163 research outputs found
Individuaalse hääle verifitseerimise võimaluse mõju usaldusele e-valimiste vastu
No full textIndividuaalse hääle verifitseerimine on komponent turvalisest e-valimissüsteemist, millel
on kaks põhilist ülesannet: süsteemivastaste rünnete tuvastamine ning e-hääletaja
usalduse tõstmine e-valimiste vastu. Käesolev uurimus keskendub viimasele ning püüab
empiirilistele andmetele tuginedes seletada, kas ja mil määral on Eestis 2013. aastal
kasutusele võetud verifitseerimine valija usaldustaset mõjutanud. Usalduse ja
verifitseerimise vahelist seost uurisid 2016. aastal põgusalt Mihkel Solvak ja Kristjan
Vassil. Toona kolme üleriigilise valimise põhjal tehtud uuring näitas, et verifitseerimise
kasutamine usaldusele olulist mõju ei avaldanud, sest rakendust kasutas väga väike ja
unikaalne grupp e-hääletajaid, keda iseloomustas muuhulgas kõrge arvutikasutusoskus
ning kalduvus e-valimisi juba eos usaldada.
Kuna tehnoloogia areneb tänapäeval kiiresti, oli paslik nüüd, neli aastat hiljem,
verifitseerimise ja valija usalduse vaheline seos taas luubi alla võtta. Käesolevas töös
analüüsiti valimisjärgseid läbilõikeküsitlusi ja tõlgendati tulemusi tehnoloogia usaldust
ja difusiooni seletavate teooriatega. Selgus, et verifitseerimine on varajases
innovatsioonijärgus ning seda kasutab endiselt väga spetsiifiliste tunnuste ja kõrge
usaldustasemega e-valijate grupp, mistõttu efekt valija usaldustasemele tegelikkuses
praktiliselt puudub. Asjaolu, et verifitseerimine ei ole kuute valimiste jooksul laiema
kasutajaskonna seas levima hakanud, võib tähendada seda, et rakendus ei pruugi sellisel
kujul ka tulevikus valija usaldustaset mõjutama hakata.https://www.ester.ee/record=b5355729*es
Creating Trust in Citizen Participation through Decentralized Autonomous Citizen Participation Organizations (DACPOs)
No full textBlockchain-based Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) are systems for transacting and storing value by automatically executing a function without the need for trusted, centralized authorities. Participative budgeting requires voting about budget allocation by communities and is often confronted with issues in trust and transparency. Yet, DAOs are hardly used for participative budgeting. In this research, we introduce Decentralized Autonomous Citizen Participation Organizations (DACPOs). In a DACPO, data and actions are recorded and autonomously executed in a decentralized way. DACPOs can be used for enabling participative budgeting and thereby provide transparency, decrease the risks of fraud and corruption, and increase citizens' trust. The viability of DACPOs depends on a number of factors, including a minimum number of citizens who participate. In further research, factors influencing the use of DACPOs for participative budgeting can be further analyzed and tested.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Information and Communication TechnologyEngineering, Systems and ServicesEconomics of Technology and Innovatio
Public Values of Trustworthy Peer-To-peer (P2P) Lending System
No full textGovernments want to improve the economy by extending the market of financial credit. Recently, Peer-To-peer (P2P) lending credit scoring systems have gained more attention for advancing society; however, the role of governments in ensuring fair access to such a system is not known. This work aims to understand better the public values for trustworthy P2P lending systems. Public values should provide the basis to which a P2P lending system should adhere. Credit scoring in P2P lending is not merely about the technology in creating a profitable system for all participants. Several public values are of relevance. Understanding credit scoring in P2P lending is crucial to ensure inclusiveness, trustworthiness, fairness, equal treatment, and accountability.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Information and Communication TechnologyEngineering, Systems and Service
From requirements to a research agenda for governments governing reuse of critical raw materials in the circular economy
No full textGovernmental organisations use a diversity of policy instruments for sustainability goals. In the field of materials, they aim to advance the reuse of materials on the one hand. On the other hand, they also want to control critical raw materials (CRMs) to protect society against scarcity. Information sharing is required to monitor for both objectives. Research into information sharing for the circular economy mainly focuses on using ICT to follow entire products, such as digital product passports. However, research into information sharing for reuse flows and monitoring at the level of materials is limited so far. Therefore, in this paper, we derive the following requirements for information sharing to support the monitoring of materials and CRMs in particular: 1) businesses and government organisations should have access to the complete history of materials; 2) businesses should be able to share information on materials between different supply chains and industries; 3) information on materials should be reliable and tamper-resistant; 4) governments should be able to obtain a complete overview of the pool of CRMs in circulation and of who is responsible for them; 5) the system supporting the information sharing on materials should be highly robust and should not have a single locus of control. Based on this overview of requirements, we present a research agenda in which we identify challenges and related future research questions.Information and Communication Technolog
Digital Government and the Circular Economy: Towards an Analytical Framework
No full textCircular economy is high on the political agenda, with governments at all levels setting ambitious goals to move away from traditional linear production models, where goods are used and disposed as waste, towards a future with less use of virgin raw materials, and where valuable materials at a product end-of-life are returned as raw materials or in an environmentally-friendly way to the biosphere. While circular economy is gaining a lot of attention on a policy level, the role that digital government can play to facilitate the circular economy transition is largely unexplored. We carry out a review of existing literature in the fields of digital government and Information Systems (IS) to identify the roles played by digital government in the circular economy. Based on an analysis of 54 empirical research articles, we identify foci and gaps in relation to the different types of roles played by government (nodality, authority, treasure, and organization), to stages of the Product Life Cycle (preuse, in-use, and post-use), and to types of digital technology focused on. Based on these findings, we present an analytical framework to guide future research on digital government in relation to the circular economy, and exemplify the use of the framework drawing on examples from circular economy initiatives in the automotive industry.Information and Communication Technolog
Challenges in the Transition towards a Quantum-safe Government
No full textThe computation power of quantum computers introduces new security threats in Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), a system used by many governments to secure their digital public services and communication. This calls for an inevitable need for governments to be quantum-safe (QS) by modifying their PKI systems to be resistant to the attacks of quantum computers. However, there is limited academic literature on a QS PKI system, and in this limited literature, the transition challenges are perceived as exclusively technological. This paper aims to create a structured overview of challenges when transitioning to a QS PKI system. We do this by reviewing literature and classifying the challenges using Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework and using an expert workshop to explore the challenges in the context of the PKI system in the Dutch government. The main challenges in the technological context include no universal QS solution, legacy system, complex PKI interoperability, and vulnerable Root CA. The main challenges in the organizational context include knowledge gap, unclear governance, lack of urgency, and in-house management support. Furthermore, the main challenges in the environmental context include institutional void, stakeholder collaboration, lack of awareness, and policy guidance. The results indicate that the QS transition from the current PKI system is complex, and the challenges are socio-Technical. For policy-makers, this implies that they should start early to prepare, whereas organizations are hardly aware of the process of QS transition and the topic of quantum computing is yet to develop the urgency in organizations. Information and Communication TechnologyEngineering, Systems and Service
Let's Gamify Open Government Data Portals! the GamOGD prototype
No full textGovernment policies focused on Open Government Data (OGD) often aim to stimulate the provision of public, interoperable data towards any user, including lay citizens, through online portals. However, these OGD portals are primarily developed for expert users. This hinders the realization of transparency, empowerment, and equality of access. This system demonstration paper presents GamOGD, an OGD portal prototype tailored to lay citizens that implements fifteen gamification design propositions.Information and Communication Technolog
Designing for Responsibility
No full textGovernments are increasingly using sophisticated self-learning algorithms to automate and standardize decision-making on a large scale. However, despite aspirations for predictive data and more efficient decision-making, the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) also gives rise to risks and creates a potential for harm. The attribution of responsibility to individuals for the harm caused by these novel socio-Technical decision-making systems is epistemically and normatively challenging. The conditions necessary for individuals to be adequately held responsible-moral agency, freedom, control, and knowledge, can be undermined by the introduction of algorithmic decision-making. Thereby responsibility gaps are created where seemingly no one is sufficiently responsible for the system's outcome. We turn this challenge to adequately attribute responsibility into a design challenge to design for these responsibility conditions. Drawing on philosophical responsibility literature, we develop a conceptual framework to scrutinize the task responsibilities of actors involved in the (re-)design and application of algorithmic decision-making systems. This framework is applied to an empirical case study involving AI in automated governmental decision-making. We find that the framework enables the critical assessment of a socio-Technical system's design for responsibility and provides valuable insights to prevent future harm. The article addresses the current academic and empirical lack of philosophical insights to understand and design for responsibilities in novel algorithmic ICT systems.Information and Communication TechnologyEthics & Philosophy of Technolog
Saadikute eelnõud parlamendis - Soome ja Eesti võrdlev uuring
No full textParlamendisaadikute poolt algatatud seaduseelnõud moodustavad parlamentaarsetes demokraatiates reeglina kogu seadusloomest väikese osa. Enamikes sellistes süsteemides domineerivad seadusandluses seadusandliku võimu üle tegelikult valitsuse algatatud eelnõud. Sellest hoolimata on saadikud üsna aktiivsed eelnõude esitajad. Antud uuringus on vaatluse all Eestis 1999-2007 esitatud 328 ja Soomes 2003-2007 esitatud 665 sellist eelnõud. Eesti puhul võeti antud perioodil seadustena vastu 37.9% ja Soomes 4.5% neist eelnõudest. Seega esineb selge vastuolu madala edukuse ja suure algatamise sageduse vahel. Nende numbrite taustal tekib küsimus miks saadikud nii ebaratsionaalselt käituvad ja kulutavad oma aega eelnõude esitamiseks, mis suure tõenäosusega kunagi midagi reaalselt reguleerima ei hakka, sest need kas hääletatakse maha või jäävad toppama menetlusprotsessi teatud faasi ja aeguvad koos parlamendikoosseisu ametiaja lõpuga. Doktoritöö sisuks on saadikute esitatud eelnõude esitamise, sisu ja menetluse põhjalikum vaatlemine ja statistiline analüüs, mille abil püütakse anda vastus nii antud vastuolule käitumises kui ka hinnata selle võimalikke tagajärgi eelnõude sisule ja menetlemisele täiskogus. Põhiline seletav mehhanism mille kehtivust testitakse on personaalse hääle soodustamine valimissüsteemi poolt, mis motiveerib poliitikuid individualistlikult käituma tagasivalimise tõenäosuse suurendamiseks. Personaalse hääle efekt ilmnes selgelt esitamise puhul ehk saadikud kelle valimisel on see suurema tähtsusega on aktiivsemad saadikute eelnõude esitajad Eelnõude enda sisu ja hilisem menetlusprotsess sõltub aga reeglina algataja kuulumisest kas koalitsiooni või opositsiooni ridadesse. Valimissüsteemi sisene variatsioon seega struktureerib käitumist eelnõude esitamise sagedus näol, samas ei ole efektid nii tugevad, et avaldaksid mõju seadusloome etappides, mis järgnevad eelnõude esitamisele.The share of private member’s bills (PMB) in overall legislation in parliamentary systems tends to be small. As a rule, the executive tends to dominate over the legislative branch in initiating legislation. Regardless of this, members of parliament (MP) tend to be quite active sponsors of legislation. This study analyses 328 such PMBs from the period of 1999-2007 in Estonia and 665 bills from 2003-2007 in Finland. The success rate of these bills was 37.9% and 4.5% in Estonia and Finland respectively. The high number of sponsored bills stands in marked contrast to the low number of passed ones. This raises the question why MPs engage in apparently irrational behavior of using their limited time to sponsor a large number of bills that will most likely never be passed. The thesis scrutinizes the sponsoring, substance and the legislative process of these bills with statistical methods and through this explains the apparent contradiction in behavior. The primary explanatory mechanism focuses on the personal vote notion, which captures the degree to which individualistic behavior of MPs is rewarded by the electoral system. The results show that the degree of the personal vote explains PMB sponsorship frequency, i.e. MPs who operate in a setting that is comparatively more rewarding towards individualistic behavior sponsor these bills in greater numbers. The substance of the bills and their fate in the legislative process depends however on the coalition or opposition status of the MP and not on the personal vote level of the sponsor. Variance within an electoral system therefore structures behavior in parliament; on the other hand, the effects are not strong enough to influence substantive parts of the electoral process that follow the initiation of a bill
Evaluation of electoral system change: an example of parliamentary elections in Estonia
No full textThe aim of this research was to assess seven theoretical changes of Estonian electoral system based on four evaluation criteria: simplicity, extent of the change, proportionality and fragmentation. The seven changes explored were: replacement of modified d’Hondt with regular or the sequence of Sainte-Laguë, applying natural quota or Droop quota and largest remainders method, increasing district magnitude and losing or decreasing national threshold. To give an assessment to these changes of electoral rules, an experiment was carried out with data from the last two elections of Estonian parliament in 2007 and 2011.
Effects of the change were considered positive if they made the electoral system simpler, did not assume huge changes in the existing system, gave more proportional results and did not increase fragmentation considerably.
Based on the criteria and the data, the best changes were replacing modified d’Hondt with regular one in the compensational tier and decreasing the threshold to 3% or losing it altogether. Both of these changes made the electoral system less complicated, they were not large-scale changes, they brought about a more proportional seat distribution and they did not make the parliament considerably more fragmented than the actual electoral system.
It is important to note that the results of this research have their limits. The experiment showed that from the perspective of proportionality and fragmentation, same changes of electoral system may give different results. The effects of the particular system do not depend only on electoral rules, but importantly also on the input – distribution of electorate’s votes among parties. The input of the two elections, whose data was used in the experiment, was quite different. That made possible that the same changes affected proportionality and fragmentation differently in each case.
To make comprehensive conclusions, it is essential to increase the number of cases studied and test the results on broader data. Secondly, as more or less every aspect of the party system is affected by the electoral system, it is important to use more criteria than in this work in assessing the effects of changing the electoral system.http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2616466~S1*es
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