94 research outputs found
Hydroponic Uptake and Distribution of Nitrobenzene in Phragmites Australis: Potential for Phytoremediation
No full textPhragmites australis was grown hydroponically in nutrient solutions containing nitrobenzene to examine the potential for treatment of contaminated waters through phytoremediation. The hydroponic solutions and plant tissue were sampled each day during the five day growth period and tested for nitrobenzene. Plant tissue analysis included both rhizome and shoot sections of the plant. The average half lives and disappearance rate of nitrobenzene in the nutrient solution was 1.85 days and 88.10%, respectively. The levels of nitrobenzene in rhizomes and shoots of Phragmites australis increased with higher exogenous concentrations. For the highest treatment, nitrobenzene measurements in the rhizome tissue were much higher than the plant shoots until the third day. Shoot sections initially showed elevated concentrations and then decreased. This variation is presumably due to the translocation of the target compound from the rhizomes to shoots. Our findings indicate that Phragmites australis removed nitrobenzene from the hydroponic solutions and accumulated the compound within the plant tissue. This activity makes Phragmites australis a good candidate species for the phytoremediation of nitrobenzene contaminated waters
Hybos songbai PLANT 2013, sp. nov.
No full textHybos songbai sp. nov. (Figs 161–167, 272, 298) Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂: THAILAND, Chiang Mai Province, Doi Chiangdao, Pakea Station, Evergreen forest, 19°18'50.7"N, 98°49'57.8"E, 1560 m, 31.v–6.vi.2009, Malaise trap, S. Unjai [QSBG-2009-142] (QSBG). PARATYPES: 5♂. 2♀, same data as holotype; 11♂, 8♀ same data as holotype, 18–24.ii.2009, 25–32. v.2009, 51.v.-6.vi.2009, 6–12.vi.2009, 12–18.vi.2009, 5–11.viii.2009, 11–17.viii.2009, 29.viii.-4.iv.2009, 10–16.ix.2009, 16–22.ix.2009: 1♂, 3♀, Chiang Mai Province, Doi Phahompok National Park, Doi Phaluang, 20°1.06'N, 99°9.581'E, 7–14.ix.2007; 9♂, 6♀, Kiewlom 1/montane forest, 20°3.549'N, 99°8.552'E, 2174 m, 21–28.v.2008, 28.v.-7.vi.2008 (QSBG and NMWC). Additional material. 4♂, 1♀, same data as holotype, 18–24.vi.2009, 19–25.v.2009: 1♀, Chiang Mai Province, Huai Nam Dang National Park, Thung Buatong View Point, 19°17.56'N, 98°36.029'E, 31.viii.-7.ix.2007: 3♂, 15♀, Chiang Mai Province, Doi Phahompok National Park; Doi Phaluang, 20°1.06'N, 99°9.581'E, 1449 m, 21–28.v.2008, 7–14.vi.2008, 13–14.vi.2007, 14–21.ix.2007; Kiewlom 2/ Montane Forest, 20°3.426'N, 99°8.553'E, 2112 m, 28.ix–4.x.2007; Mae Fang Hot spring, 19°57.961'N, 99°9.355'E, 569 m, 7–14.vi.2008 (QSBG and NMWC). Etymology. From the Thai song = two and bai = classifier for leaves in reference to the two leaf-like processes of the left surstylus. Diagnosis. A black legged species with antennal stylus bare, pale setae behind hind coxa and hind femur moderately inflated, slightly but distinctly petiolate on basal half with practically only a single row of strong ventral spines. A weak ventral bristle at base of mid metatarsus. The tibiae are usually very narrowly and faintly yellowish about base and tarsi usually dark dirty yellowish, becoming black apically but in some individuals the yellow colouration is somewhat more extensive. Mid tibia with very strong bristles dorsally at 0.25 and ventrally at 0.4 from base. Description. Male. body length 2.8–3.2 mm. Head black, dusted greyish but occiput shining posteroventrally and posterolaterally; mouth edge conspicuously dusted posterolaterally; occipital setae pale brown becoming almost white behind; face black above, rather yellowish below, clypeus dusted. Antenna black with postpedicel ovate in lateral view, 2.5X long as wide, apparently lacking dorsal seta; stylus bare, 5X long as postpedicel, paler on apical 0.2–0.3. Mouthparts blackish; palpus very narrow, practically bare below, only 1 short ventrally projected apical seta conspicuous. Thorax with ground colour black; postalar callus anterolaterally, outer face of postpronotal lobe and base of scutellum yellowish, upper anepisternum and anepimeron vaguely yellowish; pleura and scutellum dusted silvery grey; scutum shining, with silvery grey dust at margins, on prescutellar area and on median stripe along line of acr; dc and acr hair-like and small, posterior seta of widely spaced, biserial acr strong and bristle-like, of similar strength to posterior seta of uniserial dc; 1 strong and 1 weak npl; pa moderately strong with several smaller hairs adjacent; scutellum with 2 distinct sct and about 8 fine marginal hairs. Legs subshining black, thinly greyish dusted but ‘knees’ and T 2, T 3 (and sometimes T 1) on basal 0.15 or more narrowly yellowish; proximal tarsal segments dark yellow (sometimes almost clear yellow on front and mid legs) becoming darker apically (especially on MT 3) and distal segments darker still. Coxae with hairs and bristles conspicuous, pale, especially behind C 3 where obviously longer than limb is deep. F 1 with short pale hairs below not as wide as limb is deep, becoming shorter distally. F 2 short-haired, ventral ciliation of pale hairs very indistinct, hardly 0.5 as long as limb is deep. F 3 rather slender, weakly inflated, narrowed and somewhat petiolate on basal 0.5, widest 0.8 from base; practically only single row of about 10 spines ventrally, an anterior at 0.9 and pv at 0.95 from base all strong and black. Other setae pale, comprising scattered, fine, long, pubescent hairs and strong pv fringe of conspicuous longer hairs, rather longer than limb is deep distally. T 1 rather long pubescent, with 1 distinct fine bristle dorsally at 0.5 and 1 stronger dorsoapical; other apicals hardly distinguishable from surrounding hairs. T 2 slender with strong bristles 0.8X as long as limb dorsally at 0.25 and ventrally at 0.4 from base; 1 slightly smaller apical av and several much smaller apical bristles. T 3 slender, slightly inflated distally, with small dosoapical and anteroapical bristles distinguished from finer pubescence. Anterior and mid tarsi bearing fine mostly pale hairs, each segment with 1 pair of dorsoapicals rather stronger; MT 1 and MT 2 with 1 short ventral bristle near base and several smaller ventrals distally; MT 3 with inconspicuous yellowish pile posteroventrally, contiguous with similar pile about apex of T 3. Wing membrane clear; veins brownish yellow; stigma faint, brownish yellow, long, reaching costa 0.7–0.8 distance between end of R 1 and R 2+3. Squamae with pale fringes. Halter white, base vaguely darker. Abdomen subshining blackish brown, slightly paler ventrally, tergites 5–7 slightly darker along posterior margin; basal segments with conspicuous long, strong, white bristles laterally and ventrally, becoming shorter apically. Terminalia (Figs 161– 165) with all bristles pale or brownish. Left epandrial lamella (Fig. 162) rounded with inner margin interrupted concave. Left surstylus with two subequal leaf-like processes. Right epandrial lamella rounded in profile with inner margin almost linear. Right surstylus (Figs 164, 165) rather short, asymmetrically fishtail shaped. Hypandrium (Fig. 163) rather narrow, bluntly pointed apically, with various small processes at margin and a few distinct subapical bristles. Female. Similar to male but yellow markings on legs somewhat darker and pv pile on T 3 and MT 3 slightly more conspicuous. Abdomen paler ventrally, all bristles much shorter. Terminalia (Figs 166, 167) with tergite 8 bearing strong pale bristles; sternite 8 reduced to a narrow strip; tergite 10 small and very weakly sclerotized; cerci rather small, with quite short hairs. Comments. Hybos songbai sp. nov. is clearly related to H. zhejiangensis Yang & Yang, 1995, a species with entirely yellow tibiae from Zhejiang, China (Yang & Yang 1995). The present species has largely black tibiae and although the hypandrium of both species is very similar (Yang & Yang 2004, fig. 415) and there are similarities in the shape of the right surstylus, H. songbai sp. nov. has a distinctive bilobed left surstylus and lacks a prominent internally directed subapical process present in H. zhejiangensis. Hybos songbai sp. nov. is recorded from several sites in the Daen Lao Range in northern Thailand (Fig. 272). It evidently occurs in a variety of forest types over a wide elevation range (567–2,174 m). Most records were between May and October with a pronounced peak in abundance during May and Jun, at the start of the wet season (Fig. 298).Published as part of PLANT, ADRIAN R., 2013, The genus Hybos Meigen (Diptera: Empidoidea: Hybotidae) in Thailand, pp. 1-98 in Zootaxa 3690 (1) on pages 63-65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3690.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/632981
Confidence Interval Estimation for Precipitation Quantiles Based on Principle of Maximum Entropy
No full textThe principle of maximum entropy (POME) has been used for a variety of applications in hydrology, however it has not been used in confidence interval estimation. Therefore, the POME was employed for confidence interval estimation for precipitation quantiles in this study. The gamma, Pearson type 3 (P3), and extreme value type 1 (EV1) distributions were used to fit the observation series. The asymptotic variances and confidence intervals of gamma, P3, and EV1 quantiles were then calculated based on POME. Monte Carlo simulation experiments were performed to evaluate the performance of the POME method and to compare with widely used methods of moments (MOM) and the maximum likelihood (ML) method. Finally, the confidence intervals T-year design precipitations were calculated using the POME for the three distributions and compared with those of MOM and ML. Results show that the POME is superior to MOM and ML in reducing the uncertainty of quantile estimators
Copula-based composite likelihood approach for frequency analysis of short annual precipitation records
No full textAbstract
Hydrological series lengths are decreasing due to decreasing investments and increasing human activities. For short sequences, a copula-based composite likelihood approach (CBCLA) has been employed to enhance the quality of hydrological design values. However, the Pearson type III (P-III) distribution for short annual precipitation records has not yet been thoroughly investigated using the CBCLA. This study used the CBCLA to incorporate the concurrent and non-concurrent periods contained in data of various lengths into an integrated framework to estimate the parameters of precipitation frequency distributions. The marginal distributions were fitted using the P-III distribution, and the joint probability was constructed using a copula which offers flexibility in choosing arbitrary marginals and dependence structure. Furthermore, the uncertainties in the estimated precipitation design values for the short series obtained from this approach were compared with those obtained from univariate analysis. Then, Monte-Carlo simulations were performed to examine the feasibility of this approach. The annual precipitation series at four stations in Weihe River basin, China, were used as a case study. Results showed that CBCLA with P-III marginals reduced the uncertainty in the precipitation design values for the short series and the reduction in the uncertainty became more significant with longer adjacent series.</jats:p
Entropy-Based Parameter Estimation for the Four-Parameter Exponential Gamma Distribution
No full textTwo methods based on the principle of maximum entropy (POME), the ordinary entropy method (ENT) and the parameter space expansion method (PSEM), are developed for estimating the parameters of a four-parameter exponential gamma distribution. Using six data sets for annual precipitation at the Weihe River basin in China, the PSEM was applied for estimating parameters for the four-parameter exponential gamma distribution and was compared to the methods of moments (MOM) and of maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). It is shown that PSEM enables the four-parameter exponential distribution to fit the data well, and can further improve the estimation
Oreta trispinuligera Chen 1985
No full textOreta trispinuligera Chen, 1985 Figs. 35–37, 84–85, 118, 147, 172 Oreta trispinuligera Chen, 1985, Entomotaxonomia, 7 (4): 278, fig. 2, pl. 1: 3. Holotype 3, China: Hubei, Shennongjia (SIECAS). Oreta ancora Chu & Wang, 1987, Acta Ent. Sin., 30 (3): 300, fig. 12, pl. 1: 25. Holotype 3, China: Hubei, Shennongjia (IZCAS). (nec Wilkinson, 1972) Oreta ankyra Chu & Wang, 1991, Fauna Sinica, 3: 246, fig. 203, pl. 10: 16. (nom. nov. for Oreta ancora Chu & Wang, 1987), syn. nov. Material examined. CHINA, Hubei (SIECAS): Shennongjia, Hongping, 10.VIII. 1983, coll. Jin Gentao and Liu Zuyao, 13 (Holotype); Shennongjia, Songbai, 11.VII. 1983, coll. Jin Gentao and Liu Zuyao, 13 (Paratype). Henan (IZCAS): Longyuwan, 1000 m, 18.VIII. 1997, coll. Ren Yingdang et al., 23. Shaanxi (IZCAS): Zhouzhi, Houzhenzi, 1300 m, 16.VIII. 2007, coll. Li Wenzhu, 13; Foping, Huoditang, 1550 m, 19.VII. 2007, 8.VII. 2008, coll. Li Wenzhu, 33; Foping, Longcaoping, 1200–1256 m, 3.VII. 2008, coll. Bai Ming et al., 33. Gansu (IZCAS): Kangxian, Qinghe Linchang, 1400 m, 7–9.VII. 1999, coll. He Tongli et al., 531 Ƥ; Wenxian, Qiujiaba, 2350 m, 21.VII. 1999, coll. Wang Hongjian, 13; Wenxian, Tielou, 1450 m, 24.VII. 1999, coll. Zhu Chaodong, 13. Hubei (IZCAS): Shennongjia, Dajiuhu, 1800 m, 1.VIII. 1981, coll. Han Yinheng, 13 (Holotype of O. ankyra); Shennongjia, 20.VII. 1980, 1Ƥ; Xingshan, Longmenhe, 1300-1340 m, 20–21.VI. 1993, coll. Huang Runzhi, 131 Ƥ; same locality, 1300 m, 8.IX. 1994, coll. Song Shimei, 33. Fujian (IZCAS): Chong’an, Tongmu, 19.VIII. 1979, coll. Wang Linyao, 13; Sangang, 4.IV. 1983, coll. Wang Linyao, 13. Guangxi (IZCAS): Longsheng, 16.VI. 1980, coll. Wang Linyao, 13. Chongqing (IZCAS): Wushan, Liziping, 1870 m, 4.VIII. 1993, coll. Song Shimei, 13; Wanxian, Wang’erbao, 1200 m, 12.VIII. 1993, coll. Song Shimei, 131 Ƥ. Yunnan (IZCAS): Xiaomenglun, 6–7.V. 1980, coll. Wang Linyao, 131 Ƥ. Diagnosis. O. trispinuligera resembles O. trispina in the deeply hooked fore wing apex, and distinctly protruding outer margin on both wings. However, the hollow under the apex is more deeply concave and the outer margin is more protruding in O. trispinuligera. The ground colour of O. trispinuligera is dark brown, but reddish brown and with two colour-forms in O. trispina. The male genitalia are close to those of O. sanguinea and O. liensis by almost oval uncus, not concave medially; the median process of the gnathos is slender and straight; the valva bears small pointed processes. However, in O. trispinuligera three pointed processes are present, with the posterior two longer, and the anterior one shorter; whereas in O. sanguinea and O. liensis, only the anterior two processes are distinct, with the anterior one much longer. In addition, the saccus is much broader in O. trispinuligera than in O. sanguinea and O. liensis. The female genitalia have a spinose signum in the corpus bursae. Distribution. China (Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Hubei, Fujian, Guangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan). Remarks. The species O. ankyra Chu & Wang, 1991, which was originally named as O. ancora Chu & Wang, 1987, a homonym of O. ancora Wilkinson 1972, was found to be identical to O. trispinuligera on both external and genital characters, and is therefore synonymized here. The anterior process on the valva of O. ankyra (Fig. 82) is present in the preparation shown, but since it overlaps the middle process on both left and right valvae, it is not clearly visible on the figure.Published as part of Song, Wenhui, Xue, Dayong & Han, Hongxiang, 2012, Revision of Chinese Oretinae (Lepidoptera, Drepanidae), pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 3445 on page 21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21298
Free Radical Graft Copolymerization Strategy To Prepare Catechin-Modified Chitosan Loose Nanofiltration (NF) Membrane for Dye Desalination
No full textEffect of the Content of Micro-Active Copper Tailing on the Strength and Pore Structure of Cementitious Materials
No full textThis study investigates the effect of micr-oaggregate filling with copper tailing on the pore structure of cement paste containing copper tailing (CPCT). The particle size of the CPCT and the pore structure of CPCT were analyzed by laser particle size analysis and mercury instruction porosimetry (MIP). Results showed that at the early stage of curing time, with increasing copper tailing content, the compressive strength of cement mortar with copper tailing (CMCT) was lower, and the porosity and pore diameter of CPCT were higher and greater; with the extension of curing age, when the content of copper tailing was less than 30%, the compressive strength of CMCT and the porosity of CPCT changed slightly with the increase of the content of copper tailing. However, the maximum hole diameter of CPCT decreased gradually (a curing age between 7 d and 365 d under standard conditions). Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that at the early stage of cement hydration in the CPCT, the copper tailing did not fill the pores in CPCT well, while in the later stage of cement hydration, the microaggregates of copper tailing filled the pores well and closely combined with the surrounding hydration products. In the later stage of cement hydration, the microaggregate filling of copper tailing was primarily responsible for the strength increase of the CMCT
Analysis of Streamflow Complexity Based on Entropies in the Weihe River Basin, China
No full textThe study on the complexity of streamflow has guiding significance for hydrologic simulation, hydrologic prediction, water resources planning and management. Utilizing monthly streamflow data from four hydrologic control stations in the mainstream of the Weihe River in China, the methods of approximate entropy, sample entropy, two-dimensional entropy and fuzzy entropy are introduced into hydrology research to investigate the spatial distribution and dynamic change in streamflow complexity. The results indicate that the complexity of the streamflow has spatial differences in the Weihe River watershed, exhibiting an increasing tendency along the Weihe mainstream, except at the Linjiacun station, which may be attributed to the elevated anthropogenic influence. Employing sliding entropies, the variation points of the streamflow time series at the Weijiabu station were identified in 1968, 1993 and 2003, and those at the Linjiacun station, Xianyang station and Huaxian station occurred in 1971, 1993 and 2003. In the verification of the above points, the minimum value of t-test is 3.7514, and that of Brown–Forsythe is 7.0307, far exceeding the significance level of 95%. Also, the cumulative anomaly can detect two variation points. The t-test, Brown–Forsythe test and cumulative anomaly test strengthen the conclusion regarding the availability of entropies for identifying the streamflow variability. The results lead us to conclude that four entropies have good application effects in the complexity analysis of the streamflow time series. Moreover, two-dimensional entropy and fuzzy entropy, which have been rarely used in hydrology research before, demonstrate better continuity and relative consistency, are more suitable for short and noisy hydrologic time series and more effectively identify the streamflow complexity. The results could be very useful in identifying variation points in the streamflow time series
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