15 research outputs found
Rural Livelihoods in South Africa
No full textThis paper discusses the changing profile of rural livelihoods in South Africa using the National Income Dynamics Study Waves 1 – 3 data (Southern Africa Labour & Development Research Unit (SALDRU), 2013a, 2013b, 2013c). The rural sector is undergoing a form of compositional change, with the literature suggesting that a phenomenon of de-agrarianisation is taking place as households become more dependent on government grants while moving away from agricultural-based activities. Furthermore, Tribal Authority Areas (TAAs) retain a communal form of land tenure that implies very different social and behavioural norms in these areas compared to formal rural areas. We find that there are indeed very different labour market, migration and subsistence agricultural trends between TAAs and formal rural areas. For the rural sector in general, selected findings include that rural migrants who have moved to urban areas between 2008-2012 have a higher probability of being employed than rural stayers; that among the employed population, the major transition out of agriculture was to the transport, storage and communication sector while the major transition into agricultural employment was from the wholesale & retail sector; and finally that there is indeed evidence that de-agrarianisation is taking place in the NIDS rural sample, with individuals much more likely to transition out of either commercial or subsistence agricultural activities than to start doing these activities.Reza C. Daniels - Corresponding author. School of Economics and SALDRU, UCT. [email protected]
Andrew Partidge - Western Cape Department of Agriculture
Dineo Kekana and Sibongile Musundwa - SALDRU, UC
Rural Livelihoods in South Africa
No full textThis paper discusses the changing profile of rural livelihoods in South Africa using the National Income Dynamics Study Waves 1 – 3 data (Southern Africa Labour & Development Research Unit (SALDRU), 2013a, 2013b, 2013c). The rural sector is undergoing a form of compositional change, with the literature suggesting that a phenomenon of de-agrarianisation is taking place as households become more dependent on government grants while moving away from agricultural-based activities. Furthermore, Tribal Authority Areas (TAAs) retain a communal form of land tenure that implies very different social and behavioural norms in these areas compared to formal rural areas. We find that there are indeed very different labour market, migration and subsistence agricultural trends between TAAs and formal rural areas. For the rural sector in general, selected findings include that rural migrants who have moved to urban areas between 2008-2012 have a higher probability of being employed than rural stayers; that among the employed population, the major transition out of agriculture was to the transport, storage and communication sector while the major transition into agricultural employment was from the wholesale & retail sector; and finally that there is indeed evidence that de-agrarianisation is taking place in the NIDS rural sample, with individuals much more likely to transition out of either commercial or subsistence agricultural activities than to start doing these activities.Reza C. Daniels - Corresponding author. School of Economics and SALDRU, UCT. [email protected]
Andrew Partidge - Western Cape Department of Agriculture
Dineo Kekana and Sibongile Musundwa - SALDRU, UC
Knowledge of women of child bearing age on the utilisation of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy at Dangamvura and Sakubva health centers, Mutare, Zimbabwe .
No full textEven though it appears as if countries in sub-Saharan Africa have made important
progress in IPTp implementation, coverage levels remain low. Various studies done have
come out with various findings ranging from lack of knowledge to negative attitudes of
woman towards the program. The purpose of this study was to determine the association
between knowledge and utilization of IPTp by pregnant women attending ANC services at
Dangamvura and Sakubva Mutare city clinics. Pender’s health promotion model was used to
guide and direct the study. A descriptive correlation design was used for the study. The author
examined the strength of the relationship between knowledge and utilisation of IPTp by
pregnant women attending ANC at Dangamvura and Sakubva Mutare Clinics. A sample of 80
women who were attending ANC visits was selected by systematic random sampling. Data
were collected through face to face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Interview
guide consisted of questions on knowledge and utilization of IPTp and the association between
knowledge and utilization were asked. Additionally Focus Group Discussions were used. Data
were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Pearson’s correlation showed an
insignificant correlation (r=0.097) women’s knowledge to utilisation of IPTp. The findings did
not support that knowledge on IPTp improves utilisation of the program. It is important
therefore for Midwives to intensify tailor made health education and motivate women to
utilise IPTp services
Knowledge of women of child bearing age on the utilisation of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy at Dangamvura and Sakubva health centers, Mutare, Zimbabwe .
No full textEven though it appears as if countries in sub-Saharan Africa have made important
progress in IPTp implementation, coverage levels remain low. Various studies done have
come out with various findings ranging from lack of knowledge to negative attitudes of
woman towards the program. The purpose of this study was to determine the association
between knowledge and utilization of IPTp by pregnant women attending ANC services at
Dangamvura and Sakubva Mutare city clinics. Pender’s health promotion model was used to
guide and direct the study. A descriptive correlation design was used for the study. The author
examined the strength of the relationship between knowledge and utilisation of IPTp by
pregnant women attending ANC at Dangamvura and Sakubva Mutare Clinics. A sample of 80
women who were attending ANC visits was selected by systematic random sampling. Data
were collected through face to face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Interview
guide consisted of questions on knowledge and utilization of IPTp and the association between
knowledge and utilization were asked. Additionally Focus Group Discussions were used. Data
were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Pearson’s correlation showed an
insignificant correlation (r=0.097) women’s knowledge to utilisation of IPTp. The findings did
not support that knowledge on IPTp improves utilisation of the program. It is important
therefore for Midwives to intensify tailor made health education and motivate women to
utilise IPTp services
Knowledge of women of child bearing age on the utilisation of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy at Dangamvura and Sakubva health centers, Mutare, Zimbabwe .
No full textEven though it appears as if countries in sub-Saharan Africa have made important
progress in IPTp implementation, coverage levels remain low. Various studies done have
come out with various findings ranging from lack of knowledge to negative attitudes of
woman towards the program. The purpose of this study was to determine the association
between knowledge and utilization of IPTp by pregnant women attending ANC services at
Dangamvura and Sakubva Mutare city clinics. Pender’s health promotion model was used to
guide and direct the study. A descriptive correlation design was used for the study. The author
examined the strength of the relationship between knowledge and utilisation of IPTp by
pregnant women attending ANC at Dangamvura and Sakubva Mutare Clinics. A sample of 80
women who were attending ANC visits was selected by systematic random sampling. Data
were collected through face to face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Interview
guide consisted of questions on knowledge and utilization of IPTp and the association between
knowledge and utilization were asked. Additionally Focus Group Discussions were used. Data
were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Pearson’s correlation showed an
insignificant correlation (r=0.097) women’s knowledge to utilisation of IPTp. The findings did
not support that knowledge on IPTp improves utilisation of the program. It is important
therefore for Midwives to intensify tailor made health education and motivate women to
utilise IPTp services
Knowledge of Women of Child Bearing Age on the Utilisation of Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria in Pregnancy at Dangamvura and Sakubva Health Centers, Mutare, Zimbabwe
No full textEven though it appears as if countries in sub-Saharan Africa have made important
progress in IPTp implementation, coverage levels remain low. Various studies done have
come out with various findings ranging from lack of knowledge to negative attitudes of
woman towards the program. The purpose of this study was to determine the association
between knowledge and utilization of IPTp by pregnant women attending ANC services at
Dangamvura and Sakubva Mutare city clinics. Pender’s health promotion model was used to
guide and direct the study. A descriptive correlation design was used for the study. The author
examined the strength of the relationship between knowledge and utilisation of IPTp by
pregnant women attending ANC at Dangamvura and Sakubva Mutare Clinics. A sample of 80
women who were attending ANC visits was selected by systematic random sampling. Data
were collected through face to face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Interview
guide consisted of questions on knowledge and utilization of IPTp and the association between
knowledge and utilization were asked. Additionally Focus Group Discussions were used. Data
were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Pearson’s correlation showed an
insignificant correlation (r=0.097) women’s knowledge to utilisation of IPTp. The findings did
not support that knowledge on IPTp improves utilisation of the program. It is important
therefore for Midwives to intensify tailor made health education and motivate women to
utilise IPTp services
A Systematic Review of Literature on Intellectual Property and the Creative Industry in Africa Using Scopus
No full textThe shift of the world to a knowledge economy, mainly driven by Intellectual Property (IP), calls for research dissemination through scholarly publishing to promote the protection and commercialisation of IP. In Africa, innovations such as mobile payment systems, drones, and development in the fields of renewable energy, biotechnology, and artificial intelligence have become key drivers of economic growth and development. However, many African countries have yet to know and appreciate the value of IP to their economies. The benefits of IP may be fully realised through proper awareness and understanding of IP using scholarly publications. The study sought to examine the published documents that focus on IP and the creative industry in Africa in order to create awareness and understanding of the breadth and scope of IP and IPRs. Content analysis was conducted on Scopus using descriptive informetrics. The Scopus database was used to ascertain the published documents that focus on IP and the creative industry in Africa. The researcher used the search string TITLE, ABSTRACT, KEYWORD and also applied Scopus “Analyse Search Results”, which facilitated in-depth analysis of the documents according to the key indicators (the year of publication, territory or country, source, author, institute/ affiliation, types of document, subject areas and sponsors). The analysis revealed that there were very few documents published each year on IP and the creative industry published in Africa. Although documents on IP and the creative industry in Africa were published through three document types, there was a diversity of the subject areas in which research on IP and the creative industry in Africa was found. Of the available research, most authors were affiliated with institutions in Africa, but only one of the journals belonged to an African country, and of all the sponsors, only four belonged to an African country. There was very little research on IP and the creative industry published in Africa, although IP is applicable to different disciplines. Africa needs to improve its science and technology capacity, research facilities and funding, and understanding and awareness of IP. Scholarly publishing on IP and the creative industries would be more pronounced if supported by local sponsors and journals instead of relying on scholars and institutions affiliated with countries outside Africa
Making the Invisible Visible: Ameliorating Poverty through Natural Resource Commercialisation
No full text[From Introduction] The majority of households in South Africa, especially those in the rural communal areas, live in abject poverty. Some 70% of rural households can be classified as poor, while 18-24% fall into the chronically poor category. Unlike many other developing nations, South Africa's rural communal areas are characterised by relatively poor availability of agricultural land, with only about 40% of rural households involved in field cropping. This results in high levels of integration and dependence on the cash economy. Unemployment levels are amongst the highest in the world at about 30%. Unemployment amongst women tends to be greater than amongst men resulting in a poverty rate amongst rural female-headed households of over 60%; double that of male-headed households. The scourge of HIV/AIDS is devastating already poor households' ability to cope. More than half of HIV/AIDS affected households have insufficient food (UNDP 2003). Impacts of the pandemic include not only the loss of income, but also increased expenditure particularly on medical care and funerals. The need to care for ill household members or orphaned children also limits the choices of occupation that other household members can pursue, and may restrict labour availability for food production. Household assets are often sold for cash eroding the few safety nets people have. HIV/AIDS is expected to contribute to a chronic impoverishment of 26-33% more households than would be the case in its absence (Aliber 2003).Endnote: This policy brief is based on the original brief made available for a workshop in August 2006. It is derived, amongst other sources, from the findings of nine case studies of local natural resource commercialisation undertaken as part of a project funded by the South Africa-Netherlands Programme on Alternatives in Development (SANPAD), BP South Africa and the National Research Foundation (NRF). Case studies on woodcraft, furniture production, weaving, broom production and the sale of wild foods and traditional marula beer were completed by Zwoitwa Makhado (UWC), Sibongile Mavimbela (Rhodes), Taryn Pereira (Rhodes), Sheona Shackleton (Rhodes) and Jabulile Sithole (WSU). CIFOR with support from SIDA, provided the funding to share these findings with key stakeholders. The opinions expressed in these policy briefs are those of the author and research team and should not necessarily be attributed to funders and partner institutions
Comparing adults with severe SARS-CoV-2 or influenza infection : South Africa, 2016-2021
No full textDATA AVAILABILITY : Data were generated at various facilities in the pneumonia
surveillance programme. Derived data supporting the
findings of this study are available from the corresponding
author, F.E. on request.BACKGROUND : Comparisons of the characteristics of individuals hospitalised with severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or seasonal influenza in low-to middleincome
countries with high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence are limited.
OBJECTIVES : Determine the epidemiological differences with those hospitalised with influenza
or SARS-CoV-2 infection.
METHOD : We investigated hospitalised individuals ≥18 years of age testing positive for seasonal
influenza (2016–2019) or SARS-CoV-2 (2020–2021). We used random effects multivariable
logistic regression, controlling for clustering by site, to evaluate differences among adults
hospitalised with influenza or SARS-CoV-2 infection.
RESULTS : Compared to individuals with influenza, individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection
were more likely to be diabetic (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]:
1.11–2.61) or die in hospital (aOR: 2.57, 95% CI: 1.61–4.12). Additionally, those with SARSCoV-
2 infection were less likely to be living with HIV (not immunosuppressed) (aOR: 0.50,
95% CI: 0.34–0.73) or living with HIV (immunosuppressed) (aOR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.18–0.39)
compared to not living with HIV and less likely to be asthmatic (aOR: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.13–0.33)
rather than those living with influenza.
CONCLUSION : Individuals hospitalised with SARS-CoV-2 had different characteristics to
individuals hospitalised with influenza before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
pandemic. Risk factors should be considered in health management especially as we move
into an era of co-circulation of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza pathogens.
CONTRIBUTION : Identifying groups at high risk of severe disease could help to better monitor,
prevent and control SARS-CoV-2 or influenza severe disease.The Wellcome Trust; the CDC under the terms of a subcontract with the African Field Epidemiology Network (AFENET), the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC); the African Society of Laboratory Medicine (ASLM) and Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through a sub-award from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa.http://www.sajid.co.zaam2024School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH)SDG-03:Good heatlh and well-bein
Is employment a panacea for poverty in South Africa? A mixed-methods investigation
No full textUnemployment is a key determinant of poverty in South Africa and job losses are closely associated with descents into poverty. Disparities in opportunities that characterise individual fortunes in the labour market, in turn, reflect deep-rooted structural inequalities in South Africa. I focus on a black, urban demographic and investigate the conditions under which transitions out of employment lead to descents into poverty and/or declines in self-reported wellbeing. Of particular relevance are those cases in which a transition out of employment leads to a descent into money-metric poverty without resulting in a fall in self-reported wellbeing. These apparent inconsistencies – especially prevalent in cases where workers choose to leave work – may help illuminate how disadvantaged workers face non-negligible disincentives to certain forms of low-skill employment, which, under certain circumstances, may outweigh the disincentives to unemployment. Analysing both NIDS panel data and qualitative data collected by the author in Cape Town, I show how a purely quantitative analysis cannot provide an adequate account of the relationship between job loss and changes in self-reported wellbeing. In contrast, a qualitative analysis can illuminate the causal mechanisms which explain why, under certain circumstances, transitioning out of employment will be the welfare optimising choice for workers. To aid this explanation, I develop a model which analyses the welfare effect of job losses as being jointly determined by the strength of outside options and the disincentives to work. Younger workers with no dependants and with alternative sources of support can be said to have stronger outside options, and are especially likely to turn down or quit “bad” jobs. Older workers, with dependants and without alternative sources of support, are more likely to accept and persist in “bad” jobs – leading me to characterise wage work in these instances as a “survivalist” livelihood choice. This study shows that understanding the complexity and multidimensionality of the incentives that workers face and which inform labour market choices will be indispensable in effectively designing policies which aim to reduce inequalities in the labour market – in South Africa and beyond.I am grateful to Pramila Krishnan, Hannah Dawson, Vimal Ranchhod, Stefan Dercon, Murray
Leibbrandt, Joshua Budlender, Ravi Kanbur, David Neves, Debbie Budlender, participants at
talks and conferences including the 2017 HDCA Conference in Cape Town, the 2018 CSAE
Conference in Oxford, and at SALDRU, ReSEP and Oxford African Studies Centre seminars, as
well as several anonymous reviewers at the Oxford Department for International Development
for helpful suggestions on earlier drafts. Nina Zizzamia provided excellent assistance with
proofreading. Arden Finn provided helpful Stata code for cleaning and deflating National Income
Dynamics Study data. I am especially grateful to Simone Schotte, who has been an inimitable
partner in both the design of this research project and in running field research in Khayelitsha,
and who also helped with the design of weights for the NIDS balanced panel. I am also indebted
to an exceptional team of fieldworkers, among whom Mzulungile Cabanga, Sibongile Mthini,
Andiswa Mtini and Amanda Moocha deserve special mention. Fieldwork was implemented
with the financial support of the Southern African Labour and Development Research Unit, the
German Institute for Global and Area Studies, St Anne’s College, Oxford, and the Department of
International Development at the University of Oxford. I am grateful for support through the Skye
Foundation and the Dulverton and Michael Wills Trusts. Responsibility for any errors remains my
own
