1,721,038 research outputs found
Barley and Wheat Resistance Genes for Fusarium Head Blight
No full textThe genetic control of resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) in barley and wheat is reviewed. This disease, which can reach epidemic proportions under certain climatic conditions, is caused by various Fusarium species and affects grain yield and quality detrimentally, resulting in important economic losses in both crops. Furthermore, FHB infection poses a serious threat to human and animal health, due to the presence of toxic trichothecenes, of which deoxynivalenol and its derivatives appear to be the most important. Marker-based mapping studies have identifi ed numerous quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for FHB resistance, located on all the chromosomes of both species. Only a relatively small number of these can be detected consistently over a wide range of different environments and genetic backgrounds. None the less, where genetic effects have been characterized, they have been shown to be mainly additive in nature, meaning that the accumulation of several QTL factors in a single line ought to be effective in achieving raised levels of resistance. Indeed, marker-assisted selection has been directly shown to be feasible for some QTL. A number of QTLs for FHB resistance are associated with other agronomic characters, such as heading date (HD), fl owering time and plant height. In some cases, QTL alleles favourable for resistance are associated detrimentally with alleles for these characters, although there appear to be suffi ciently large numbers of QTLs for resistance acting independently of these characters to imply that reasonable genetic gains for resistance ought to be achievable in the future. While most studies in barley have addressed Type I resistance (initial infection) and in wheat Type II (spread between spikelets), or a combination of both Type I and Type II, more recent studies have addressed other types of resistance, such as Type III (effects on kernel size and characteristics), Type IV (yield tolerance) and Type V (decomposition or non-accumulation of mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol). Besides identifying additional QTLs, these latter studies offer insights into the mechanisms of the different types of resistance observed, in some cases blurring the distinctions between them. Other prospects for improvement in FHB resistance, additional to those offered by marker-assisted selection, are also discussed.Fil: Stenglein, Sebastian Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnolológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología. Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Rogers, William John. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnolológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología. Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología; Argentin
Fusarium tricinctum associated with Head Blight on barley in Argentina: pathogenicity and potential degradation of the different hordein fractions
No full textThe objective of the present work was to evaluate the pathogenicity of Fusarium tricinctum in barley and to determine the potential effects on grain quality, more specifically regarding the hordein fractions. For this purpose, Koch´s postulates were carried out to evaluate the pathogenicity of F. tricinctum in barley, under greenhouse conditions. Furthermore, the ability of F. tricinctum to degrade hordeins was tested by a sequential extraction method, and separated by polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Finally, the relative abundance of each hordein fractions (D, C, and B-hordeins) was measured. The results demonstrated that F. tricinctum was pathogenic when barley spikes were inoculated, also showing that F. tricinctum could degrade barley C-hordeins by 21.80 % of the total C-hordein content.Fil: Martínez, Mauro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnolológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología. Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Dinolfo, María Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnolológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología. Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Nogueira, María Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnolológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología. Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Stenglein, Sebastian Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnolológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología. Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología; Argentin
Hongos edáficos nativos
No full textLa abundancia, diversidad y roles de las poblaciones de hongos del suelo nativo de la Provincia de Buenos Aires está siendo cada vez más conocida, evidenciándose su potencialidad para el manejo de los sistemas agrícolas de nuestro país.Fil: Covacevich, Fernanda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología; Argentina. Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Agencia de Extensión Rural Balcarce; ArgentinaFil: Consolo, Verónica Fabiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología; Argentina. Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas; ArgentinaFil: Hernández Guijarro, Keren. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Agencia de Extensión Rural Balcarce; ArgentinaFil: Stenglein, Sebastian Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnolológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología. Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Moreno, Maria Virginia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnolológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología. Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología; Argentin
Fusarium poae y micotoxinas: el riesgo potencial para los consumidores
Full text linkFusarium head blight is an important disease affecting cereal grains. Fusarium graminearum is the major causal agent of this disease around the world, but some researchers have documented the increased importance of F. poae. Moreover, F. poae presence may be accompanied of its mycotoxins production, being able to produce trichothecenes of type A diacetoxyscirpenol, monoacetoxyscirpenol, scirpentriol, HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin and neosolaniol, as well as the type B nivalenol and fusarenone-X. Outside the trichotecenes group, F. poae has been reported to produce enniatins, beauvericin and moniliformin. Due to F. poae may be present in cereal grains used for food and processed products, the aims of this review is to recognize the importance of the hazard effects of the F. poae mycotoxins on animal and human consumers by a short description of the methods that allow determining the mycotoxin presence and analyse the different effects caused by the mycotoxin exposure.Fil: Dinolfo, María Inés. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Pcia.de Bs.as.. Facultad de Agronomia. Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología.; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Stenglein, Sebastian Alberto. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Pcia.de Bs.as.. Facultad de Agronomia. Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología.; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin
Fusarium - plant interaction: State of the art - a Review
Full text linkOne of the most important genus able to develop disease in cereals is Fusarium which not only produces losses by the fungal presence but also mycotoxin production harmful to human and animal consumers. In the environment, plants are continuously threatened by abiotic and biotic stresses. Among the last, pathogens acquired mainly importance due to their ability to affect the plant fitness. To protect to potential attacks, plants have developed strategies which phytohormones have an essential role. In plant-pathogen interactions, salicylic acid, ethylene and jasmonates are the most important, but there are also auxins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, cytokinins, brassinosteroids and peptide hormones involved in plant defense. The interaction between Fusarium species and plants used as model have been developed to allow understanding the plant behavior against this kind of pathogen with the aim to develop several strategies to decrease the Fusarium disease effects.Fil: Dinolfo, María Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnolológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología. Laboratorio de Biologia Funcional y Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Castañares, Eliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnolológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología. Laboratorio de Biologia Funcional y Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Stenglein, Sebastian Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnolológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología. Laboratorio de Biologia Funcional y Biotecnología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentin
Common Bean germoplasm molecular analysis: a biotechnological approach for breeding
Full text linkArgentina, which is a major producer of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), represents the southern most limit of the Andean diversification center of the species. The diverse environmental conditions of these places and human selection favored the development of a great variability of wild beans and landraces, which is endangered due to the destruction of habitats by forest exploitation and agriculture. Information on the variability of these resources is essential to set conservation strategies and design breeding programs aimed at enlarging the genetic base of commercial beans. This work is an overview of the marker-based studies on landraces and wild bean genetic diversity, with special emphasis on Argentinean beans, as a first step for the optimal exploitation of the naturally available bean genetic resources, to generate new traits and improve crop performance. The identification of diversity and hybridization between populations is enhanced by the application of the new tools and the information generated by bean genomic research. Gene flow, which appears to occur fairly frequently in bean, has to be studied in more detail in this region in order to facilitate the transfer of useful alleles from the unexploited germplasm to improved lines, broadening the genetic diversity available for breeding. Some resistance gene analogs (RGAs) have been described within the Andean gene pool and only a few have been functionally characterized or linked to a phenotype. Therefore, a strategy for the exploitation of bean germplasm variability based on the detection of RGAs is also mentioned, though more work should be devoted at identifying these sequences in Andean landraces and wild beans.Fil: Galván, Marta Zulema. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Stenglein, Sebastian Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnolológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología. Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Balatti, Pedro Alberto. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología; Argentin
Seed-borne diseases in pasture grasses and legumes: state of the art and gaps in knowledge
Full text linkInformation on fungal seed-borne diseases on main pasture grasses and legumes from the literature was reviewed. These diseases reduce biomass production, quality of forage, and persistence due to progressive plant mortality. The main fungal pathogens associated with forage seeds belong to the orders Hypocreales, Pleosporales, and Helotiales in the phylum Ascomycota. Hypocreales includes the genus Fusarium, which reduces seedling establishment, and contaminates plant tissues with mycotoxins. Pleosporales includes many genera associated with seeds of legumes (Leptosphaerulina and Ascochyta), grasses (Bipolaris, Pyrenophora, Curvularia, Drechslera, Alternaria, Exserohilum, and Phoma), and both (Stemphylium). Some fungal genera within this order induce the accumulation of coumestans (leafspot-producing fungi) or produce secondary metabolites that contaminate tissues (Alternaria). Within Helotiales, the main genera are Sclerotinia (affecting mainly legumes), Clarireedia and Gloeotinia (affecting grasses). Pyricularia (order Magnaporthales), Colletotrichum (order Glomerellales), and Cercospora (order Mycosphaerellales) also include seed-borne fungi that provoke diseases on forage species as well as Rhizoctonia (order Cantharellales) and Ustilago (order Ustilaginales) which belong to the phylum Basidiomycota. These pathogens affect pastures by (i) compromising seedling establishment at early stages and (ii) constraining growth by reducing yield and seed quality at later stages. Future research should address (i) generation of reliable data on forage yield loss due to seed-borne diseases, (ii) assessment of the interaction between seed-borne pathogens and other biotic and/or abiotic stresses, (iii) delve into the study of the role of wild and/or cultivated forage species as inoculum reservoirs of pathogens, and (vi) shed light on the contamination issue due to mycotoxins generation.Fil: Pérez Pizá, María Cecilia. Universidad del Salvador; ArgentinaFil: Striker, Gustavo Gabriel. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. University of Western Australia; Australia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Stenglein, Sebastian Alberto. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnolológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología. Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología; Argentin
Fusarium pseudograminearum associated with barley kernels in Argentina
No full textBarley (Hordeum vulgare L.), one of the most widely grown winter cereal crops in Argentina, is primarily grown for use as malted barley for the beer industry. In December 2010, a survey of fungi was conducted in a barley (cv. Shakira) seed lot in a field located in Tres Arroyos, Buenos Aires, Argentina. A sample of 400 seeds was surface sterilized (70% EtOH for 2 min and 5% NaClO for 2 min), rinsed twice in sterilized distilled water, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 24 ± 2°C in a 12-h dark/light cycle. One isolate that was morphologically similar to Fusarium graminearum was observed after 6 days of incubation. The isolate was transferred onto PDA and carnation leaf agar (CLA) substrates and grown with the same conditions as described above. On PDA, the isolate produced abundant, white-to-yellow-to-red, aerial mycelium and formed red pigments in the medium. On CLA, macroconidia were abundant, relatively slender and almost straight to moderately curved, and commonly five to six septate. Microconidia were not observed. Chlamydospores were observed after 3 weeks. The fungus was initially identified as F. graminearum on the basis of morphology of the asexual stage (1). Pathogenicity was conducted using a hand sprayer to inoculate five barley (cv. Shakira) heads in potted plants with a 5-ml asexual spore suspension (1 × 104 conidia per ml). Two heads were sprayed with sterile distilled water as a control. Plants were covered with polyethylene bags and incubated for 3 days in a growth chamber under a 12-h day/dark cycle at 22 ± 2°C. Plants were unbagged and moved into a greenhouse. Noninoculated spikelets were asymptomatic and inoculated spikelets showed discoloration or a tan-to-dark brown necrosis. The fungus was reisolated from symptomatic kernels. DNA of the isolate was extracted (3) and the isolate was identified to species by sequencing the reductase (RED), trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase (tri101), and translation elongation factor (TEF) regions (4). The sequences were compared with those in GenBank. The RED sequence (Accession No. JQ350697) showed 100% similarity, the tri101 (Accession No. JQ350698) showed 99% similarity, and the TEF (Accession No. JQ350699) showed 100% similarity with several F. pseudograminearum sequences. Additionally, the isolate was tested for the potential to produce deoxinyvalenol (DON) using a PCR approach that allows identification of two acetylated forms of DON: 15-acetyl-DON (15-ADON) and 3-ADON (2). A PCR product indicative of a 3-ADON genotype was obtained. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. pseudograminerum associated with barley kernels in Argentina. Considering its potential to cause head blight and product mycotoxins, a large-scale survey of F. pseudograminearum on barley crops in Argentina is underway. A voucher culture (No. 1154) has been deposited in the Culture Collection of the La Plata Spegazzini Institute. References: (1) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK. 2006. (2) A. Quarta et al. Food Addit. Contam. 22:309, 2005. (3) S. A. Stenglein and P. A. Balatti. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 68:158, 2006. (4) T. J. Ward et al. Fungal Genet. Biol. 45:473, 2008.Fil: Castañares, Eliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnolológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología. Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Wehrhahne, L.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Barrow; ArgentinaFil: Stenglein, Sebastian Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnolológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología. Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología; Argentin
Resistance of Fusarium poae in Arabidopsis leaves requires mainly functional JA and ET signaling pathways
Full text linkFusarium poae has been considered as a minor species among those that cause the FHB disease but in recent years several researchers have documented a high frequency of occurrence in several crops. We evaluated the ability of F. poae to produce symptoms in A. thaliana leaves. Moreover, we analyzed the defense of A. thaliana against F. poae using SA, JA, and ET mutants and we monitored the expression level of genes involved in the main signaling pathways related to plant defense. Symptoms were observed in the inoculated leaves demonstrating the ability of F. poae to infect A. thaliana leaves. Moreover, the npr1-1 mutants presented low symptoms compared to Col-0, etr2-1, and coi1-1 and that the coi1-1 mutant was the most susceptible genotypes followed by etr2-1 genotypes. The RT-PCR revealed that PDF1.2, CHI/PR3, and ERF1, three important JA-ET responsive genes and NPR1 and PR1, which are regulated by SA signaling, were expressed upon F. poae inoculation. Our results suggest that JA and ET could play a key role in Arabidopsis leaves defense against F. poae representing the first evaluation of the response of the main A. thaliana phytohormones involved in plant defense in the presence of F. poae.Fil: Dinolfo, María Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnolológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología. Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Castañares, Eliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnolológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología. Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Stenglein, Sebastian Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnolológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología. Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología; Argentin
Novel use of Penicillium nalgiovense on stuffed semi–hard and hard cheeses
No full textPenicillium nalgiovense is not used intentionally by the dairy industry although it is a well-known species for meat products. The aim of this study was to select P. nalgiovense strains characterized in their genetic diversity, based on their ability to grow on the surface of a stuffed cheese and produce the lowest amounts of penicillin in that product. The most suitable strain was used to develop an innovative cheese, which was characterized (physicochemical properties and penicillin content) and subjected to sensory evaluation. ISSR cluster analysis showed low genetic diversity and all strains were able to express penicillin on synthetic media at 25 °C. Three out 20 P. nalgiovense strains were selected to inoculate stuffed cheeses elaborated with commercial melted cheese. The products were ripened at 12 °C and 90% r.h. for 14 days and then preserved at 5 °C. The three strains gave a homogeneous covering surface. Strain C5 showed the lowest penicillin production; thus, it was selected to inoculate stuffed cheese elaborated with semi-hard cheese mass. This novel stuffed cheese is feasible and the amount of penicillin produced does not represent a toxicological risk. This product presented high acceptance scores for the attributes flavor, texture, and overall acceptability.Fil: Moavro, Alfonsina. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Stenglein, Sebastian Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Delfederico, Lucrecia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnolológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología. Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes; ArgentinaFil: Wagner, Jorge Ricardo. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología. Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Ludemann, Vanesa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología. Área Ingeniería en Alimentos; Argentin
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