197 research outputs found
African Animal Trypanosomiasis: The Problem of Drug Resistance
No full textThe three trypanocides used to control tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis in domestic animals in Africa have been in use for over 40 years and, not surprisingly, resistance of trypanosomes to these drugs has emerged. Because of the relatively limited market in Africa and the high costs of developing and licensing new drugs, international pharmaceutical companies have shown little interest in the development of new trypanocides for use in either animals or humans. Therefore, the current challenge is to achieve optimal use of the relatively old existing drugs, and it is in this context that the problem of drug resistance has to be quantified – as discussed here by Stanny Geerts, Peter Holmes, Oumar Diall and Mark Eisler.The three trypanocides used to control tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis in domestic animals in Africa have been in use for over 40 years and, not surprisingly, resistance of trypanosomes to these drugs has emerged. Because of the relatively limited market in Africa and the high costs of developing and licensing new drugs, international pharmaceutical companies have shown little interest in the development of new trypanocides for use in either animals or humans. Therefore, the current challenge is to achieve optimal use of the relatively old existing drugs, and it is in this context that the problem of drug resistance has to be quantified – as discussed here by Stanny Geerts, Peter Holmes, Oumar Diall and Mark Eisler
African bovine trypanosomiasis: the problem of drug resistance
No full textThe three trypanocides used to control tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis in domestic animals in Africa have been in use for over 40 years and, not surprisingly, resistance of trypanosomes to these drugs has emerged. Because of the relatively limited market in Africa and the high costs of developing and licensing new drugs, international pharmaceutical companies have shown little interest in the development of new trypanocides for use in either animals or humans. Therefore, the current challenge is to achieve optimal use of the relatively old existing drugs, and it is in this context that the problem of drug resistance has to be quantified--as discussed here by Stanny Geerts, Peter Holmes, Oumar Diall and Mark Eisler
TSOL18 vaccine of Taenia solium: development of monoclonal antibodies and field testing of the vaccine in Cameroon
No full textChapter 1 reviews the literature about the immunological aspects of taeniid cestode infections and the existing vaccines against Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs. One of the most promising vaccines is TSOL18, a protein that has been identified in the oncosphere of Taenia solium and expressed as a recombinant molecule in E. coli. Repeated experimental trials have shown that this vaccine is able to protect up to 100 % of the immunised pigs against a challenge infection with T. solium. Antibodies raised by the vaccine are capable of killing the parasite in in vitro cultures and it is believed that antibody and complement mediated killing of invading parasites is the major protective immune mechanism induced by vaccination with TSOL18.
The identification of the villages with a high risk of T. solium infection, which could subsequently be used in the vaccine trial, is reported in chapter 2. A survey was conducted in 150 households owning 1756 pigs in the rural areas of Mayo-Danay division in the far north region of Cameroon. A questionnaire survey was carried out to collect information on the pig farming system and to identify potential risk factors for T. solium cysticercosis infection in pigs. Blood samples were collected from 398 pigs with the aim of estimating the sero-prevalence of Taenia solium cysticercosis. The results showed that 90.7 % of the pigs were free roaming during the dry season and that 42.7 % of households keeping pigs in the rural areas had no latrine facility.
Seventy six percent of the interviewed pig owners affirmed that the members of the household used open field defecation. ELISA for antigen and antibody detection showed an apparent prevalence of porcine cysticercosis of 24.6 % and 32.2 %, respectively. A Bayesian approach using the conditional dependence between the two diagnostic tests indicated that the true seroprevalence of cysticercosis in Mayo-Danay was 26.6 %. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that the lack of knowledge of the taeniasis-cysticercosis complex and the absence of a pig pen in the household were associated with pig cysticercosis
A Survey of Methods and Input Data Types for House Price Prediction: Literature list
No full textGeneral file description
This xlsx document contains the literature list that forms the basis of the paper 'A Survey of Methods and Input Data Types for House Price Prediction' by Geerts, M., vanden Broucke, S. and De Weerdt, J. The Excel document contains seven sheets, relating to the phases described in the survey.
Phase3
This sheet contains the literature list for the end of Phase 2 and the start of Phase 3. It has 590 rows and 19 columns. Each row contains the citation information of one article. The columns describe the ID, Authors, Title, Year, Source title, Volume, Issue, DOI, ISSN, ISBN, PubMed, Publisher, Document Type, Language, Keywords, Link, Book DOI, Algorithmic (Title) and Algorithmic (Abstract). The latter two columns are used to indicate whether the articles describe an algorithmic approach to predict house prices based on the title and the abstract respectively. These two columns take the values 'Yes', 'No', and 'Maybe', and were completed during Phase 3.
Phase4
This sheet contains the literature list for the end of Phase 3 and the start of Phase 4. It has 116 rows and 20 columns. Each row contains the citation information of one article. The columns describe the ID, Authors, Title, Year, Source title, Volume, Issue, DOI, ISSN, ISBN, PubMed, Publisher, Document Type, Language, Keywords, Link, Book DOI, Algorithmic (Title), Algorithmic (Abstract) and Reading. All columns are the same as in the first sheet, except for the three last columns. The columns Algorithmic (Title) and Algorithmic (Abstract) now only contain the value 'Yes' as only the articles that describe an algorithm are retained in Phase 3. The column Reading describes the outcome of Phase 4. This columns is empty if the article is retained in this phase and describes the reason if it is not retained.
Phase4(end)
This sheet contains the literature list for the end of Phase 4. It has 94 rows and 20 columns. Each row contains the citation information of one article. The columns describe the ID, Authors, Title, Year, Source title, Volume, Issue, DOI, ISSN, ISBN, PubMed, Publisher, Document Type, Language, Keywords, Link, Book DOI, Algorithmic (Title), Algorithmic (Abstract) and Reading. All columns are the same as in the second sheet. The column Reading is now empty because the articles that were not retained in Phase 4 are removed from the list.
Data table
This sheet contains a table of the literature at the end of Phase 4 with indications of input data types used in the articles, the data novelty score and the cluster that the articles belong to. It has 95 rows, where each row contains the information of one article, except the last 'Total' row. It contains 21 columns :
ID: This is the same identifier as in the previous sheets.
Column1: This is a new identifier, based on an ordering on year and author.
Authors: Same as before.
Title: Same as before.
Year: Same as before.
Structural, Temporal data, Socioeconomic, Environmental, POI, Basic spatial, Location, Eucl Distances, Adv Spatial, Network Distance, Topographical data, Graphs, Images, Text: These are the different input data types. The cell is filled with 'X' if the corresponding article is using the input data type described in the column name.
Score: This column indicates the data novelty score, calculated as explained in the paper based on the sheet 'Rules Data novelty score'.
Cluster: This column indicates the cluster number as explained in the Discussion section of the paper.
Rules Data novelty score
This sheet contains 15 rows, of which the first contains the titles, and two columns. The first columns contains the input data types as in the previous sheet and the second column contains the respective novelty scores.
Model table
This sheet contains a table of the literature at the end of Phase 4 with indications of model types used in the articles, the model novelty score and the cluster that the articles belong to. It has 95 rows, where each row contains the information of one article, except the last 'Total' row. It contains 21 columns :
ID: Same as before.
Column1: Same as before
Authors: Same as before.
Title: Same as before.
Year: Same as before.
MRA, Kriging, SEM, SVC, Time Series, FL, NN, DT, RF, GBT, SVM, ANN, (Other) Ensembles, DL: These are the different model types. The cell is filled with 'X' if the corresponding article is using the model type described in the column name.
Score: This column indicates the model novelty score, calculated as explained in the paper based on the sheet 'Rules Model novelty score'.
Cluster: This column indicates the cluster number as explained in the Discussion section of the paper.
Rules Model novelty score
This sheet contains 15 rows, of which the first contains the titles, and two columns. The first columns contains the model types as in the previous sheet and the second column contains the respective novelty scores
Biogeographical patterns of African trypanosomoses for improved planning and implementation of field interventions
No full textSpatially-explicit information is essential for planning and implementing interventions against vector-borne diseases. This is also true for African trypanosomoses, a group of diseases of both humans and animals caused by protozoa of the Genus Trypanosoma, and transmitted by tsetse flies (Genus Glossina).<p>In this thesis the knowledge gaps and the requirements for an evidence-based decision making in the field of tsetse and trypanosomoses are identified, with a focus on georeferenced data and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Datasets, tools and analyses are presented that aim to fill some of the identified knowledge gaps.<p>For the human form of the disease, also known as sleeping sickness, case detection and treatment are the mainstay of control, so that accurate knowledge of the geographic distribution of infections is paramount. In this study, an Atlas was developed that provides village-level information on the reported occurrence of sleeping sickness. The geodatabase underpinning the Atlas also includes the results of active screening activities, even when no cases were detected. The Atlas enables epidemiological maps to be generated at a range of scales, from local to global, thus providing evidence for strategic and technical decision making.<p>In the field of animal trypanosomosis control, also known as nagana, much emphasis has recently been placed on the vector. Accurate delineation of tsetse habitat appears as an essential component of ongoing and upcoming interventions against tsetse. The present study focused on land cover datasets and tsetse habitat. The suitability for tsetse of standardized land cover classes was explored at continental, regional and national level, using a combination of inductive and deductive approaches. The land cover classes most suitable for tsetse were identified and described, and tailored datasets were derived.<p>The suite of datasets, methodologies and tools presented in this thesis provides evidence for informed planning and implementation of interventions against African trypanosomoses at a range of spatial scales.Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologiqueinfo:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe
TRYPANOSOMOSIS UND TRYPANOZIDRESISTENZ AUF DER HOCHEBENE VON ADAMAOUA IN KAMERUN
No full textDeckblatt-Impressum
persönlicher Dank
Table of contents
Abbreviations
Introduction
Objectives
Literature review
Materials and methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusions and recommendations
Summary
Zusammenfassung
Resumes
References
Annexes
Acknowledgements
SelbständigkeitserklärungTrypanosomosis is among the most devastating diseases in sub-Saharan Africa
and according to FAO it is at the root of poverty, while the tsetse fly is
considered to be one of the most serious pest problems in the world today.
African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT) has a severe impact on African
agriculture. To control AAT multiple strategies are available including
keeping naturally resistant cattle and vector control, but the most commonly
used strategy is no doubt the use of trypanocidal drugs. However, resistance
to trypanocidal drugs is rapidly emerging and has been reported in many
countries in Africa. A study was carried out on the Adamaoua Plateau Cameroon:
firstly, to assess the trypanosomosis risk using the combination of
entomological, parasitological and serological methods; secondly to determine
the tsetse distribution using traps and fly rounds; thirdly, to assess the
prevalence of trypanocidal drug resistance in the study area. To assess the
trypanosomosis risk a longitudinal survey of trypanosomosis in 9 sentinel
herds was carried out in the 3 study zones, i.e. the plateau, the buffer zone
and the valley. A sero-conversion study was also carried out in cattle during
transhumance in the valley. To determine the tsetse distribution an
entomological survey was organised over a period of one year along 4 transects
traversing the 3 zones of the study area using tsetse traps as well as a
longitudinal survey using fly rounds along two transects in the tsetse
infested valley. To assess trypanocidal drug resistance a questionnaire survey
was carried out on knowledge, attitude and practice of trypanosomosis
management in the study area. Furthermore, a field test was done in two cattle
herds to assess the presence of drug resistant trypanosomes and a study of the
prevalence of drug resistance in trypanosome isolates of the Adamaoua using
the standard test in mice. We found that the trypanosomosis risk on the
plateau was significantly lower than in the buffer zone and the valley. This
may be explained by the regular insecticide treatment of the cattle herds in
the buffer zone which is probably contributing to prevent reinvasion of the
plateau by tsetse flies. Entomological surveys have demonstrated the presence
of G .m. submorsitans and G. tachinoides in the buffer zone and in the valley
whereas no tsetse flies could be captured on the plateau. The distribution of
tsetse in the valley undergoes substantial seasonal changes depending on the
presence or absence of cattle. In the presence of cattle (dry season) large
areas are reinvaded. In the absence of cattle, tsetse distribution is confined
to areas where game is present. We have shown for the first time the presence
of trypanosomes resistant to isometamidium and diminazene in Cameroon using
various techniques (field trial, mouse test). An alarmingly high prevalence of
trypanocidal drug resistance was found in the study area. The data collected
during this study allowed to formulate recommendations for the sustainable
control of African Animal Trypanosomiasis in the Adamaoua region.Die Trypanosomose ist eine der bedeutendsten Viehseuchen südlich der Sahara,
der FAO zufolge verantwortlich für die Armut in weiten Teilen Afrikas. Der
Überträger, die Tsetsefliege wird auch heute noch als eine der weltweit
wichtigsten Vektoren betrachtet. Kontrollmaßnahmen stützen sich auf die
Bekämpfung des Überträgers, die Haltung autochthoner, trypanotoleranter
tauriner Rinderrassen aber vor allem auf den Einsatz trypanozider Medikamente.
In jüngster Zeit häufen sich allerdings Berichte über das Vorkommen
medikamentenresistenter Trypanosomen aus vielen afrikanischen Ländern. Von
2003 2006 wurden auf der Hochebene von Adamaoua Untersuchungen durchgeführt,
um Erstens, mittels entomologischer, parasitologischer und serologischer
Verfahren das Trypanosomose-Risiko zu beurteilen; Zweitens, die Verbreitung
der Tsetsefliegen durch Fallen und fly rounds zu erfassen und Drittens, das
Vorkommen von Trypanozidresistenzen im Projektgebeit zu bestimmen. Die
Untersuchungsgebiete waren: die Hochebene (Plateau, ein in den 90iger Jahren
von Tsetsefliegen befreites Gebiet), ein Übergangsgebiet (die so genannte
Pufferzone) und ein Tal (Valley, ein Trypanosomosis-Endemiegebiet). Zur
Bestimmung ihrer regionalen Verbreitung und Dichte wurden über ein Jahr
mittels Fallen und fly rounds Tsetsefliegenprospektionen im Projektgebiet
durchgeführt: 4 Prospektionen in Form von transects quer durch die 3
Projektgebiete und 2 transects im Tsetsefliegen-infestierten Tal. Eine
Fragebogenerhebung wurde zur Wissens- und Informationsermittlung über die
Rinderhaltung und Trypanosomoseproblematik im Untersuchungsgebiet
durchgeführt. In einer Feldstudie wurden 2 Rinderherden auf das Vorkommen von
trypanozidresistenten Trypanosomen untersucht. Gewonnene Trypanosomenisolate
wurden in Hinsicht auf ihre Trypanozidempfindlichkeit im so genannten Standard
Maustest untersucht. Im Vergleich zur Pufferzone und dem Tal, ergab sich auf
der Hochebene ein signifikant niedrigeres Trypanosomose-Risiko. Reguläre
Behandlungen der Rinderherden mit Insektiziden in der Pufferzone scheinen
dafür verantwortlich zu sein, dass es bisher scheinbar noch zu keiner
Reinvasion durch Tsetsefliegen aus dem Tsetsefliegen-infestierten Tal auf die
Hochebene gekommen ist. In den entomologischen Untersuchungen konnten Glossina
m. submorsitans und G. tachinoides in der Pufferzone und dem Tal nachgewiesen
werden. Auf der Hochebene wurden allerdings keine Tsetsefliegen gefangen. Die
Tsetsefliegenverbreitung unterliegt jedoch in diesen Gebieten erheblichen
saisonalen Schwankungen, in Abhängigkeit des Vorkommens von Rindern. Bei
Vorkommen einer hohen Rinderpopulation (während der Trockenzeit) sind weite
Gebiete in der Pufferzone und im Tal mit Tsetsefliegen besiedelt. In Zeiten,
in denen keine Rinder vorhanden sind, beschränkt sich die
Tsetsefliegenverbreitung auf Gebiete hoher Wildtierdichte. Dies ist der erste
Bericht über ein Vorkommen von Isometamidium- und Diminazen-resistenten
Trypanosomen aus Kamerun, belegt durch verschiedene Untersuchungstechniken
(Felduntersuchungen, Untersuchungen in Mäusen). Die hohe Prävalenz
trypanozidresistenter Populationen im Projektgebiet ist auffällig und
besorgniserregend. Die erhobenen Daten erlaubten die Formulierung von
Managementempfehlungen für eine nachhaltige Kontrolle der bovinen
Trypanosomose in Adamaoua
The Re-Exploration Of Territory
No full textThe Re-Exploration Of Territory. It takes centuries for a natural landscape to be formed while it only takes decades to replace this for an urban landscape. Since the Industrial revolution mankind has found new ways to demand more and more natural territory, transforming it into human territory. Especially in areas where excessive industrial methods have been used to dig for non-renewable energy resources, scars become visible in the landscape representing the exhaustion of nature. One of the primary most valuable fossil fuels is coal, the black gold. Throughout the world several places have turned into machine like landscapes to dig for coal, supported by thousands if not millions of mineworkers, to bring it up all the way from the deep dark earth into the light of day. But as soon as these natural reserves are running out factories will close resulting directly in a radical decrease of employment. Introducing a new era, in which cities are left with critical and unattractive conditions full of abandoned factories and old mining sites that uninterrupted continue the process of decay leaving its inhabitants without any hope for the future. While the history of these cities is reminded as negative and black due to the huge amount of human labour the future perspective nowadays looks even darker. Belgium is one of the countries where an industrial backbone with a huge image problem as a result of the coal mines can be found. The Walloon region located in the middle of Belgium stretching east to west over 200 km is even referred to as the "Black Country." In areas like these territory, from an architectural point of view, becomes not only ambiguous but also scaleless. A successful operation with the goal to reactivate such a large region with an architectural intervention seems completely out of reach far away from the reality of today. It is not only the huge dimension of the area that is, on almost every visible scale, screaming for a gigantic intervention but also the present depressed atmosphere which on a psychological level makes it even harder to handle. There is no escape possible since every element that reminds of this history whether it is an abandoned mine site, railway, waterway or the hills of waste coal present throughout the landscape form a painful confrontation with reality. And this is exactly the problem, the presence of the ghost of history roaming around the Walloon region, leaving an architect completely unable, due to its largeness and extensiveness, to set any serious goal for revival or recovering. While a solution for the WHOLE area is more than needed to create new possibilities with a positive perspective for the future. As often the solution for this problem is housed in the problem itself in which the extensiveness of the mine sites is to play a key role as a starting point to create a fragmentized impact throughout the region. Another main issue is concerning the architectural way of thinking. While architecture itself is often set to be the goal it is an useless concept as such in this case, since the ultimate goal is revival of the region. Architecture has to suit itself in the role as tool, forming a guide to achieve a higher goal. Let us return to the ambiguity of territory, in which 'terra' the Latin word for 'land' is housed. Looking back at the industrial mining landscape in which nature had to cope with severe loss and damage. While the manmade urban landscape is left to the devolution of time the natural landscape, despite all the destruction and loss, has the ability to restore and renew itself. And this is not only opening up new possibilities but it is also creating a new dimension in the problem of territory. Nature created coal – Humans remove coal and leave traces behind – Nature returns and evolves on the old remains. Within this struggle an interesting subject can be found on or near the old mine sites, hills made by man existing out of waste coal (trash). These hills, called Terrils, are closely related to nature but are created by man. To which territory do they belong? Decades after the closure of the first mines these Terrils are the first to be taken back by nature. Evolving, as green archipelagos, clearly present as fragments within the industrial landscape. They house the answer of revival, a huge potentiality, but can it be explored?Studio Public TerritoryPublic BuildingArchitectur
Gare de Mons transition hub
No full textA new station for the city of Mons, Belgium, that links both the city center and the commercial centerPublic Buildings, Territory in TransitArchitectureArchitectur
Troubled environment: A casino hotel and passive water treatment in an abandoned openmine in South Limburg, The Netherlands
No full textArchitectur
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