1,354,450 research outputs found
Building blocks for adaptable image search in digital libraries
No full textAbstract: With the availability of easy and inexpensive methods to create and store images in digital formats, the visual information preserved and shared electronically has grown dramatically.
As images are important means to archive, express, and communicate human knowledge, experience, and feelings it is desirable or even unavoidable that digital libraries do not contain only textual information, but also such images.
One central aspect of digital libraries is the ability, to make its content easily available to its users and therefore also to provide adequate retrieval mechanisms for image-related search tasks.
Traditional text- and metadata-based approaches are not sufficient as personal digital libraries as well as automatically acquired image collections commonly lack detailed descriptions that could be used in searches.
To better support image search in digital libraries also methods from content-based image retrieval (CBIR) are needed: CBIR provides mechanisms to search for images by using the image content itself and compare the images with (visual) input the user provides and ranking the results based on similarity.
The aim of this thesis is to identify, implement, and evaluate building blocks that can be used to build digital libraries with the ability to perform similarity search for images in addition to traditional approaches.
This thesis follows a top-down approach and has three main contributions:
First, we introduce the Image Task Model (ITM) to characterize the user's intention in image-related search tasks.
This new model integrates and refines pre-existing models into one concise model for interaction intentions.
It considers the user's Task Input and Aim, Matching Tolerance, and intended Result Usage.
Second, we use ITM to identify conceptual building blocks that provide the required functionality in digital libraries to support CBIR and similarity search in general: Content Management, Query Formulation and Execution, and User Interaction. These conceptual building blocks and their interactions are analyzed and a comprehensive survey reviews state-of-the-art approaches to which extent they can support search tasks on the basis of ITM to identify strong and weak spots.
Third, we present a detailed discussion of selected building blocks together with our own implementations that extend and improve state-of-the-art approaches to better support similarity searches for images in digital libraries.
The key principal that we follow is adjusting the matching tolerance to the needs of a task, such that existing building blocks can be reused and optimized for different application domains.
To demonstrate the reusability, we show prototypical implementations of complete digital library systems based on our building blocks for three different domains:
automatic classification of medical images, sketch-based search for known images, and retrospective geotagging of images.
This thesis therefore supports future development of digital libraries with image search functionality from the early stage of understanding the user requirements through characterizing user tasks in ITM over the selection of appropriate conceptual building blocks for providing the required functionality to finally implement entire systems with the potential to reuse existing building blocks.---------- Zusammenfassung: Mit der Verfügbarkeit von einfachen und kostengünstigen Methoden zur Erzeugung und Speicherung von Bildern in digitaler Form ist die Menge an visueller Information dramatisch angewachsen, welche elektronisch aufbewahrt und geteilt wird.
Bilder stellen ein wichtiges Medium dar um das menschliche Wissen, Erfahrungen und Gefühlen zu bewahren, auszudrücken und zu kommunizieren. Daher ist es wünschenswert oder sogar unausweichlich, dass digitale Bibliotheken nicht nur textuelle Informationen enthalten, sondern auch Bilder.
Ein zentraler Aspekt digitaler Bibliotheken stellt die Fähigkeit dar, ihre Inhalte den Anwendern leicht zugänglich zu machen. Hierfür müssen also auch angemessene Suchmechanismen für Aufgaben angeboten werden, welche bildbezogene Suchen beinhalten.
Traditionelle text- und metadaten-orientierte Ansätze reichen hierfür nicht, da für persönliche wie auch automatisch zusammengestellten Bildkollektionen gewöhnlich detaillierten Beschreibungstexten fehlen, welche in Suchvorgängen genutzt werden könnten.
Um Bildsuchen besser in digitalen Bibliotheken zu unterstützen benötigt es auch Methoden der inhaltsbasierten Bildsuche (engl. Content-based image retrieval oder kurz CBIR): CBIR bietet Mechanismen um Bilder alleine anhand ihres Inhalts zu finden und die Bilder anhand (visueller) Angaben des Anwenders zu vergleichen sowie die Resultate nach deren Ähnlichkeit zu diesen Angaben zu bewerten und ordnen.
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht darin, Bausteine zu identifizieren, zu erstellen und zu evaluieren welche genutzt werden können, um digitale Bibliotheken mit der Fähigkeit zu schaffen, Ähnlichkeitssuche für Bilder zusätzlich zu den traditionellen Ansätzen zu ermöglichen.
Diese Arbeit folgt einem Top-Down-Ansatz und umfasst drei Hauptbeiträge:
Als erstes führen wir ein neues Modell zur Charakterisierung von bildbezogenen Suchaufgaben -genannt Image Task Model (ITM)- ein.
Dieses Modell integriert und verfeinert bestehende Modelle in ein einziges, präzises Modell für Interaktionsabsichten.
Es bezieht die möglichen Angaben und Ziele des Nutzers (engl. Task Input and Aim), die erlaubten Abweichungen von den Eingaben (engl. Matching Tolerance) sowie die angestrebte Verwendung der Resultate durch den Nutzer (engl. Result Usage) ein.
Zweitens nutzen wir ITM um konzeptuellen Bausteine zu ermitteln, welche die benötigte Funktionalität zur inhaltsbasierte Bildsuche und Ähnlichkeitssuche im Allgemeinen in Digitalbibliotheken anbieten: Inhaltsverwaltung, Anfrageformulierung und -ausführung und Benutzerinteraktion.
Diese konzeptuellen Bausteine und ihre wechselseitigen Bezeigungen und Abhängigkeiten werden untersucht und eine umfassende Übersicht zum Stand der Forschung auf diesem Gebiet erstellt, welche auf Grundlage von ITM die Fähigkeit zur Unterstützung bei Suchaufgaben von existierenden Ansätze bewertet und dabei Stärken und Schwächen aufzeigt.
Drittens präsentieren wir eine detaillierte Diskussion von ausgewählten Bausteinen zusammen mit unserer Implementierung dieser, welche die bestehenden Ansätze erweitert und verbessert um dadurch Bildähnlichkeitssuchen in Digitalbibliotheken besser zu unterstützen.
Das Hauptprinzip welches wir hierzu verfolgen ist die Anpassung der erlaubten Abweichung der Benutzerangaben an die Bedürfnisse einer Aufgabe, so dass existierende Bausteine für verschiedene Anwendungsgebiete wiederverwendet und optimiert werden können.
Diese Wiederverwendbarkeit demonstrieren wir anhand prototypischer Implementierungen von kompletten Digitalbibliotheksystemen für drei unterschiedlichen Anwendungsgebieten:
automatische Klassifikation medizinischer Bildern, Suche bekannter Bilder mittels gezeichneter Skizzen und das nachträgliche Zuweisen von Geokoordinaten zu Bildern.
Diese Arbeit unterstützt somit die zukünftige Entwicklung von digitalen Bibliotheken welche Bildsuchfunktionalität anbieten beginnend mit dem frühen Stadium des Erfassens der Nutzeranforderung durch die Charakterisierung der Benutzeraufgaben mittels ITM, über die Auswahl geeigneter konzeptueller Bausteine welche die benötigte Funktionalität bieten, bis schliesslich hin zur Implementierung kompletter Systeme welche in der Wiederverwendung existierender Bausteine gipfeln kann
Supplementary data to "The healthiness and sustainability of national and global food-based dietary guidelines: a modelling study"
No full textThe data was processed using GAMS and written out to MS Excel to increase accessibility and allow general use. The dataset includes detailed country-level results of an analysis of national and global food-based dietary guidelines with respect to their health and environmental impacts. The abstract of the associated journal article is appended below. Objectives: To analyse the health and environmental implications of adopting national food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) at a national level and in comparison to global health and environmental targets. Design: We used a graded coding method to extract quantitative recommendations from 85 FBDGs, and then assessed their health and environmental impacts by using a comparative risk assessment of chronic-disease mortality and a set of country-specific environmental footprints for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, freshwater use, cropland use, and fertilizer application. For comparison, we also analysed the impacts of adopting global dietary recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the EAT-Lancet Commission on Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems. Main outcome measures and Setting: We assessed each guideline’s health and sustainability implications by modelling its adoption at both the national and global level, and comparing the impacts to global health and environmental targets, including the Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) Agenda, the Paris Climate Agreement, the Aichi Biodiversity targets related to land use, and the Sustainable Development Goals and planetary boundaries related to freshwater use and fertilizer application. Results: Adoption of national FBDGs was associated with reductions in premature mortality of 15% on average (95% uncertainty interval, 13% to 16%), and mixed changes in environmental resource demand, including a reduction in GHG emissions of 13% on average (regional range, -34% to +35%). When universally adopted globally, most of the national guidelines (83, 98%) were not compatible with at least one of the global health and environmental targets. About a third of the FBDGs (29, 34%) were incompatible with the NCD Agenda, and most (57 to 74, 67% to 87%) were incompatible with the Paris Climate Agreement and other environmental targets. In comparison, adoption of the WHO recommendations was associated with similar health and environmental changes, whilst adoption of the EAT-Lancet recommendations was associated with 34% greater reductions in premature mortality, more than three times greater reductions in GHG emissions, and general attainment of the global health and environmental targets. Conclusions: Our analysis suggests that national guidelines could be both healthier and more sustainable. Providing clearer advice on limiting in most contexts the consumption of animal source foods, in particular beef and dairy, was found to have the greatest potential for increasing the environmental sustainability of dietary guidelines, whereas increasing the intake of whole grains, fruits and vegetables, nuts and seeds, and legumes, reducing the intake of red and processed meat, and highlighting the importance of attaining balanced energy intake and weight levels were associated with most of the additional health benefits. The health results were based on observational data and assuming a causal relationship between dietary risk factors and health outcomes. The certainty of evidence for these relationships is mostly graded as moderate in existing meta-analysis
Supplementary data to "The global and regional costs of healthy and sustainable dietary patterns: a modelling study"
No full textThe data was created for the research on the scientific study "The global and regional cost of healthy and sustainable dietary patterns: a global modelling study" by Springmann and colleagues published in The Lancet Planetary Health in 2021
Supplementary Datafile for "A multi-criteria analysis of meat and milk alternatives from nutritional, health, environmental, and cost perspectives"
No full text<p>The dataset contains the results produced for the paper:</p>
<p>Springmann, M. A multi-criteria analysis of meat and milk alternatives from nutritional, health, environmental, and cost perspectives. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 2024.</p>
Springmann, Antje. Interview about German folktales.
No full textInterview about German folktales, conducted by Andrea McGuire with Terra Barrett present. Antje tells stories about a giant black cat who roams outside, looking for children after dark; the "bussekater," another cat who roams outside; the "bussemann," a bogeyman-like character; and two frogs who have fallen in a bucket of milk
Prologue on the topic of the conference. A replica as a „kingdom in a nutshell“? Ideas of the Past as Ideas of the Future?
No full textThe Ebersdorfer Cog Model as a basis for a reconstruction of a late medieval sailing vessel
No full textCIS OCR Workshop v1.0: OCR and postcorrection of early printings for digital humanities
No full text<p>The 2-day CIS OCR Workshop on "OCR and postcorrection of early printings for digital humanities" originally held at LMU, Munich 14/15 September 2015 (see http://www.cis.lmu.de/ocrworkshop).</p>
<p>Release date: 2016-02-25</p>
<p><br />
CIS OCR Workshop by Uwe Springmann, Florian Fink is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.</p>
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