1,231 research outputs found
Ny gymnasieskola : En beskrivning av GY-2007
No full textSAMMANFATTNING Den här uppsatsen behandlar den nya gymnasieskolan, GY-2007, som ska tas i bruk från och med 1 juli 2007. De reformer som ledde fram till dagens gymnasieskola redovisas för att få en bild av hur den vuxit fram. GY-2007 beskrivs med utgångspunkt i den regeringsproposition 2003/04:140 Kunskap och kvalitet – elva steg för utvecklingen av gymnasieskolan, som ligger till grund för reformen. I uppsatsen jämförs den nuvarande gymnasieskolan med framtidens gymnasieskola, GY-2007, för att peka på de skillnader som finns och vad de kan tänkas innebära. Författarens syfte med uppsatsen är att ta reda på mer om och beskriva GY-2007. De frågor som ställs är finns det några likheter och skillnader mellan dagens gymnasieskola och GY- 2007 och vad kan de tänkas innebära? Det är endast förändringarna som rör ungdomsgymnasiet som behandlas. Det finns inga stora reformnyheter med GY-2007, ett par steg undantagna. GY-207 bygger på nuvarande gymnasieskolas reformer och de förändringar som gjorts är i vissa fall återgång till tidigare system eller utveckling av det nuvarande. Materialet som behandlats är till största del offentligt tryck som statens offentliga utredningar (SOU) och regeringspropositioner. En del facklitteratur som behandlar framväxten av dagens skola har använts liksom material från Internet, tidningsartiklar samt en intervju med en gymnasielärare i historia. Uppsatsen är beskrivande, deskriptiv, men eftersom en jämförelse mellan dagens gymnasieskola och GY-2007 görs med efterföljande utvärdering är den även komparativ och normativ.In this paper a description is made of the future senior high school, GY-2007, valid from July 1st 2007. It describes the reforms which led to the senior high school of today in order to give an understanding of its structure. The description of GY-2007 is based on the government bill 2003/04:140 Kunskap och kvalitet – elva steg för utvecklingen av gymnasieskolan. (Knowledge and quality – eleven steps for the development of the senior high school) The author wants to find out more about and describe GY-2007. Questions asked are whether there are any similarities or differences between the senior high school of today and the future senior high school GY-2007. What consequences can be expected? Only changes related to education of young people are dealt with. There are, with a few exceptions, no major news in the government bill. GY-2007 is a reorganization of earlier reforms. The suggested changes in the bill are a development of the present senior high school or partly a return to earlier structures. The material used is, in the first hand, official publications such as researches and government bills. Also material from the Internet, articles from newspapers and an interview with a teacher are used. The essay is descriptive but since a comparison between today’s senior high school and GY-2007 is made, and followed by an evaluation it is also comparative and normative
Ny gymnasieskola : En beskrivning av GY-2007
No full textSAMMANFATTNING Den här uppsatsen behandlar den nya gymnasieskolan, GY-2007, som ska tas i bruk från och med 1 juli 2007. De reformer som ledde fram till dagens gymnasieskola redovisas för att få en bild av hur den vuxit fram. GY-2007 beskrivs med utgångspunkt i den regeringsproposition 2003/04:140 Kunskap och kvalitet – elva steg för utvecklingen av gymnasieskolan, som ligger till grund för reformen. I uppsatsen jämförs den nuvarande gymnasieskolan med framtidens gymnasieskola, GY-2007, för att peka på de skillnader som finns och vad de kan tänkas innebära. Författarens syfte med uppsatsen är att ta reda på mer om och beskriva GY-2007. De frågor som ställs är finns det några likheter och skillnader mellan dagens gymnasieskola och GY- 2007 och vad kan de tänkas innebära? Det är endast förändringarna som rör ungdomsgymnasiet som behandlas. Det finns inga stora reformnyheter med GY-2007, ett par steg undantagna. GY-207 bygger på nuvarande gymnasieskolas reformer och de förändringar som gjorts är i vissa fall återgång till tidigare system eller utveckling av det nuvarande. Materialet som behandlats är till största del offentligt tryck som statens offentliga utredningar (SOU) och regeringspropositioner. En del facklitteratur som behandlar framväxten av dagens skola har använts liksom material från Internet, tidningsartiklar samt en intervju med en gymnasielärare i historia. Uppsatsen är beskrivande, deskriptiv, men eftersom en jämförelse mellan dagens gymnasieskola och GY-2007 görs med efterföljande utvärdering är den även komparativ och normativ.In this paper a description is made of the future senior high school, GY-2007, valid from July 1st 2007. It describes the reforms which led to the senior high school of today in order to give an understanding of its structure. The description of GY-2007 is based on the government bill 2003/04:140 Kunskap och kvalitet – elva steg för utvecklingen av gymnasieskolan. (Knowledge and quality – eleven steps for the development of the senior high school) The author wants to find out more about and describe GY-2007. Questions asked are whether there are any similarities or differences between the senior high school of today and the future senior high school GY-2007. What consequences can be expected? Only changes related to education of young people are dealt with. There are, with a few exceptions, no major news in the government bill. GY-2007 is a reorganization of earlier reforms. The suggested changes in the bill are a development of the present senior high school or partly a return to earlier structures. The material used is, in the first hand, official publications such as researches and government bills. Also material from the Internet, articles from newspapers and an interview with a teacher are used. The essay is descriptive but since a comparison between today’s senior high school and GY-2007 is made, and followed by an evaluation it is also comparative and normative
Maastricht & the Choice of Exchange Rate Regime in Transition Countries during the Run-Up to EMU. ENEPRI Working Paper No. 6, May 2001
No full textThis paper raises some specific issues concerning the choice of exchange rate regime in transition countries during the run-up to EU/EMU membership. It argues that there is no "one-size-fits-all" exchange rate regime that accession countries should uniformly adopt. It also argues that the Maastricht criterion on inflation is inconsistent with the catching-up process because of the Balassa-Samuelson effect and that this inconsistency will encourage a "weighing-in" syndrome: like the boxer who refrains from eating for hours prior to the weigh-in only to consume a big meal once the weigh-in is over, the candidate country will maintain very tight monetary policy and resort to all sorts of techniques (freezing of administered prices, lowering of consumption taxes, etc.) to squeeze down inflation prior to accession only to shift back gears after it has joined the EMU. Indeed, the convergence of short-term interest rates to EMU levels that will come with accession will automatically mean a loosening of monetary policy after the country has become a member of the monetary union. That loosening will be reinforced if the country had previously allowed its exchange rate to appreciate against the euro. The result of this stop-go cycle is that the efficiency of economic management will suffer. It would be better to recognize the principle of the Balassa-Samuelson effect explicitly in the Maastricht criteria by giving more room for maneuver than the one provided by the present rule. The paper makes suggestions on how the Maastricht criterion on inflation could be adjusted and discusses their merits. It concludes that a reasonable compromise would be to define the permissible inflation deviation in reference to the average inflation rate of the euro zone, not the three EU members with the lowest inflation rate
What is the Future of Strategic Management?
No full textThe history of planning and creating strategies has a past of over half a century. Throughout this lifetime period we have witnessed both the evolution of theory and practice. The MBA study books in the last-third of the 20th century have with predilection exhibited this very process as a complex of monetary centered budget planning, forecast-based planning, strategic planning and strategic management. There might be a controversy existing about the naming, characteristics and timing of these different sections but there is an accordance that the changes that we have taken place in the last decade as a whole without a doubt can be derived from these very changes in the business environment or in some outstanding cases (like 9/11) they can be acknowledged as the ability of corporate foreseeing and the ability to adapt to the vision of the future.
The main purposes of the research is to provide a summarized picture about the changing process of this procedure during last decades as far as the planning and creating strategies are concerned and also their milestones and periods. Try to explore and systemize the very aspects of these changes. The happenings of the first decade of the new millennium are outstandingly interesting if we consider their real effect on the theory and practice of strategic management. Let us remember the euphoria around the year 2000, the predictions of „new technologies”, „new economy”, „new organization” and „new leadership”. We have implied before on the destruction of the twin towers of the World Trade Center which meant a new era, a new quality of international terrorism and its consequences (Afghanistan, Iraq). But the „product” of this decade is the strategic aim that companies focus on, which is the social responsibility regarding the unavoidance of the effects of climate change on the long run. During the research the big question has risen concerning how did the science of strategic management do as far as the predictions of the global monetary and economic crisis are concerned? And also its solutions this very science has to offer in order to handle and get over the crisis. Does it conclude from the answers given to the questions that a change in paradigms are necessary, a new quality is needed or may be we have come to a new crossroad of the development process that will take over strategic management? (...
Radiation related prognostic factors in radiation oncology
No full textCITATION: Smit, B. J. 2000. Radiation related prognostic factors in radiation oncology. European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology, 21(1):7-12, doi:10.12892/ejgo20000107.The original publication is available at https://www.ejgo.net1. The outcome of a course of radiotherapy is very dependent on the dose per fraction. The smaller the dose per fraction, as a general rule, the better the sparing of the late reacting normal tissues. 2. Overall treatment time is important, especially for tumours with a rapid doubling time. In such a case, the ideal of small doses per fraction (to save late reacting tissues) as well as a short overall treatment time (to offset the effect of repopulating) can be achieved by small doses per fraction applied two to three times per day, including Saturdays or weekends. 3. The BED (biologically effective dose) is a simple to use formula indicating the effects of fractionation. The most important term in the formula is the alpha/beta ratio which is available from experimental work for many tumours and tissues and can be looked up. As a guide, an alpha/beta ratio of 10 for early (acute) reaction and for tumour effects, and an alpha/beta ratio of 2 for late effects plus normal tissue complications can be used. 4. The application of the BED demonstrates that for HDR intracavitary therapy for cervical carcinoma, the biologically relevant dose lateral to point M(A) falls very much more rapidly than the nominal dose. Line sources are shown by comparison with other published reports, not to be intrinsically inferior to tandem ring/tandem ovoid systems and may have advantages the more cumbersome systems do not have, and may have the large advantage of allowing multiple small fractions without anaesthesia. For the particular line source system under discussion, water in a 40 cm3 Foleys bulb is used as the protecting medium for the posterior bladder wall and the anterior rectum. This particular system allows fraction sizes far smaller than 9.1 Gy at point (M)A, e.g. 3 Gy, which bestows an even greater benefit in terms of the therapeutic ratio according to BED10 and BED2 calculations.Publisher's versio
Time and dose-related changes in radiological lung density after concurrent chemoradiotherapy for lung cancer
No full textRadiation pneumonitis is an important cause of morbidity after concurrent thoracic chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). However, asymptomatic changes in lung density on computed tomography (CT)-scans occur more commonly, and correspond to regions of inflammatory changes. Characterization of dose- and time-related changes in radiological lung density (RLD) may facilitate improved radiation planning, and allow for a more objective measure for assessing damage. We studied changes in RLD following CCRT with cisplatin–etoposide, using deformable registration to co-register follow-up scans. All CT-scans performed for up to 24 months post-treatment were evaluated in 25 patients treated with CCRT for stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. A total of 104 scans (median of 3 per patient) were co-registered with planning scans using a deformable registration tool (VelocityAI, Atlanta, USA). Last follow-up scan was at median 9.4 months (range 3.4–22.6 months). Seven patients developed clinical radiation pneumonitis. RLD changes (in Hounsfield units) were measured in regions receiving 3–66 Gy. Linear mixed models were used to study dose–density changes over time. No significant changes in RLD were observed in the first 3 months post-treatment. Increases in RLD were observed at 3–6 months (p 30 Gy, with only minor density changes at lower dose levels. Planning target volume size was significantly associated with RLD changes (p = 0.03). Limiting lung doses to ≤30 Gy during CCRT may limit sub-clinical damage, and the time-course of RLD changes may allow for early quantification of pulmonary damage when evaluating novel treatment strategies.Erik C.J. Phernambucq, David A. Palma, Andrew Vincent, Egbert F. Smit, Suresh Sena
S-Nitrosylation in Organs of Mice Exposed to Low or High Doses of γ-Rays: The Modulating Effect of Iodine Contrast Agent at a Low Radiation Dose
No full textThe covalent addition of nitric oxide (NO•) onto cysteine thiols, or S-nitrosylation, modulates the activity of key signaling proteins. The dysregulation of normal S-nitrosylation contributes to degenerative conditions and to cancer. To gain insight into the biochemical changes induced by low-dose ionizing radiation, we determined global S-nitrosylation by the “biotin switch” assay coupled with mass spectrometry analyses in organs of C57BL/6J mice exposed to acute 0.1 Gy of cesium-137 γ-rays. The dose of radiation was delivered to the whole body in the presence or absence of iopamidol, an iodinated contrast agent used during radiological examinations. To investigate whether similar or distinct nitrosylation patterns are induced following high-dose irradiation, mice were exposed in parallel to acute 4 Gy of cesium-137 γ rays. Analysis of modulated S-nitrosothiols (SNO-proteins) in freshly-harvested organs of animals sacrificed 13 days after irradiation revealed radiation dose- and contrast agent-dependent changes. The major results were as follows: (i) iopamidol alone had significant effects on S-nitrosylation in brain, lung and liver; (ii) relative to the control, exposure to 0.1 Gy without iopamidol resulted in statistically-significant SNO changes in proteins that differ in molecular weight in liver, lung, brain and blood plasma; (iii) iopamidol enhanced the decrease in S-nitrosylation induced by 0.1 Gy in brain; (iv) whereas a decrease in S-nitrosylation occurred at 0.1 Gy for proteins of ~50 kDa in brain and for proteins of ~37 kDa in liver, an increase was detected at 4 Gy in both organs; (v) mass spectrometry analyses of nitrosylated proteins in brain revealed differential modulation of SNO proteins (e.g., sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1; beta tubulins; ADP-ribosylation factor 5) by low- and high-dose irradiation; and (vi) ingenuity pathway analysis identified major signaling networks to be modulated, in particular the neuronal nitric oxide synthase signaling pathway was differentially modulated by low- and high-dose γ-irradiation.Peer reviewe
Assessment of Very High Energy Electron therapy as a clinical modality for external beam therapy
No full textVery high energy electron (VHEE) radiotherapy is being investigated as a potential replacement of photon therapy. VHEE pencil beams have a small penumbra and strong depth dependence for radiotherapy when compared to photons. This allows a lower dose to healthy tissue. Generating these high electron energy beams could be achieved by using laser accelerators. These accelerators allow the equipment to be smaller than currently possible and make it possible to fit them in a standard radiotherapy treatment bunker. This makes VHEE a potential middle ground between photon and proton therapy in relation to equipment costs and treatment quality. The purpose of this project is to compare photon based Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) and VHEE treatment plans for treatment of prostate cancer. For 10 prostate cancer patients IMRT treatment plans were generated with 23 beams. These plans were optimized using Erasmus MC in-house developed Erasmus-iCycle automated treatment plan optimization tool. The dependence of VHEE plan quality on beam energy (200, 300 and 400 MeV) and number of equi-angular beams (9, 18 and 36) was investigated. The treatment plans were optimized using the multi-criterial optimizer Erasmus-iCycle. For each patient VHEE pencil beam dose distributions were pre-calculated using TOPAS MC, a Monte Carlo simulation program based on Geant4. Results: VHEE treatment plans show either a reduced or similar mean OAR dose when compared to IMRT treatment plans except for the 9 beam 200 MeV plan which was worse compared to IMRT. All treatment plans were normalized to a PTV coverage of 99 % V57Gy. It is found that the mean rectum dose reduces from 13.5 Gy for IMRT to between 9.2 and 11.9 (p=0.002-0.004) for the VHEE plans. For the anus dose a reduction in mean dose was found for all VHEE treatment plans except for the 9 beam 200 MeV and the 18 beam 200 MeV VHEE treatment plans. The mean anus dose reduced from 12.4 Gy for IMRT to 7.0 - 10.6 Gy (p=0.002-0.014) for the VHEE treatment plans. The bladder dose reduced from 20.1 Gy to between 15.2 and 18.2 Gy (p=0.002). Increasing the number of VHEE beams in a treatment plan reduces the OAR dose. Comparing 9, 18 and 36 beam treatment plans with 300 MeV. The mean rectum dose reduces from 14.0 Gy for the 9 beam plan to 11.1 Gy (p=0.002) and 9.9 Gy (p=0.002) for the 18 and 36 beam plan, respectively. The same pattern is found for the anus and bladder. Treatment plans with a higher beam energy reduces the dose to OAR. The mean rectum dose reduces from 13.4 Gy for the 200 MeV plan to 11.1 (p=0.002) and 10.0 (p=0.002) Gy for the 300 and 400 MeV plans. The same pattern is found in the mean bladder dose with 18.2 Gy, 16.8 Gy (p=0.002) and 15.9 Gy (p=0.002). The right femoral head maximum dose increases from 28.0 Gy for 200 MeV to 29.4 Gy(p=0.002) and 29.6 Gy (p=0.049) for the 300 and 400 MeV treatment plans. VHEE is a potential replacement for IMRT due to the reduced dose to healthy tissue while maintaining similar target coverage compared to IMRT. By increasing the number of beams and/or the electron beam energy we can further reduce doses to the healthy tissue. </p
The [1,2] Pade amplitudes for pi pi scatterings in chiral perturbation theory
No full textA detailed analysis to the [1, 2] Pade approximation to the pipi scattering 2-loop amplitudes in chiral perturbation theory is made. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.Physics, MultidisciplinarySCI(E)8ARTICLE1-289-9954
Irradiation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with 7.5 Gy X-rays prior to donor lymphocyte infusion inhibits proliferation while preserving cytotoxicity, and improves the effectiveness of HSCT in patients with hematological malignancies
No full textThe aim of the present study was to explore the effect of different X-ray doses on the proliferation and cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), particularly lymphocytes, in order to assess whether this reduces the incidence of graft vs. host disease (GVHD) while preserving the graft vs. tumor (GVT) effect in patients with hematological malignancies following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). PBMCs from healthy donors were irradiated with X-rays at doses of 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 25 or 50 Gy, and their proliferative activity was determined using a WST-8 assay kit. The cytotoxic activity of non-irradiated PBMCs and PBMCs irradiated with 7.5 Gy X-rays was tested in the leukemic cell line K562 and its Adriamycin-resistant strain K562A using a lactate dehydrogenase assay. The clinical data of 7 patients who received 7.5 Gy X-ray-irradiated PBMC infusions following autologous HSCT were analyzed. PBMCs irradiated with >= 7.5 Gy X-rays exhibited a complete inhibition of proliferation. PBMCs irradiated with 7.5 Gy X-rays exhibited significantly increased cytotoxic activity towards K562 cells compared with K562A cells (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in cytotoxicity between irradiated and non-irradiated PBMCs, irrespective of the target cell, K562 or K562A (P>0.05). Based on the in vitro data, clinical data from patients who received 7.5 Gy X-ray-irradiated PBMC infusions following HSCT between January 2005 and January 2013 were assessed retrospectively. A total of 7 patients were included in the current study. The majority achieved various degrees of remission following donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) and none suffered from GVHD. This indicates that 7.5 Gy-irradiated PMBCs have a potential application in DLI for the treatment of patients following HSCT. However, further studies on larger patient cohorts are required to assess the clinical potential of 7.5 Gy-irradiated PBMCs for preserving the GVT effect while avoiding GVHD following HSCT.Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission [Z141107002514017]; National Natural Science Fund of China [81041002]SCI(E)ARTICLE64101-41081
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