1,720,952 research outputs found
Le cadre législatif et organisationnel de la gestion du risque d\u92inondation aux Pays-Bas
No full textComme c\u92est le cas pour la plupart des législations des autres états européens, la législation néerlandaise relative à la gestion du risque d\u92inondation a été contingente des catastrophes; cette attitude du législateur est classique et concerne aussi d\u92autres types de risques. L\u92infl uence européenne sur cette législation grandit constamment, ainsi on bénéfi cie aussi des expériences des autres états membres. La clef de notre réussite actuelle réside moins dans les ouvrages mêmes que dans notre système organisationnel, juridique et fi nancier. Faute de budget pour son entretien et son réaménagement régulier, un ouvrage ne tiendrait pas longtemps. En faisant en sorte que la gestion de l\u92eau et la gestion du risque d\u92inondation soient regroupées au sein d\u92une même structure, on s\u92assure que ce soient les mêmes personnes, maîtrisant et connaissant parfaitement les cours d\u92eau et les systèmes de protection concernés, concernés, qui sont impliquées. Des progrès substantiels restent encore à faire et ont été entamés en 2007 en matière de communication de crise entre les services de gestion des cours d\u92eau d\u92une part, et ceux en charge de la gestion de crise d\u92autre part. Ce livre décrit de façon large la spécifi cité de la situation des Pays-Bas, les institutions, les événements majeurs qui ont mené à la politique contemporaine de protection contre les risques et de la gestion de crise, le niveau de sécurité fixé par la loi, la gestion, le fi nancement du secteur de l\u92eau, les grands travaux, l\u92urbanisme et l\u92absence intentionnelle d\u92assurance contre l\u92inondation, les directives européennes sur le risque d\u92inondation, et les particularités de notre système de gestion de crise. Un certain nombre de sujets ne sont pas encore résolus, notamment le fi nancement de la réfection des digues, dunes et ouvrages d\u92art d\u92ici 2023, les choix à prendre ou à laisser dès aujourd\u92hui pour l\u92horizon 2050/2100, et les « confl its » entre l\u92application des différentes directives européennes en matière de gestion des risques et de protection de la nature
Overstromingsrisico en waterbeheer in Nederland: De stand van zaken in 2012
No full textFranstalige versie: Le cadre législatif et organisationnel de la gestion du risque d\u92inondation aux Pays-Bas - http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:87b38e7a-913e-45da-8408-87684e91c7c6 Zoals in de meeste landen, is de wetgeving voor de beheersing van overstromingsrisico\u92s en crisismanagement in Nederland tot stand gekomen na rampen. De Europese richtlijnen beïnvloeden onze wetgeving in toenemende mate; we nemen ervaringen van andere landen in onze wetgeving mee. De Europese Richtlijn Overstromingsrisico\u92s was een initiatief van Frankrijk en Nederland. De richtlijn heeft als doel om overstromingsrisicobeheersplannen op te stellen, waarin waarschuwingen voor overstromingen, ruimtelijke ordening, hoogwaterkeringen, en respons- en reddingsdiensten zijn opgenomen. In Nederland is de hoogwaterbescherming al 60 jaar succesvol dankzij aanpassingen in de organisatie, wetgeving, financiële instrumenten en instituten. De beheersing van overstromingsrisico\u92s en watermanagement zijn in ons land geïntegreerd. Voor het goed functioneren van waterkeringen is voldoende financiering van regelmatig beheer en onderhoud essentieel. Door het dagelijkse waterbeheer en de beheersing van overstromingsrisico\u92s te combineren, zijn hier mensen bij betrokken die een gedetailleerde kennis hebben van zowel de watersystemen als de waterkeringen. Crisiscommunicatie tussen watermanagers en crisismanagers van hulpdiensten is echter nog steeds een belangrijk punt voor verbetering. De overstroming van New Orleans door de orkaan Katrina was een waarschuwing voor Nederland. Ook in Nederland kan een overstromingsramp plaatsvinden, ook al gelden voor onze waterkeringen zeer strenge veiligheidsnormen. De communicatie tussen verschillende departementen en diensten is sterk verbeterd dankzij de nationale rampenoefening \u93Waterproof\u94, georganiseerd door de TMO in 2008. Dit rapport beschrijft de Nederlandse context van de beheersing van overstromingsrisico\u92s, de instituten, de rampen die ons beleid en rampenmanagement hebben beïnvloed, onze veiligheidsnormen voor de waterkeringen, financiële aspecten, grote projecten, stedelijke planning en de keuzes rond het verzekeren tegen het overstromingsrisico, de invloed van Europese wetgeving, en tenslotte specifieke aspecten van onze rampenbeheersing en respons. Ook een aantal lopende vraagstukken wordt behandeld: de financiering van de volgende ronde grootschalige versterkingen van de waterkeringen in de periode 2015-2023, de voorbereiding van onze beheersing van overstromingsrisico\u92s in 2050 en 2100, en ten slotte tegenstrijdige belangen bij de toepassing van verschillende richtlijnen met betrekking tot overstromingsrisico\u92s en natuurbehoud
Dodelijke overstromingen langs de Franse kust, schade door storm Xynthia
No full textMemo met samenvatting van de effecten van stormvloed, dijkdoorbraken en overstromingen in Frankrijk door de storm Xynthia op 28 februari 2010. Overzicht schade, slachtoffers, staat van onderhoud waterkeringen en politieke implicaties. In Bijlage korte beschrijving effect Xynthia in Nederlan
Flood Risk and Water Management in the Netherlands
No full textFrench version: Le cadre législatif et organisationnel de la gestion du risque d\u92inondation aux Pays-Bas - http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:87b38e7a-913e-45da-8408-87684e91c7c6 As in most countries legislation for flood risk management and crisis management in the Netherlands was driven by disasters. European Directives increasingly influenceour legislation, consequenty we apply experiences from other countries for ourlegislation. The Floods Directive was an initiative of France and The Netherlands. Thegoal of this Directive is to have integrated flood risk management plans, coveringflood alerts, spatial planning, flood defenses and response and rescue services. Flood Management in the Netherlands has been successful the last 60 years because of adaptive changes in our organizational, legal and financial tools and institutions. Flood Risk Management and Water Management are integrated in the Netherlands. Flood defenses only last if there is adequate funding for maintenance and regularoverhauls. By combining daily water management and flood risk management, the same people are involved who have a detailed knowledge of their water systems and flood defenses. However crisis communication between water managers and crisis managers fromthe emergency services is still an important issue for improvement. The Katrina 2005 flood in New Orleans was a wakeup call for the Netherlands. Even though the Netherlands has very high flood defense safety standards a disaster is still possible. This process, communication between different departments and agencies, receiveda boost with the TMO national disaster exercise in 2008 \u93Water Proof\u94. This report describes the Dutch context of flood risk management, the institutions, disasters which influenced our flood risk policy and disaster management, our flood protection standards for flood defenses, flood risk management, financial issues, large projects, urban planning and the choice not to insure against flood risk, the influence of European legislation and finally specific issues concerning our disaster management and response. Some current and unresolved issues are also covered, financing the next round of major overhaul of flood defenses 2015-2023, preparing our flood risk management for 2050 and 2100 and finally \u93conflicts\u94 when applying different European Directives concerning flood risk and nature conservation
Noodmaatregelen voor de IJsseldelta
No full textIn de IJsseldelta worden de waterstanden bepaald door de afvoer van de IJssel, het meerpeil op het IJsselmeer en windinvloeden. Daarnaast leidt de vernauwing van de IJssel tussen Kampen en IJsselmuiden tot opstuwing van de rivierafvoer. Door klimaatveranderingen wordt op termijn hogere rivierafvoeren verwacht. Eveneens zal door klimaatveranderingen het gemiddeld IJsselmeerpeil toenemen door de verwachte zeespiegelstijging. Hoe de wind verandert door klimaatveranderingen is onbekend. Het samenspel van afvoer, meerpeil en wind leidt nu reeds tot problemen voor de huidige ruimtelijke functies van de IJsseldelta. Deze notitie beschrijft de huidige situatie van de hoogwaterbescherming in de IJsseldelta, waar het mis gaat in de huidige en toekomstige situatie gezien de verwachte onzekerheden in de afvoer en het stormklimaat en eventuele oplossingen om klimaatveranderingen en onzekerheden op te vangen. Tot slot wordt in de conclusie besproken of een noodoverloopgebied een oplossing kan bieden voor de IJsseldelta. Een noodoverloopgebied is een binnendijks gebied wat geïnundeerd wordt om andere binnendijkse gebieden te beschermen. Retentiegebieden zijn binnendijksegebieden die worden toegevoegd aan het winterbed, deze worden dus buitendijks. De hydraulische werking van noodoverloopgebieden tijdens een afvoergolf is identiek aan die van retentiegebieden, over het algemeen een grote verlaging benedenstrooms van het inlaatpunt en kleine verlaging over een kort traject bovenstrooms van het inlaatpunt
Consensus for a primary care clinical decision-making tool for assessing, diagnosing, and managing shoulder pain in Alberta, Canada
Get PDFBackground: Shoulder pain is a highly prevalent condition and a significant cause of morbidity and functional disability. Current data suggests that many patients presenting with shoulder pain at the primary care level are not receiving high quality care. Primary care decision-making is complex and has the potential to influence the quality of care provided and patient outcomes. The aim of this study was to develop a clinical decision-making tool that standardizes care and minimizes uncertainty in assessment, diagnosis, and management.
Methods: First a rapid review was conducted to identify existing tools and evidence that could support a comprehensive clinical decision-making tool for shoulder pain. Secondly, provincial consensus was established for the assessment, diagnosis, and management of patients presenting to primary care with shoulder pain in Alberta, Canada using a three-step modified Delphi approach. This project was a highly collaborative effort between Alberta Health Services’ Bone and Joint Health Strategic Clinical Network (BJH SCN) and the Alberta Bone and Joint Health Institute (ABJHI).
Results: A clinical decision-making tool for shoulder pain was developed and reached consensus by a province-wide expert panel representing various health disciplines and geographical regions. This tool consists of a clinical examination algorithm for assessing, diagnosis, and managing shoulder pain; recommendations for history-taking and identification of red flags or additional concerns; recommendations for physical examination and neurological screening; recommendations for the differential diagnosis; and care pathways for managing patients presenting with rotator cuff disease, biceps pathology, superior labral tear, adhesive capsulitis, osteoarthritis, and instability.
Conclusions: This clinical decision-making tool will help to standardize care, provide guidance on the diagnosis and management of shoulder pain, and assist in clinical decision-making for primary care providers in both public and private sectors.articl
The concept of enmity in the political philosophy of Hobbes
No full textTo the author’s knowledge, this is the first systematic study of the concept of enmity in the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes. Examining this important category does not only elucidate the concept itself, but also provides an opportunity to reconnect fragments of Hobbes’s thought that are increasingly being treated as disparate subjects. It is suggested that the notion of enmity can shed further light on related aspects of his political philosophy, including human competitiveness, the roles of fear and trust, the evil of violent death, the status of rebels, and his theory of international relations. In addition, the subject invites a rethinking of Hobbes’s place in the history of political thought. It is argued that he was among the first to make enmity a central subject of political philosophy. This seems to be related to Hobbes’s break with the traditional notion of natural sociability, as a consequence of which he describes the natural condition of mankind as a war of all against all. Although Hobbes depicts human beings as natural enemies, he holds that enmity does not exclude the possibility of reconciliation; individuals can supposedly overcome their hostility through subjection to a sovereign. These views give rise to a dynamic distinction between public and private enmity, according to which outright hostility can be transformed into private rivalry if human beings renounce their natural right of war. Conversely, subjects become public enemies if they rebel against the sovereign. Hobbes’s views on natural enmity and reconciliation also have important implications for his theory of international relations. This thesis particularly highlights the possibility that states can be decomposed and reassembled after a foreign invasion, which precludes wars of annihilation
Factors associated with participation of Alberta dairy farmers in a voluntary, management-based Johne’s disease control program
No full textThe Alberta Johne's Disease Initiative (AJDI) is a voluntary, management-based prevention and control program for Johne's disease (JD), a wasting disease in ruminants that causes substantial economic losses to the cattle industry. Despite extensive communication about the program's benefits and low cost to participating producers, approximately 35% of Alberta dairy farmers have not enrolled in the AJDI. Therefore, the objective was to identify differences between AJDI nonparticipants and participants that may influence enrollment. Standardized questionnaires were conducted in person on 163 farms not participating and 61 farms participating in the AJDI. Data collected included demographic characteristics, internal factors (e.g., attitudes and beliefs of the farmer toward JD and the AJDI), external factors (e.g., farmers' JD knowledge and on-farm goals and constraints), as well as farmers' use and influence of various information sources. Nonparticipants and participants differed in at least some aspects of all studied categories. Based on logistic regression, participating farms had larger herds, higher self-assessed knowledge of JD, better understanding of AJDI details before participation, and used their veterinarian more often to get information about new management practices and technologies when compared with nonparticipants. In contrast, nonparticipants indicated that time was a major on-farm constraint and that participation in the AJDI would take too much time. They also indicated that they preferred to wait and see how the program worked on other farms before they participated
The inclusion of model uncertainty: Preliminary examination on how model uncertainties affect frequency lines for water levels
No full textThe transition towards a new risk approach for the Dutch national safety assessment of primary flood defences has been taken as an opportunity to improve the dealings with uncertainties. The probabilistic models for the new safety assessment (WBI2017) not only deal with the natural variability, but also with so-called epistemological uncertainties. One class of epistemological uncertainties is the model uncertainty in the hydrodynamic models used. The quantification of the water level uncertainty depends on the dominant hydraulic processes in each water system and is chosen to be independent of the return period. However, water level frequency lines derived including model uncertainty sometimes conflict with the physics. A comparative analysis is carried out to assess the performance of Hydra-NL w.r.t. observations and to analyse if physical processes that play an important role in each fresh water system are represented correctly after the inclusion of model uncertainty with the WBI2017 method. This study showed that the estimated exceedance probability of actual water levels in the tidal river area and lake area are often overestimated by the Hydra-model even without model uncertainty. When model uncertainties are included the overestimations become even larger. Furthermore, the inclusion of model uncertainty sometimes gives an incorrect representation of the underlying physical processes. The effect of the model uncertainty gets larger when the water level frequency line becomes flatter. This is e.g. the case at locations where the water levels are influenced by the closure of the Europoortkering and upstream of the flood channel near Veessen-Wapenveld. It can be argued that water level uncertainties are likely to decrease in these situations, because a reservoir is more predictable than a flowing river and the operation of the flood channel results in an enlarged conveyance that is less sensitive than an average river profile. The hypothesis that the inclusion of model uncertainty according to WBI2017 results in an incorrect representation of the underlying physical processes is further analysed for several case studies in the upper river area and the lake area. Varying river schematisations and two river interventions (flood channel and retention area) are modelled to compare the WBI2017 method with a more physics-based approach. In this physics-based approach the hydraulic roughness of the main channel and/or floodplains is incorporated as additional stochastic variable for the derivation of water level frequency lines. It is shown that the water level uncertainty becomes smaller for wide rivers where the water level frequency line becomes flatter. The cases where river interventions are present the water level uncertainty is bounded, because of the environment/geometry that influences the water levels. According to the physics-based method the water level uncertainties are location and discharge dependent, which are both not integrated in the WBI2017 method. For the lake area the focus is on locations where high water levels are predominantly determined by the wind that is causing a set-up on the lake. By considering an empirical parameter of the "capped Wu" formula as additional stochastic variable the uncertainty of the drag coefficient is modelled for the physics-based method. The physics-based method demonstrates that the water level uncertainty is larger for higher decimate heights and vice versa. It can be concluded that it is not valid to choose one uniform standard deviation of the water level for all wind-dominated locations, as it is done for WBI2017. It is recommended to include the model uncertainty by considering a model parameter in the hydrodynamic model for the upper river area and lake area as additional stochastic variable in the Hydra-models, to model uncertainty in the water level. In other water systems it becomes more complex, because several equally important sources of uncertainty are present. Still, the most important model uncertainty sources could considered stochastically, but computational effort would become the limiting factorCivil Engineerin
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