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Micandra Staudinger 1888
No full text<i>Micandra</i> Staudinger, 1888 <p> <i>Egides</i> Salazar 1995: 46; nomen nudum.</p> <p> <i>Egides</i> Johnson, Kruse & Kroenlein, 1997: 16. Type species: <i>Pseudolycaena aegides</i> C. Felder & R. Felder.</p> <p> <b>Nomenclatural remarks.</b> The authorship of <i>Micandra</i> was correctly attributed to Staudinger by Hemming (1967), Eliot (1973), and Johnson (1992), whereas several other authors erroneously credited it to Schatz (e.g., Clench 1971; Robbins 2004; Robbins & Busby 2008). However, Hemming (1967) overlooked the fact that the earliest publication of <i>Micandra</i> as an available name appeared on plate 97 of <i>Theil</i> I of Staudinger & Schatz's <i>Exotische Schmetterlinge</i> (1884–1888), which was published in late April 1888, and not on pages 288–289 of the same work, which were published several months later, in early November 1888 (Lamas <i>et al.</i> 1995). The publication of both the text and plates of <i>Theil</i> I of <i>Exotische Schmetterlinge</i> was clearly the sole responsibility of Staudinger, and any new names appearing in them ought to be attributed to Staudinger alone. Close examination of the text of both <i>Theil</i> I and II of <i>Exotische Schmetterlinge</i> reveals that Schatz was responsible only for <i>Theil</i> II, which started publication in 1885 and was completed in 1892 by Röber, after Schatz died in May 1887. Staudinger utilized Schatz's manuscript name <i>Micandra</i> for the first time in plate 97 of <i>Theil</i> I, and by doing so he unwillingly became the author of the new generic name, as established by Article 50.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). A full description of <i>Micandra</i> appeared only much later (in March 1892) on page 265 of <i>Theil</i> II, under the editorship of Röber. In addition, because Staudinger originally included two species (<i>Pseudolycaena platyptera</i> C. Felder & R. Felder, and <i>Micandra sapho</i> Staudinger) in his newly established genus <i>Micandra</i>, rather than the single species <i>platyptera</i> as erroneously assumed by Hemming (1967), the generic name lacks a validly designated type species. In order to remedy this situation, and following the kind advice of Prof G. Lamas, I hereby select <i>Pseudolycaena platyptera</i> C. Felder R. Felder, 1865 as the type species of <i>Micandra</i> Staudinger, [April] 1888, by subsequent designation.</p> <p> <i>Micandra</i> is assigned to Eumaeini on the basis of the presence of ten forewing veins, male genitalia lacking a juxta, and male foretarsus fused and stubby tipped (Eliot 1973). The genus was placed within the “ <i>Micandra</i> section” of Eumaeini by Robbins (2004).</p>Published as part of <i>Prieto, Carlos, 2011, The genus Micandra Staudinger (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) in Colombia, with the description of a new species from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, pp. 55-68 in Zootaxa 3040</i> on page 57, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/278794">10.5281/zenodo.278794</a>
Ortho-Nitro Effect on the Diastereoselective Control in Sulfa-Staudinger and Staudinger Cycloadditions
No full textThe ortho-nitro effect was discovered in sulfa-Staudinger cycloadditions of ethoxycarbonylsulfene with linear imines. When an ortho-nitro group is present at the C-aryl substituents of linear imines, the sulfa-Staudinger cycloadditions deliver cis-β-sultams in considerable amounts, together with the predominant trans-β-sultams. In other cases, the above sulfa-Staudinger cycloadditions give rise to trans-β-sultams exclusively. Further mechanistic rationalization discloses that the ortho-nitro effect is attributed to its strong electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Similarly, the ortho-nitro effect also exists in Staudinger cycloadditions of ethoxycarbonyl ketene with the imines. The current research provides further insights into the diastereoselective control in sulfa-Staudinger and Staudinger cycloadditions.</jats:p
Melitaea phoebe subsp. caucasica Staudinger 1870
No full textM. phoebe caucasica Staudinger, 1870 [TL: “Kindermann ganz ähnliche Stücke im Caucasus fing (?- Helenendorf; Kindermann leg.)”]. The name caucasica was preoccupied by M. didyma caucasica Staudinger, 1861 and the name was replaced first by M. phoebe ottonis Fruhstorfer 1917. A lectotype female and a paralectotype male were designated by Nekrutenko (Hesselbarth et al. 1995: 2: 1028) from the Staudinger collection, housed at Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt Universität, Berlin (figs 5A, B, C & 6A, B, C). Verity subsequently also proposed a replacement name, caucasicola Verity, 1919, this being a synonym of ottonis. Kemal & Koçak (2011: 44) used the name ‘ Melitaea (Cinclidia) (phoebe) sextilis Jachontov, 1909 ’ as a replacement name giving it subspecific(?) status; however, Jachontov (1909: 285) used this name for a variety of second generation M. phoebe and, so far as the authors are aware, no author since has used the name sextilis in favour of ottonis Fruhstorfer, 1917. In fact the M. phoebe species group portrayed by Kemal & Koçak (2011: 44), in their article on eastern Mediterranean butterflies, included M. punica, a species absent from the eastern Mediterranean. This perpetuates confusion, which the first author with others has been trying to resolve. Hesselbarth et al. (1995: 3, Tafel 80/81: figs 30– 33 ♂; Tafel 82/83: figs 1– 4 ♀) placed ottonis as a synonym of M. phoebe. Although the lectotype female does not show all the characters typical of M. phoebe, for instance the underside submarginal black arches do not touch the intervening veins (see Fig. 5B), the paralectotype underside (Fig. 6B) certainly shows all the characters typical of M. phoebe. Recent authors, such Tshikolovets (2011: 497; 2003: plate 24: figs 16 m. and 17 f.), Tshikolovets et al. (2014: 318–319), van Oorschot & Coutsis (2014: 60) and Russell & Tennent (2016: 45, note 22) have all agreed that this is a subspecies of M. phoebe and not M. ornata, with which the present authors concur.Published as part of Russell, Peter J. C., Lukhtanov, Vladimir A. & Tennent, W. John, 2022, Reassessment of the status of some European and Asian Melitaea taxa described as subspecies of Melitaea phoebe ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), with designations of lectotypes where appropriate (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), pp. 25-38 in Zootaxa 5141 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/657762
Biología y descripción morfológica del género Coleophora Hübner, 1822 en el SO de la Península Ibérica (I). Estudio de Coleophora solidaginella Staudinger, 1859, Coleophora struella Staudinger, 1859 y Coleophora spumosella Staudinger, 1859 (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae)
No full textA general descriptive study of the different phases of development of the genre Coleophora Hübner, 1822 is carried out: the egg, the caterpillar, the larval sac, the pupae. The biology, immature stages of three species identified in the SW of the Iberian Peninsula, Coleophora solidaginella Staudinger, 1859, C. struella Staudinger, 1859 and C. spumosella Staudinger, 1859, are described.Se realiza un estudio descriptivo general de las diferentes fases de desarrollo del género Coleophora Hübner,1822: el huevo, la oruga, el saco larval y la crisálida. Se describen la biología, los estados inmaduros de tres especies identificadas en el SO de la Península Ibérica: Coleophora solidaginella Staudinger, 1859, C. struella Staudinger, 1859 y C. spumosella Staudinger, 1859
Synthesis of 2H-pyrrolo[3,4-C]quinoline via an Aldol/Van Leusen/Staudinger/aza-Wittig sequence
No full textAn aldol/van Leusen/Staudinger/aza-Wittig reaction for the preparation of the derivatives of 2H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinolines from 2-azidobenzaldehyde, acetyl compounds, and tosylmethyl isocyanide was developed. The process involves an aldol condensation of 2-azidobenzaldehyde with acetyl compound in base, a van Leusen reaction to form the key pyrrole intermediates, and then a Staudinger and intramolecular aza-Wittig reaction occurred with the addition of triphenylphosphine to complete the formation of pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinoline ring in high yields.</p
Staudinger Ligation of α-Azido Acids Retains Stereochemistry
No full textThe Staudinger ligation of peptides with a
C-terminal phosphinothioester and N-terminal azide is an
emerging method in protein chemistry. Here, the first
Staudinger ligations of nonglycyl azides are reported and
shown to proceed both in nearly quantitative yield and with
no detectable effect on the stereochemistry at the α-carbon
of the azide. These results demonstrate further the potential
of the Staudinger ligation as a general method for the total
synthesis of proteins from peptide fragments
Catalytic Staudinger Reduction at Room Temperature
No full textWe report an efficient catalytic Staudinger reduction at room temperature that enables the preparation of a structurally diverse set of amines from azides in excellent yields. The reaction is based on the use of catalytic amounts of triphenylphosphine as a phosphine source and diphenyldisiloxane as a reducing agent. Our catalytic Staudinger reduction exhibits a high chemoselectivity, as exemplified by reduction of azides over other common functionalities, including nitriles, alkenes, alkynes, esters, and ketones
Catalytic Staudinger Reduction at Room Temperature
No full textWe
report an efficient catalytic Staudinger reduction at room temperature
that enables the preparation of a structurally diverse set of amines
from azides in excellent yields. The reaction is based on the use
of catalytic amounts of triphenylphosphine as a phosphine source and
diphenyldisiloxane as a reducing agent. Our catalytic Staudinger reduction
exhibits a high chemoselectivity, as exemplified by reduction of azides
over other common functionalities, including nitriles, alkenes, alkynes,
esters, and ketones
The Staudinger Ligation
No full textWhile the Staudinger reaction has first been described a hundred years ago in 1919, the ligation reaction became one of the most important and efficient bioconjugation techniques in the 1990s and this century. It holds the crucial characteristics for bioorthogonal chemistry: biocompatibility, selectivity, and a rapid and high-yielding turnover for a wide variety of applications. In the past years, it has been used especially in chemical biology for peptide/protein synthesis, posttranslational modifications, and DNA labeling. Furthermore, it can be used for cell-surface engineering, development of microarrays, and drug delivery systems. However, it is also possible to use the reaction in synthetic chemistry for general formation of amide bonds. In this review, the three major types, traceless and nontraceless Staudinger Ligation as well as the Staudinger phosphite reaction, are described in detail. We will further illustrate each reaction mechanism and describe characteristic substrates, intermediates, and products. In addition, not only its advantages but also stereochemical aspects, scope, and limitations, in particular side reactions, are discussed. Finally, the method is compared to other bioorthogonal labeling methods
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