorescence radiation of light elements to be detected. Several different samples were measured to test and characterize the spectrometer. The spot size has been determined by scans across a 10µm Cu wire, which yielded results of a spot size of 31 µm for Mo-K-, 44 µm at the Cu-K edge and 71 µm at the Cu-L edge. Lower limits of detection were obtained in the pg range for each spot as well as ppm. Area scans of a small laser print and a NaF droplet were performed to show mapping capabilities and light element analysis
Feedback
No full textThe topic of the thesis is feedback, understood literally as a technical principle in the creation of an audiovisual work, but also as a general principle of reflexivity. In this way, the dramaturgical, curatorial and production activities of the author are included in the framework of the diploma thesis, which are understood not only as autonomous creative outputs, but also as feedback systems. The result of the work is an author's tool operating with image and sound data derived from records of completed projects in the field of creating exhibitions, cultural and musical events. On the one hand, the work seeks to evaluate the realized projects by shifting to the meta-level of the work of art, its output is the creation of an audiovisual tool itself, but the conceptual level of using the feedback mechanism to reflect on oneself in interpersonal relationships is also essential
Improved micro x-ray fluorescence spectrometer for light element analysis
No full text(or μg/cm²) were obtained by measuring various thin metal foils under different conditions
The Concept of Worker in the European Law
No full textThe author in its Dissertation thesis deals with the concept of worker under the free movement rights in EU law. Following the introduction, the thesis itself focuses on the positive and negative delimitation of the concept. One of the core chapters of the "positive part" tries to find an answer on the research question whether any "Keck-like" principle exists as a criterion for defining obstacles to the free movement of workers. The aim of the chapter is to find an answer what shall be subsumed under the obstacles to free movement of workers and what are Member States left with to regulate freely on their territories. In regard with the negative delimitation of the concept, the author deals with the diversion between workers and non-economically active citizens of the EU. The core chapter deals with the growing tendency of Union citizens to move to the host Member States to study while retaining the status of a worker
Feedback
No full textTématem diplomové práce je zpětná vazba, chápaná doslovně jako technický princip v tvorbě audiovizuálního díla, ale také jako obecný princip reflexivity. Do rámce diplomové práce jsou takto zahrnuty dramaturgické, kurátorské a produkční aktivity autora, které jsou chápány nejen jako autonomní tvůrčí výstupy, ale také jako zpětnovazebné systémy. Výsledkem práce je autorský nástroj operující s obrazovými a zvukovými daty odvozenými ze záznamů proběhnuvších projektů z oblasti tvorby výstav, kulturních a hudebních akcí. Práce jednak usiluje o zhodnocení realizovaných projektů posunem na meta-rovinu uměleckého díla, jejím výstupem je samotné vytvoření audiovizuálního nástroje, ale podstatná je rovněž konceptuální rovina využití mechanismu zpětné vazby k úvahám o sobě samotném v interpersonálních vztazích.The topic of the thesis is feedback, understood literally as a technical principle in the creation of an audiovisual work, but also as a general principle of reflexivity. In this way, the dramaturgical, curatorial and production activities of the author are included in the framework of the diploma thesis, which are understood not only as autonomous creative outputs, but also as feedback systems. The result of the work is an author's tool operating with image and sound data derived from records of completed projects in the field of creating exhibitions, cultural and musical events. On the one hand, the work seeks to evaluate the realized projects by shifting to the meta-level of the work of art, its output is the creation of an audiovisual tool itself, but the conceptual level of using the feedback mechanism to reflect on oneself in interpersonal relationships is also essential.
Protection of Privacy and Personal Data in European Union Lawwith Regards to Data Retention
No full textOCHRANA SOUKROMÍ A OSOBNÍCH ÚDAJŮ V PRÁVU EVROPSKÉ UNIE S OHLEDEM NA PROBLEMATIKU DATA RETENTION ABSTRAKT Práce se zabývá ochranou soukromí a osobních údajů v právu Evropské unie s ohledem na problematiku data retention, tedy problematiku uchovávání komunikačních metadat poskytovateli telekomunikačních služeb za účelem případného pozdějšího adresného přístupu k těmto údajům ze strany orgánů státu. Práce se věnuje nejen rozboru unijních právních předpisů v této oblasti, ale především analýze související judikatury Soudního dvora, která tato pravidla významným způsobem dotváří. V rámci této analýzy se autor soustředí na dvě zásadní právní otázky v této judikatuře řešené - problematiku působnosti unijních právních předpisů v této oblasti a problematiku posuzování proporcionality právních úprav data retention. Co se týče první zmiňované otázky, poukazuje autor na z jeho pohledu příliš extenzivní výklad působnosti relevantních unijních předpisů zastávaný Soudním dvorem. Nejvíce problematickou shledává autor skutečnost, že Soudní dvůr vztáhl předpisy přijaté na tehdejším článku 95 SES také na problematiku přístupu orgánů členských států k uchovávaným údajům, a to včetně orgánů členských států působících v oblasti zajišťování národní bezpečnosti. Co se týče otázky posuzování proporcionality, kritizuje autor...1 PROTECTION OF PRIVACY AND PERSONAL DATA IN EUROPEAN UNION LAW WITH REGARDS TO DATA RETENTION ABSTRACT The thesis deals with the issue of data retention, i.e. the issue of storing communications metadata by telecommunications service providers for the purpose of possible later access to this data by state authorities. The thesis focuses not only on the relevant EU legislation, but also on the related case law of the Court of Justice, which plays crucial role in determining the standard of protection offered by EU law. This analysis focuses on two main legal issues - the issue of scope of the EU legislation in this area and the issue of proportionality. With regards to the first issue, the author is of the opinion that the Court of Justice interprets the scope of the relevant EU legislation overly broadly. Author criticizes the fact that the Court of Justice applied secondary law adopted on the basis of Article 95 TEC on the issue of access to the retained data by the Member States authorities, including the authorities of Member States which are active in the field of national security. Regarding the issue of proportionality, author criticizes the fact that the Court of Justice perceives the blanket retention of communications metadata to be incompatible with EU law as such, no matter how strict the...Department of European LawKatedra evropského právaFaculty of LawPrávnická fakult
Prototyp detektoru reaktorových antineutrin
No full textTitle: Prototype of detector for detection of reactor's antineutrinos Author: Lukáš Fajt Department: Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics Supervisor: Doc. Ing. Ivan Štekl, CSc., IEAP, CTU in Prague Abstract: This master thesis is related to the development of the complex detector of reac- tor's antineutrinos, so called S3 , which is based on the polystyrene scintillation detectors. The detector S3 (dimensions 40 x 40 x 40 cm3 ) will be located in the close vicinity of a nuclear reactor (5-12 m) and its purpose will be to measure reactor's power, isotopic composition of the nuclear fuel and moreover verification of the sterile neutrino hypothesis by detecting reactor's antineutrinos via the Inverse Beta Decay (IBD) interaction. Within the thesis, the first prototype of the antineutrino detector was constructed. It is composed of 18 scintillation plates (40 x 20 x 1 cm3 ) and corresponding electronics. With this prototype the first test with cosmic muons were performed. Within the thesis, the energy reso- lution of the scintillation plates was significantly improved by the optimization of their chemical composition and selection of the optimal refractive material. The proper energy resolution is very important for the detector functionality. In addition, a new methods for the production of coating layer..
Main Consequences of Violation of EU Law by Member States
No full textPh.D. Thesis Abstract Title: Main Consequences of Violation of EU Law by Member States Author: Jindřich Neubauer Supervisor: doc. JUDr. Richard Král LL. M. This Ph.D. Thesis deals with the main consequences of violations of EU law by Member states of European Union. It focuses mainly on the two most important instruments foreseen by EU law for ensuring proper application of EU norms. The first is the principle of state responsibility for breach of EU law. The second is infringement procedure based on articles 258 - 260 of the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union (hereinafter "TFEU"). The aim of this Thesis is to describe and analyze two relatively independent but linked tools which ensure fulfillment of obligations arising from EU law. The importance of such analysis is clear from the high number of infringement proceedings initiated every year against the Czech Republic and current discussions about how to transpose the principle of member-state liability for breach of EU law into the national legal order. The understanding of such tools is necessary for the successful professional defence of member states' interests before the Court of justice of the European Union (hereinafter "CJEU"). It is also necessary to reflect on and examine major changes in European law which have occurred through..
Increased strontium uptake in trabecular bone of ovariectomized calcium-deficient rats treated with strontium ranelate or strontium chloride
No full textBased on clinical trials showing the efficacy to reduce vertebral and non-vertebral fractures, strontium ranelate (SrR) has been approved in several countries for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Hence, it is of special clinical interest to elucidate how the Sr uptake is influenced by dietary Ca deficiency as well as by the formula of Sr administration, SrRversusstrontium chloride (SrCl2). Three-month-old ovariectomized rats were treated for 90 days with doses of 25 mg kg−1d−1and 150 mg kg−1d−1of SrR or SrCl2at low (0.1% Ca) or normal (1.19% Ca) Ca diet. Vertebral bone tissue was analysed by confocal synchrotron-radiation-induced micro X-ray fluorescence and by backscattered electron imaging. Principal component analysis andk-means clustering of the acquired elemental maps of Ca and Sr revealed that the newly formed bone exhibited the highest Sr fractions and that low Ca diet increased the Sr uptake by a factor of three to four. Furthermore, Sr uptake in bone of the SrCl2-treated animals was generally lower compared with SrR. The study clearly shows that inadequate nutritional calcium intake significantly increases uptake of Sr in serum as well as in trabecular bone matrix. This indicates that nutritional calcium intake as well as serum Ca levels are important regulators of any Sr treatment.</jats:p
The Large Enriched Germanium Experiment for Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay (LEGEND)
No full textThe observation of neutrinoless double-beta decay (0νββ) would show that lepton number is violated, reveal that neu-trinos are Majorana particles, and provide information on neutrino mass. A discovery-capable experiment covering the inverted ordering region, with effective Majorana neutrino masses of 15 - 50 meV, will require a tonne-scale experiment with excellent energy resolution and extremely low backgrounds, at the level of ∼0.1 count /(FWHM·t·yr) in the region of the signal. The current generation 76Ge experiments GERDA and the Majorana Demonstrator, utilizing high purity Germanium detectors with an intrinsic energy resolution of 0.12%, have achieved the lowest backgrounds by over an order of magnitude in the 0νββ signal region of all 0νββ experiments. Building on this success, the LEGEND collaboration has been formed to pursue a tonne-scale 76Ge experiment. The collaboration aims to develop a phased 0νββ experimental program with discovery potential at a half-life approaching or at 1028 years, using existing resources as appropriate to expedite physics results
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