285 research outputs found
The Jiao fu 脚夫 in Baxian 巴県 during the Qing Period
Get PDFIn old China jiao fu 脚夫 generally meant coolie, but in this study the author describes two types of jiao fu as an example in Baxian (Chongqing). One is the coolies in ports meaning stevedores，and the other is the warehousemen in brokers called guan hang jiao fu 管行脚夫.The coolies in the port organized guilds such as Xi-bang 西幇 composed of workers from Shanxi province, Nan-bang南幇 from Chaling 茶陵 of Hunan province and Chuan-ban 川幇 from Sichuan province, and each occupied a territory. They were controlled by foremen called fu tou 夫頭. The foremen were contracted to unload ships owned by country traders and responsible to compensate in case of a loss. Also, the Baxian government imposed chai wu (local and unofficial taxes) on them.However during the Qian long 乾隆 and Jia qing 嘉慶 periods (1736-1820) the warehousemen in brokers began to surpass the fu tou and directly employed coolies disregarding guilds. They were the managers of the transport section in brokers and made coolies carry commodities. The warehousemen earned much more than coolies but they had to own jiao li sheng yi 脚力生意 (a kind of stock) in order to be the warehousemen. They paid a deposit to the broker to obtain stocks and if the brokers closed their shops they lost their privileges. But in Baxian there was a custom that even after the broker leaves the stock owner had priority to work in the shop. So, if the new broker wanted to invite another warehouseman, he had to pay compensation to the stock owner. As a result this custom increased the transport cost and strictly restricted merchants to control the market.journal articl
Quan qiu huan jing xia de gong shui ji wei sheng fu wu de xin xing jing ji ti zhi
No full textPh.D.This PhD dissertation is about investment in water and sanitation services, which is an economic area of considerable importance for society and which raises unique legal questions because water has an “economic value” and, at the same time, water is a vital human need. No other biotic or abiotic natural resource shares with water this dual aspect (vital importance to mankind and potential for being an economic asset) with such extreme acuity. This is why water is so unique, as it consubstantially combines two elements which are both contradictory and intertwined, thus raising considerable legal issues (at both theoretical and empirical levels).This thesis aims to reconcile this contradictory nature and use of water. The core of this thesis is devoted not to arguing whether water is a public good or an economic good, but rather to investigating the legal consequences of the multifaceted nature of water and sanitation services. In this respect, the thesis focuses on an analysis of the international law (both norms in the form of international treaties and their interpretation by international arbitral tribunals that have developed a case law over the years) which applies to cross-border (or foreign) investment made in the sector of water and sanitation services.The main value of this research is to provide a rationale to enhance and clarify the case law on investment in water and sanitation services. The thesis main argument is that investment tribunals should adopt proportionality analysis as the applicable method of review and take an appropriate approach to the standard of review in investment disputes related to water and sanitation services . According to this approach, the investment tribunal would assess the legitimacy of the state’s alleged regulatory objectives, the suitability of the measures undertaken to achieve the objective and whether there are less restrictive means available.這篇博士論文是關於對水和衛生服務相關投資的研究。水和衛生服務的投資既是一個對社會相當重要的經濟領域又提出了獨特的法律問題。因為水在具有經濟價值的同時又是人類的一種重要需求。沒有任何其他生物或非生物的自然資源能像水這樣具有如此敏銳的雙重性 (人類的極端重要性和成為經濟資產的潛力性)。這就是水和衛生服務投資如此獨特的原因，因為它將兩種既矛盾又相互交織的元素巧妙地結合在一起，從而引發了相當多理論及實踐層面上的法律問題。本論文旨在調和在用水上的這一矛盾性質。這篇論文的核心不是爭論水是公共產品還是經濟產品。這篇論文研究的是水和衛生服務的多面性的法律後果。在這方面, 本文著重分析了適用於跨境和外國投資的水和衛生設施服務的國際法律。這既包括規範形式的國際條約也包括國際仲裁法庭的解釋及逐漸發展的判例法。本研究的主要價值在於證明加強和澄清水和衛生服務投資案例法的理論基礎。本文的主要論點是投資仲裁應採用比例分析原則作為適用的審查方法，並對與水和衛生服務相關的投資糾紛的審查標准採取適當的做法。根據這一方法，投資法庭將評估國家所謂的管制目標的合法性、為實現這一目標而採取的措施是否適當以及是否有較少的限製手段。Qian, Xu.Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2019.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 350-389).Abstracts also in Chinese.Title from PDF title page (viewed on 01, February, 2021).Qian, Xu
A method to correct systematic bias in affymetrix SNP arrays
No full textAffymetrix SNP arrays are important tools and widely used for both genotyping and copy number estimation. We found previously that systematic bias exists in Affymetrix SNP arrays and leads to loss of accuracy in copy number estimations. In this paper, we showed that systematic bias within SNP arrays is multiplicative effect (or additive effects in the log scale) to probe intensities. Based on this observation, a method was introduced to correct the systematic bias within SNP arrays.Engineering, BiomedicalMathematical & Computational BiologyEICPCI-S(ISTP)
Effect of sleeper bottom texture on lateral resistance with discrete element modelling
No full textThe lateral stability of ballasted track becomes more important because of the safety requirement under the demand of higher train speed and heavier axle load. To increase the lateral resistance of ballast bed, this paper proposes three types of new sleepers, frictional sleepers. The frictional sleepers are sleepers with different shapes of textures attached at the sleeper bottom. To study the application feasibility of the frictional sleepers, experimental tests (single sleeper pull-out test) and numerical simulation (discrete element modelling) are performed. The lateral resistances of the three types of frictional sleepers are compared with the traditional sleeper based on the experimental test, and the mechanism of the lateral resistance increase is revealed according to the numerical simulation. The results indicate that the frictional sleepers can increase the lateral resistance by 32% (maximum), due to the enhanced interaction between sleeper and ballast particles. More importantly, different types of frictional sleepers have different performances, and the optimal friction sleeper is confirmed. This study is helpful for the further research on sleeper design.Accepted Author ManuscriptRailway Engineerin
Effect of Quantitative Nuclear Image Features on Recurrence of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) of the Breast
No full textBackground: Nuclear grade has been associated with breast DCIS recurrence and progression to invasive carcinoma; however, our previous study of a cohort of patients with breast DCIS did not find such an association with outcome. Fifty percent of patients had heterogeneous DCIS with more than one nuclear grade. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of quantitative nuclear features assessed with digital image analysis on ipsilateral DCIS recurrence.Methods: Hematoxylin and eosin stained slides for a cohort of 80 patients with primary breast DCIS were reviewed and two fields with representative grade (or grades) were identified by a Pathologist and simultaneously used for acquisition of digital images for each field. Van Nuys worst nuclear grade was assigned, as was predominant grade, and heterogeneous grading when present. Patients were grouped by heterogeneity of their nuclear grade: Group A: nuclear grade 1 only, nuclear grades 1 and 2, or nuclear grade 2 only (32 patients), Group B: nuclear grades 1, 2 and 3, or nuclear grades 2 and 3 (31 patients), Group 3: nuclear grade 3 only (17 patients). Nuclear fi ne structure was assessed by software which captured thirty-nine nuclear feature values describing nuclear morphometry, densitometry, and texture. Step-wise forward Cox regressions were performed with previous clinical and pathologic factors, and the new image analysis features.Results: Duplicate measurements were similar for 89.7% to 97.4% of assessed image features. The rate of correct classification of nuclear grading with digital image analysis features was similar in the two fields, and pooled assessment across both fields. In the pooled assessment, a discriminant function with one nuclear morphometric and one texture feature was significantly (p = 0.001) associated with nuclear grading, and provided correct jackknifed classification of a patient’s nuclear grade for Group A (78.1%), Group B (48.4%), and Group C (70.6%). The factors significantly associated with DCIS recurrence were those previously found, type of initial presentation (p = 0.03) and amount of parenchymal involvement (p = 0.05), along with the morphometry image feature of ellipticity (p = 0.04).Conclusion: Analysis of nuclear features measured by image cytometry may contribute to the classification and prognosis of breast DCIS patients with more than one nuclear grade
Interconnection networks for parallel and distributed computing
Get PDFParallel computers are generally either shared-memory machines or distributed- memory machines. There are currently technological limitations on shared-memory architectures and so parallel computers utilizing a large number of processors tend tube distributed-memory machines. We are concerned solely with distributed-memory multiprocessors. In such machines, the dominant factor inhibiting faster global computations is inter-processor communication. Communication is dependent upon the topology of the interconnection network, the routing mechanism, the flow control policy, and the method of switching. We are concerned with issues relating to the topology of the interconnection network. The choice of how we connect processors in a distributed-memory multiprocessor is a fundamental design decision. There are numerous, often conflicting, considerations to bear in mind. However, there does not exist an interconnection network that is optimal on all counts and trade-offs have to be made. A multitude of interconnection networks have been proposed with each of these networks having some good (topological) properties and some not so good. Existing noteworthy networks include trees, fat-trees, meshes, cube-connected cycles, butterflies, Möbius cubes, hypercubes, augmented cubes, k-ary n-cubes, twisted cubes, n-star graphs, (n, k)-star graphs, alternating group graphs, de Bruijn networks, and bubble-sort graphs, to name but a few. We will mainly focus on k-ary n-cubes and (n, k)-star graphs in this thesis. Meanwhile, we propose a new interconnection network called augmented k-ary n- cubes. The following results are given in the thesis.1. Let k ≥ 4 be even and let n ≥ 2. Consider a faulty k-ary n-cube Q(^k_n) in which the number of node faults f(_n) and the number of link faults f(_e) are such that f(_n) + f(_e) ≤ 2n - 2. We prove that given any two healthy nodes s and e of Q(^k_n), there is a path from s to e of length at least k(^n) - 2f(_n) - 1 (resp. k(^n) - 2f(_n) - 2) if the nodes s and e have different (resp. the same) parities (the parity of a node Q(^k_n) in is the sum modulo 2 of the elements in the n-tuple over 0, 1, ∙∙∙ , k - 1 representing the node). Our result is optimal in the sense that there are pairs of nodes and fault configurations for which these bounds cannot be improved, and it answers questions recently posed by Yang, Tan and Hsu, and by Fu. Furthermore, we extend known results, obtained by Kim and Park, for the case when n = 2.2. We give precise solutions to problems posed by Wang, An, Pan, Wang and Qu and by Hsieh, Lin and Huang. In particular, we show that Q(^k_n) is bi-panconnected and edge-bipancyclic, when k ≥ 3 and n ≥ 2, and we also show that when k is odd, Q(^k_n) is m-panconnected, for m = (^n(k - 1) + 2k - 6’ / ‘_2), and (k -1) pancyclic (these bounds are optimal). We introduce a path-shortening technique, called progressive shortening, and strengthen existing results, showing that when paths are formed using progressive shortening then these paths can be efficiently constructed and used to solve a problem relating to the distributed simulation of linear arrays and cycles in a parallel machine whose interconnection network is Q(^k_n) even in the presence of a faulty processor.3. We define an interconnection network AQ(^k_n) which we call the augmented k-ary n-cube by extending a k-ary n-cube in a manner analogous to the existing extension of an n-dimensional hypercube to an n-dimensional augmented cube. We prove that the augmented k-ary n-cube Q(^k_n) has a number of attractive properties (in the context of parallel computing). For example, we show that the augmented k-ary n-cube Q(^k_n) - is a Cayley graph (and so is vertex-symmetric); has connectivity 4n - 2, and is such that we can build a set of 4n - 2 mutually disjoint paths joining any two distinct vertices so that the path of maximal length has length at most max{{n- l)k- (n-2), k + 7}; has diameter [(^k) / (_3)] + [(^k - 1) /( _3)], when n = 2; and has diameter at most (^k) / (_4) (n+ 1), for n ≥ 3 and k even, and at most [(^k)/ (_4) (n + 1) + (^n) / (_4), for n ^, for n ≥ 3 and k odd.4. We present an algorithm which given a source node and a set of n - 1 target nodes in the (n, k)-star graph S(_n,k) where all nodes are distinct, builds a collection of n - 1 node-disjoint paths, one from each target node to the source. The collection of paths output from the algorithm is such that each path has length at most 6k - 7, and the algorithm has time complexity O(k(^3)n(^4))
Ductal carcinoma <it>in situ </it>of the breast (DCIS) with heterogeneity of nuclear grade: prognostic effects of quantitative nuclear assessment
Get PDFAbstract Background Previously, 50% of patients with breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) had more than one nuclear grade, and neither worst nor predominant nuclear grade was significantly associated with development of invasive carcinoma. Here, we used image analysis in addition to histologic evaluation to determine if quantification of nuclear features could provide additional prognostic information and hence impact prognostic assessments. Methods Nuclear image features were extracted from about 200 nuclei of each of 80 patients with DCIS who underwent lumpectomy alone, and received no adjuvant systemic therapy. Nuclear images were obtained from 20 representative nuclei per duct, from each of a group of 5 ducts, in two separate fields, for 10 ducts. Reproducibility of image analysis features was determined, as was the ability of features to discriminate between nuclear grades. Patient information was available about clinical factors (age and method of DCIS detection), pathologic factors (DCIS size, nuclear grade, margin size, and amount of parenchymal involvement), and 39 image features (morphology, densitometry, and texture). The prognostic effects of these factors and features on the development of invasive breast cancer were examined with Cox step-wise multivariate regression. Results Duplicate measurements were similar for 89.7% to 97.4% of assessed image features. For the pooled assessment with ~200 nuclei per patient, a discriminant function with one densitometric and two texture features was significantly (p Conclusion Image analysis provided reproducible assessments of nuclear features which quantitated differences in nuclear grading for patients. Quantitative nuclear image features indicated prognostically significant differences in DCIS, and may contribute additional information to prognostic assessments of which patients are likely to develop invasive disease.</p
『太平記』における杜詩の受容の再検討
No full textTaiheiki has a number of expressions based on eight of Du Fuʼs poems. Beginning with Masuda Motomu, prior research has indicated that those poems came to Taiheiki from Poets: Treasures and Tidbits and other Song period poetry collections and criticisms; however, there are also poems not from such works in Taiheiki. It is necessary to consider the possibility the influence of Commentary on Du Fu [of the Headquarters’ Bureau] (杜工部集 Du Fu Collection) on Taiheiki.Chapter 4 of Taiheiki contains the following passage: “The High Tang Poet Du Fu, Encountering the Chaos at the end of Tianbao, Declared His Hatred of the World.” This is a quote from Du Fuʼs “Farewell Li Jianzhou, Brother, as I am Leaving for Jingnan”, and while it is also present in Poets: Treasures and Tidbits, I believe it to be based on “Li Guangʼs Hatred” in Commentary on Du Fu. Taiheiki evinces other expressions taken from Commentary on Du Fu. There are similar examples in chapters 13 and 39. While there are a variety of examples in Commentary on Du Fu, the origin of Taiheiki’s expressions was in fact Collected Poems Arranged According to Categories and with Annotations by Myriad Authors (集千家註分類杜工部詩 Ji Qian Jia Zhu Feng Lei Du Gong Bu Shi). Notwithstanding the popularity of this work in Japan at the time, the fact that the annotation and the expressions in Taiheiki match up corroborates this theory.In short, while on the one hand there are poems that were quoted in Taiheiki from Song dynasty poetry collections and criticisms, on the other hand there are not a few from other works such as Commentary on Du Fu, and especially Collected Poems Arranged According to Categories and with Annotations by Myriad Authors. Taiheiki’s author was heavily influenced by Song dynasty poetic scholarship, and their education was comprised not only of poetry collections and criticisms but also in part by individual poetry collections
A Reconsideration of the Reception of Du Fu’s Poetry in Taiheiki
Get PDFTaiheiki has a number of expressions based on eight of Du Fuʼs poems. Beginning with Masuda Motomu, prior research has indicated that those poems came to Taiheiki from Poets: Treasures and Tidbits and other Song period poetry collections and criticisms; however, there are also poems not from such works in Taiheiki. It is necessary to consider the possibility the influence of Commentary on Du Fu [of the Headquarters’ Bureau] (杜工部集 Du Fu Collection) on Taiheiki.Chapter 4 of Taiheiki contains the following passage: “The High Tang Poet Du Fu, Encountering the Chaos at the end of Tianbao, Declared His Hatred of the World.” This is a quote from Du Fuʼs “Farewell Li Jianzhou, Brother, as I am Leaving for Jingnan”, and while it is also present in Poets: Treasures and Tidbits, I believe it to be based on “Li Guangʼs Hatred” in Commentary on Du Fu. Taiheiki evinces other expressions taken from Commentary on Du Fu. There are similar examples in chapters 13 and 39. While there are a variety of examples in Commentary on Du Fu, the origin of Taiheiki’s expressions was in fact Collected Poems Arranged According to Categories and with Annotations by Myriad Authors (集千家註分類杜工部詩 Ji Qian Jia Zhu Feng Lei Du Gong Bu Shi). Notwithstanding the popularity of this work in Japan at the time, the fact that the annotation and the expressions in Taiheiki match up corroborates this theory.In short, while on the one hand there are poems that were quoted in Taiheiki from Song dynasty poetry collections and criticisms, on the other hand there are not a few from other works such as Commentary on Du Fu, and especially Collected Poems Arranged According to Categories and with Annotations by Myriad Authors. Taiheiki’s author was heavily influenced by Song dynasty poetic scholarship, and their education was comprised not only of poetry collections and criticisms but also in part by individual poetry collections
Holographic Ricci dark energy: interacting model and cosmological constraints
No full textWe extend the holographic Ricci dark energy model to include some direct, non-gravitational interaction between dark energy and dark matter. We consider three phenomenological forms for the interaction term Q in the model, namely, Q is taken proportional to the Hubble expansion rate and the energy densities of dark sectors (taken to be rho(de), rho(m), and rho(de) + rho(m), respectively). We obtain a uniform analytical solution to the three interacting models. Furthermore, we constrain the models by using the latest observational data, including the 557 Union2 type Ia supernovae data, the cosmic microwave background anisotropy data from the 7-yr WMAP, and the baryon acoustic oscillation data from the SDSS. We show that in the interacting models of the holographic Ricci dark energy, a more reasonable value of Omega(m0) will be obtained, and the observations favor a rather strong coupling between dark energy and dark matter.Physics, Particles & FieldsSCI(E)0ARTICLE3null7
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