1,721,204 research outputs found
Participatory Design and the Challenges of Large-Scale Systems:Extending the Iterative PD Approach
No full textWith its 10th biannual anniversary conference, Participatory Design (PD) is leaving its teens and must now be considered ready to join the adult world. In this article we encourage the PD community to think big: PD should engage in large-scale information-systems development and opt for a PD approach applied throughout design and organizational implementation. To pursue this aim we extend the iterative PD prototyping approach by (1) emphasizing PD experiments as transcending traditional prototyping by evaluating fully integrated systems exposed to real work practices; (2) incorporating improvisational change management including anticipated, emergent, and opportunity-based change; and (3) extending initial design and development into a sustained and ongoing stepwise implementation that constitutes an overall technology-driven organizational change. The extended approach is exemplified through a large-scale PD experiment in the Danish healthcare sector. We reflect on our experiences from this experiment and discuss four challenges PD must address in dealing with large-scale systems development
Iterative participatory design
No full textThe theoretical background in this chapter is information systems development in an organizational context. This includes theories from participatory design, human-computer interaction, and ethnographically inspired studies of work practices.The concept of design is defined as an experimental iterative process of mutual learning by designers and domain experts (users), who aim to change the users’ work practices through the introduction of information systems.We provide an illustrative case example with an ethnographic study of clinicians experimenting with a new electronic patient record system, focussing on emergent and opportunity-based change enabled by appropriating the system into real work.The contribution to a general core of design research is a reconstruction of the iterative prototyping approach into a general model for sustained participatory design
Participatory Design of Large-Scale Information Systems:A Reconstruction of the Iterative Prototyping Approach
No full textIn this article we discuss how to engage in large-scale information systems development by applying a participatory design (PD) approach that acknowledges the unique situated work practices conducted by the domain experts of modern organizations. We reconstruct the iterative prototyping approach into a PD process model that (1) emphasizes PD experiments as transcending traditional prototyping by evaluating fully integrated systems exposed to real work practices; (2) incorporates improvisational change management including anticipated, emergent, and opportunity-based change; and (3) extends initial design and development into a sustained and ongoing stepwise implementation that constitutes an overall technology-driven organizational change. The process model is presented through a largescale PD experiment in the Danish healthcare sector. We reflect on our experiences from this experiment and discuss three challenges to address when dealing with large-scale systems development.</p
Collective Analysis of Qualitative Data
Full text linkWhat. Many students and practitioners do not know how to systematically process qualitative data once it is gathered—at least not as a collective effort. This chapter presents two workshop techniques, affinity diagramming and diagnostic mapping, that support collective analysis of large amounts of qualitative data. Affinity diagramming is used to make collective analysis and interpretations of qualitative data to identify core problems that need to be addressed in the design process. Diagnostic mapping supports collective interpretation and description of these problems and how to intervene in them. We explain the techniques through a case where they were used to analyze why a new elec- tronic medical record system introduced life-threatening situations for patients.Why. Collective analyses offer all participants a voice, visualize their contributions, combine different actors’ perspectives, and anchor the result of the interpretation to the participating actors. Combining the techniques is a powerful way to analyze and intervene in situations before or after the introduction of new information technologies.Where. The techniques are general tools that might be widely applied in different domains. In particular, collective analysis can be used to identify, understand, and act on complex design problems that emerge, for example, after the introduction of new tech- nologies. Such problems might be hard to clarify, and the basis for the analysis often involves large amounts of unstructured qualitative data, for example, from numerous interviews.How. Affinity diagrams visualize “core categories” from the body of data. Diagnostic mapping visualizes problems, their causes, and their consequences, along with any ideas for solutions. Both techniques are used in workshop form where the participants jointly analyze, discuss, and interpret the empirical material visualized by pads of adhesive notes
Emergent Use-Patterns:Studying the Integration of Groupware in a Networked Organisation
No full textWhen a networked organisation chooses to invest a considerable amount of esources in deploying a groupware application the reasons and goals can vary. No matter why the groupware was initially deployed it is in general very difficult to monitor and evaluate how it is actually used and integrated with the work practice. This research-in-progress investigates the possibilities of evaluating the integration by characterising emergent use-patterns. We have studied the deployment and use of a generic web based groupware application – Lotus QuickPlace (QP) – in a large networked organisation distributed throughout Scandinavia and elsewhere. We have employed a research method comprising different data-gathering techniques – interview, participant observation, document analysis, survey, and http-log analysis – in an attempt to analyse how the groupware is used and which general use-patterns emerge after deployment. The ongoing research has been carried out since the initial installation of the application in summer 2000, and has identified different types of general use-patterns, which have emerged in the subsequent use of the groupware in the organisation. We examine four cases of QP use and describe the emergent use-pattern in each case. Characterising factors of these four use-patterns are discussed in order to show some preliminary findings of this approach and discuss future research efforts
Perspectives on design research
No full textHistory shows that humans are capable of designing remarkable things: bridges, skyscrapers, dams, cities, the Internet and, less glamorously, sewers and transport systems spring to mind immediately. There are also more subtly extraordinary achievements, including bureaucracies, organizations, IT systems and processes that allow people to work better together. All of these innovations involve, and are driven by, research. Yet a clear definition of the relationship between design and research is elusive. It is certainly not linear
New Approaches, Methods and Techniques
No full textThis chapter explores how ways of conducting Participatory Design have evolved based on a literature review of Participatory Design research published during the past decade. We describe new developments and trends in general approaches, as well as more specific methods and techniques used to support the practice of Participatory Design. The literature review exposes three overall trends: (1) A move in the application area addressed by Participatory Design approaches embracing evaluation, sustainability and infrastructuring. This trend is characterised by a shift from a focus on initial design and development processes to include the appropriation and re-configuration of technologies and use practices that follow after the initial implementation. (2) Transferring Participatory Design approaches to other research areas and communities. Participatory Design inspires other adjacent research domains and these domains influence the development of new approaches, methods and techniques. The chapter highlights one of these intersections by reviewing how this has evolved within the Interaction Design and Children research community. (3) Internationalisation beyond Western and modernist traditions characterised by North European and North American research. During the past decade, the Participatory Design community and conferences have made systematic attempts to include and interact with researchers from and in the Souths. This enlarges the field through interesting and contrasting approaches for decolonial Participatory Design practice and research. This chapter is structured as follows: A condensed introduction is followed by elaborated sections for each of the previously described overall trends. The chapter concludes by summarising the opportunities and challenges that the identified trends open up to inspire future research. Together with two other chapters from the 2013 Participatory Design handbook (on methods as well as on techniques and tools), the reader may obtain an authoritative overview of approaches, methods and techniques used in the field since the Participatory Design research area was established
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