Over one hundred leaders of the Canadian earth science community met at Geoscience Summit 2004 last October to discuss strategies for maximizing our contribution to society. The Summit was chaired by Canadian Geoscience Council (CGC) President Harvey Thorleifson and Geological Association of Canada (GAC) Advocacy Coordinator Simon Hanmer, while sponsors were CGC and Geological Survey of Canada (GSC).
Thirty-nine speakers prepared analyses, focusing on key points identified in discussions at CGC-sponsored Council of Presidents meetings in November 2003 and May 2004, which concluded that we need to establish a better sense of community, awareness of activity and priorities, and a more unified voice which will allow us to take more effective collective action. Presentations reviewed earth science in the energy, mining, environment, survey, and research sectors. Representatives of associations described the progress of professional registration, and coordination of activities such as conferences and publishing, as well as communications activity such as outreach, advocacy, and student recruitment. Leaders of past, present and potential research programs outlined lessons learned and the opportunities ahead.
The energy and mineral industry representatives focused on the need for renewal of recruitment and training to provide a new generation of geoscientists, while the mining and environment sectors called for increased availability of public geoscience to support their work in fields such as mineral exploration and groundwater protection. The government sector focused on evolving mandates as well as redistribution and adjustment of geological survey capacity, while highlighting important initiatives such as formulation of a national consensus around the Cooperative Geological Mapping Strategies (CGMS) proposal. The International Polar Year (IYP) and the International Year of Planet Earth (IYPE) were reviewed by an invited expert panel, and discussions addressed the implications of the new Canadian Academy of Sciences. Speakers also reviewed the success of LITHOPROBE, and new initiatives were presented, including NEPTUNE, POLARIS, proposals for deep drilling, as well as several others. The potential for broader and more aggressive marine programs was discussed, as were planet-scale approaches, our role in health issues such as toxic elements and groundwater protection, reducing our vulnerability to hazards, dealing with climate change, and ensuring sustainable groundwater supply.
Some participants felt that there should have been more presentations from industry and environmental earth sciences, while others expressed the view that there were too many presentations, at the expense of general discussion. The demographic and gender balance of the participants was seen by some as not reflecting the community. The Summit chairpersons responded to calls for maximization of time for discussion, which resulted in some speakers protesting that their ability to present their analysis was being curtailed. By adjournment time, however, the agenda had been completed on time, and there had been much lively and constructive discussion on successes to celebrate and promising opportunities to pursue.
Participants recognized that the earth sciences play a critical and extensive role in our society, so good coordination and communication within our community are critical to ensure that our contribution to society can be optimized. Fragmentation was seen as the principal challenge constraining our contribution. Therefore, the following priorities were identified:
An effective Canadian earth science union that can better speak for the benefits of earth science, including a community-wide communication mechanism, pooling of community resources, and coordination of association functions
More outreach and advocacy to enable Canadians to better utilize earth science knowledge, and to optimize the standing of the earth sciences in Canada
Renewed agendas for geological surveys and university research, which will capture the imagination of our community, of the policymakers who fund us, and of the public to whom the policymakers listen
Recruit new geoscientists by providing opportunities for education and work experience; optimize the benefits of professional registration and facilitate professional mobility
The Summit revealed opportunities and frustrations. Fragmentation was seen as our principal challenge, and participants were anxious for follow-up steps to be taken quickly. The level of dissatisfaction with our progress, however, implies that a more efficient and effective model for community coordination is needed. The CGC, therefore, will host a June 2005 Planning Forum in Calgary to develop a Plan for the Earth Sciences in Canada. An autumn 2005 Town Hall in Ottawa will consolidate community views, and a document will result in June 2006. The participation of the entire Canadian earth science community will be required, as we have a responsibility to ensure that the 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Variables: site: 13 sites in North and South islands of New Zealand, two records per site as male and female beetles were treated separately. East Block (Lincoln, Canterbury), FF (Frost Flat, Waikato), Hanmer Pasture (Canterbury), Hanmer River (Hanmer Riverbed, Canterbury), Hanmer Forest (Canterbury), Jack’s Pass (Canterbury), Mangahao River (Manawatu - Wanganui), Masterton (Wellington), PN (Palmerston North, Manawatu – Wanganui), Poutu (Manawatu – Wanganui), Taitapu Alt (Canterbury), Waimakariri Forest (Canterbury), Wimakariri River Bed (Canterbury). 14 sites mentioned in main text but one of these had no beetles (Waiouru, Manawatu – Wanganui). seed_size_mg: mean of seed size from multiple plants per site. log_seed_size: natural log of seed_size_mg. elytra_area: mean of elytra area for beetles on multiple plants per site, mm2. beetle_sex: sex of beetles. Cases: each row represents the mean of one sex of beetles from multiple plants per site. One male and one female beetle per plant were measured. Two seeds (each containing a beetle) were measured per plant
In this paper we describe the gathering of a corpus of synchronised speech and text interaction over the network. The data collection scenarios characterise audio meetings with a significant textual component. Unlike existing meeting corpora, the corpus described in this paper emphasises temporal relationships between speech and text media streams. This is achieved through detailed logging and time stamping of text editing operations, actions on shared user interface widgets and gesturing, as well as generation of speech activity profiles. A set of tools has been developed specifically for these purposes which can be used as a data collection platform for the development of meeting browsers. The data gathered to data consists of nearly 30 hours of recorded audio and time stamped editing operations and gestures
Means recently introduced the concept of strain-insensitive foliation. For strain-insensitive foliation to form in mono-mineralic aggregates, foliation-forming processes must be balanced by foliation-destroying processes, e.g., grain rotation and dynamic recrystallization. In polyphase aggregates a further process is required to disperse monomineralic polycrystalline aggregates of the rock-forming phases in order to eliminate the strain sensitivity of the resultant foliation.Dispersal of silicate phases in amphibolite and granulite facies mylonitic bands suggests that destruction of monomineralic polycrystalline aggregates may be a diffusion process, driven by a reduction of grain boundary energy of the aggregate where diffusion coefficients are high and kinetic barriers to diffusion are low. Such conditions may pertain in high-temperature shear zones and can result in steady-state foliations. </jats:p
The northwestern boundary zone of the Central Metasedimentary Belt (Grenville Province) in the Haliburton area (Ontario) is a stack of alternating tonalitic and syenitic crystalline thrust sheets, transported toward the northwest on out-of-sequence, upper amphibolite facies, ductile thrust zones during the Grenvillian Orogeny, at 1060 Ma, approximately 100 Ma after the initiation of thrusting in the underlying Central Gneiss Belt. Kinematics of the deformation are complex. Predominant northwestward thrusting was, at least partly, coeval with subordinate northeastward thrusting. Late synmetamorphic extensional shears cut both thrusts and thrust sheets. Minor late thrusting on discrete ductile shear zones postdates the extensional structures. Belts of mechanically weak pelite(?) appear to have localised the thrust sheets. Highly mobile marble behaved as a relatively low viscosity fluid during transport, able to intrude and erode more competent wall rock. </jats:p
Penetrative deformation and granite intrusion in the northeastern Gander Zone, Newfoundland, represent a progressive Acadian event. Interference between ductile, strike–slip shearing along the southeastern margin of the Appalachian orogen and the emplacement of syntectonic granite diapirs results in the formation of a vertical, northeast–southwest strike–slip ductile shear zone where granites come to outcrop and a ductile strike–slip thrust zone where granites are absent at the surface. Sinistral movement along the vertical shear zone is compatible with recent palaeomagnetic models for the Appalachians and the British Caledonides. The constraints that the geologic model places on the symmetry of the Appalachian orogen in Newfoundland and the definition and extrapolation of the Gander tectonostratigraphic zone are discussed. </jats:p
The Central Metasedimentary Belt boundary thrust zone is a 10 km thick, 200+ km long, stack of crystalline thrust sheets, enclosed by an anastomosing network of ductile thrust zones, formed at mid- to deep-crustal depths in the southwest Grenville orogen, Ontario. It has behaved as a coherent upper amphibolite facies thrust zone, accommodating northwestward transport of the Central Metasedimentary Belt, the largest lithotectonic entity in this part of the orogen, by coherent and contemporaneous displacements. The earliest thrusting was well under way by ca. 1.19–1.18 Ga and the boundary thrust zone was reactivated at ca. 1.08–1.05 Ga. The early thrusting records the closure of a back-arc basin within the Central Metasedimentary Belt, which closed at ca. 1.19–1.18 Ga. The younger thrusting may reflect continental collision to the southeast of the exposed Grenville and represent intraplate reactivation of the boundary thrust zone, which acted as an older, crustal-scale zone of weakness. Transverse mid- to deep-crustal thrusting was apparently contemporaneous with longitudinal (orogen-parallel) shearing at higher structural levels. The rheological behaviour of the deforming media may have influenced the localization of both the upper and lower limits of the boundary thrust zone at the time of its initiation. The upper limit coincides with a chain of relatively stiff metagabbro bodies, which may have acted as a barrier to the upward migration of fluids responsible for syntectonic nephelinization at the top of the thrust zone. </jats:p
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