1,220 research outputs found
The claim of humanity in Christ : salvation and sanctification in the theology of T.F. and J.B. Torrance
No full textThis thesis critically engages with the Torrances’ claim that all of humanity is in Christ. It explores how God has claimed humanity in salvation and the claim that He has placed upon humanity in sanctification. It argues that this claim upon humanity is not a cumbersome one, for God’s radically objective act of salvation is the basis for the subjective outworking of the Christian life. As we freely participate by the Spirit in the incarnate Son’s filial relationship with the Father, we grow into the ontological reality of who we are in Christ.
Part One critically examines how the salvation wrought for us by the triune God of grace is filial, ontological and objective. It challenges soteriologies that have an overarching federal or external framework which lead to people being thrown back upon their own subjective endeavours to gain salvation. Part Two extends the implications of the Torrances’ soteriology to the outworking of our sanctification. It roots sanctification objectively with
justification in Christ, challenging the belief that, having been justified by God, it is now our part to work out our own sanctification; Affirming humanity’s new eschatological orientation in the risen humanity of Christ, it argues for confidence in the nature of our humanity and in the outworking of sanctification. Thus it challenges external paradigms that can only offer a poor perspective on humanity and demand our own ineffectual efforts. It presents the outworking of sanctification in dynamic, relational terms, rather than static, moralistic terms, as the free gift of participating by the Spirit in the Son’s
intimate communion with the Father
Large-scale ocean circulation, air-sea gas exchange, and carbon isotopes in a three-dimensional, computationally efficient ocean model
No full textThis thesis focuses on the intermediate-complexity modelling of the large-scale ocean circulation and the oceanic carbon cycle. The main objective is the development of a model of intermediate complexity by combining, evaluating and extending existing formulations of the single components within a coherent setting. The model should be suited to perform long integrations over the timescales of interest in climate research in short periods of time, also permitting to employ Monte-Carlo and other ensemble techniques.
In Chapter 2 the development of the physical core of the Bern3D ocean model is presented. First, the frictional-geostrophic balance ocean model of Edwards et al. [1998] is reviewed. This model has been designed to be computationally efficient and is used as the oceanic com ponent in the coupled atmosphere - sea ice - ocean model "C-GOLDSTEIN" [Edwards and Marsh, 2005] and is also applied as the oceanic component of the grid-based Earth system model GENIE (http://www. genie. ac.uk). The Bern3D ocean model is largely based on the ocean model described by Edwards et al. [1998] with updates as described in Edwards and Marsh [2005]. First, the governing equations describing the large scale ocean circulation and tracer transport are introduced. Then, specific extensions and modifications of the original ocean model constituting the development of the physical core of the Bern3D ocean model are described in detail. The Bern3D ocean model features seasonal boundary conditions and a high vertical resolution. In comparison to the ocean model used in Edwards and Marsh [2005], the mixing scheme for isopycnal diffusion and eddy-induced transport has been enhanced and an altered convection scheme has been implemented. Further, results from the standard simulation and the sensitivity of the steady state circulation to the mixing parameters are examined and presented. Also the simulated barotropic transport for a simulation with opened Indonesian Passage and increased latitudinal resolution is presented and compared to the standard solution.
The large scale circulation and the resulting distribution of water masses as simulated with the Bern3D ocean model has been examined and probed using a set of tracers governed by decadal to multi-century timescales [Müller et al., 2006] (Chapter 3). Modelled tracers are the 39Ar/Ar ratio and natural radiocarbon, both influenced by radioactive decay with different mean life times, as well as bomb-produced radiocarbon, CFC-11, and anthropogenic carbon, all influenced by their transient atmospheric boundary conditions. For all of these tracers exist measurements or data-based reconstructions of their distribution inside the ocean. Simulated distributions and inventories of temperature, salinity and the other tracers are compared with data-based estimates and reasonable agreement is found for a simulation performed with the Bern3D ocean model tuned towards data-based metrics, including the natural radiocarbon signatures of typical water masses and the inventories of CFC-11 for the mid-l 990s in the Indopacific. The model has also been applied to examine the importance of different surface to-deep transport mechanisms for the simulated distribution of natural radiocarbon and the uptake of CFC-11. Deep equatorial upwelling has been found to be sensitive to the vertical model resolution, reduced deep equatorial upwelling strength is found for a higher vertical resolution. Furthermore, the carbon budget for the industrial period was closed by simulating an uptake of anthropogenic carbon by the ocean of 18.9 GtC and 19.7 GtC for the 1980s and 1990s, respectively, and inferring land-atmosphere fluxes, in agreement with data-based estimates.
The Bern3D ocean model has been complemented with standard formulations of the abiotic, organic matter, and calcite carbon cycle (Chapter 4), as formulated for the phase two of the Ocean Carbon-Cycle Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP-2) [Orr, 2000]. Further, the formulations of the OCMIP-2 have been extended to include the radiocarbon fluxes in the organic matter and calcite cycles and the 13C fluxes for the whole oceanic carbon cycle formulation. Results have been compared with data-based estimates and are found to reasonably reproduce the main large-scale features as observed in the data. The oceanic carbon-cycle model component has been complemented with a 4-box formulation for the land biosphere following Siegenthaler and Oeschger [1987], in order to calculate the radiocarbon production rate by inversion of atmospheric Ll14C reconstructions from tree rings [Reimer et al., 2004, McCormac et al., 2004] with a global carbon cycle model.
The magnitude of the global mean air-sea gas exchange rate for CO2 has been discussed and debated over the last few decades in the scientific literature. In a contribution to this discussion (manuscript in preparation, Chapter 5) the natural radiocarbon distribution, basin-wide inventories of excess radiocarbon, the Earth system budget of radiocarbon, and basin-wide inventories of CFC-11 have been simulated using the gas-exchange formulation of the OCMIP-2 in an extensive sensitivity study varying the magnitude of the gas-exchange rate and oceanic transport strength. The results are compared to recent data-based estimates. It is demonstrated that the rate-limiting process for the uptake of excess radiocarbon is the gas-exchange rate and that the uptake of CFC-11 is dominated by oceanic transport and mixing. A target consisting of the data-based basin-wide inventories of excess radiocarbon in the Pacific, Indian Ocean, and Southern Atlantic for different points in time, the natural radiocarbon distribution in the surface ocean, and the Earth system budget of radiocarbon is defined and is best matched if the gas-transfer field from the OCMIP-2 is scaled down by (26 ± 16)%. Simulated column inventories are found to be similar in all basins, in contrast to data-based estimates, where the North Atlantic inventories are significantly higher than in the other basins. Estimates for inventories of excess radiocarbon, using the downscaled gas transfer rate of (15.7 ± 3.3) cm hr-1, are presented.
In a publication by Muscheler et al. [2007] (Chapter 6), the radiocarbon production rate records calculated by different carbon-cycle models and reconstructions of 10Be from ice cores are used together with records of the geomagnetic field intensity to infer the solar magnetic modulation, which is linked to the solar activity. The solar modulation parameter record is compared to irradiance records. In this publication, the radiocarbon production rate calculated with the Bern3D model is presented and compared with other radiocarbon production rate reconstructions using carbon-cycle models featuring a box model representation of the ocean. In comparison to the box models of the ocean, the Bern3D model provides a more realistic boundary condition at the surface ocean for the air-sea gas exchange of radiocarbon. ∆14C reconstructions for the northern and southern hemispheres, which differ owing to a gradient in atmospheric ∆14C at the equator, can thus be included as boundary conditions of the respective oceanic domains. In the box models of the ocean, which do not resolve the two hemispheres, the atmospheric ∆14C boundary condition has to be an averaged value of the two hemispheric records. The results using the different modelling approaches to calculate radiocarbon production are found to agree well.
An outlook regarding ongoing and possible future model development extending the Bern3D ocean model into various directions and applications thereof is given in Chapter 7. The Appendix details the construction of smooth atmospheric pC02 records as applied in the studies presented in this thesis and also their projection into the future in the form of idealised stabilisation scenarios as used for projections of climate change commitment using Earth system models of intermediate complexity for the upcoming Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and e. g. in Plattner et al. [submitted] and Knutti et al. [2005]. Furthermore, a publication [Muscheler et al., 2005] contributing to a discussion that was initiated following the publication of a paper by Solanki et al. [2004] is attached in the Appendix. There, using radiocarbon production rate based reconstructions of the solar modulation parameter, Muscheler et al. [2005] find that the solar modulation parameter was comparable to or even exceeds today's values during several periods in the last 500 years
Correction to : Cost-Effectiveness of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy in Clinics versus Homes : Client, Provider, Administrator, and Overall Perspectives (Journal of Child and Family Studies, (2018), 27, 10, (3329-3344), 10.1007/s10826-018-1159-4)
No full textThe original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The Author contributions section currently states: “A.F.: designed and conducted data analyses for this study, supervised by B.Y. with input by T.F. A.F. and T.F. assisted B.Y. in writing and revising the manuscript.” In fact, B.Y. and T.F. assisted A.F. in writing and revising the manuscript. Although T.F. and B.Y. were both involved in the writing, primary credit should go to A.F. (Alexis French, the first author). The authorship order above is accurate.</p
Inflation Targeting: The British Experience
Get PDFThis lecture describes the United Kingdom's experience with inflation targeting. It provides a historical perspective to the introduction of inflation targeting, discusses the concept of inflation targets, and compares an inflation targeting regime with money supply and exchange rate targeting regimes. It is noteworthy that inflation targeting is based on the assumption that low inflation is the proper objective of monetary policy. A significant portion of the lecture covers the issue of the measurement of inflation. It discusses whether asset prices should be taken into account in the inflation measure and looks in particular at the experience of Japan in the late 1980s. It also considers sources of imperfection in traditional measures. It concludes that monetary policy will have to be conducted by reference to estimated price indexes that fall short of the conceptual ideal but does not regard this as seriously undermining an inflation targeting regime. The lecture goes on to discuss the issues of (1) having a target band for inflation or not, (2) the difficulty in forecasting inflation, and (3) the time horizon over which monetary policy should aim. The lecture highlights the important role that openness and transparency play in achieving credibility in monetary policy. It highlights the five devices that are now in use in the United Kingdom, and notes some of the benefits emerging from the open and transparent nature of the United Kingdom approach. It concludes by warning that inflation targeting does not promise to make monetary policy easy but does have the positive virtue of directing attention to many technical issues that need to be resolved in conducting monetary policy.Inflation, Targeting, British
Review of the Monograph T.F. Khaidarov “Age of ‘Black Death’ in Golden Horde and Adjacent Regions” Kazan: Marjani Institute of History of Academy of Sciences, 2018. 304 P.
No full textThe author examines the monographic work of T.F. Khaidarov, devoted to the study of the second plague pandemic in the Golden Horde and neighboring territories, which was published in 2018. Researchers have already studied some aspects of the course of the Black Death in Eastern Europe. Before the publication of the monograph, T.F. Khaidarov had published several articles devoted to this problem. Despite this, the monograph is the first experience of a comprehensive study of the manifestations of the second plague pandemic in all their diversity in Eastern Europe. The objectives set in the book required the synthesis of various natural sciences (biology, climatology, medicine) and social (history, historical source study, social anthropology) disciplines. In the monograph phenomena of different scale are investigated. On the one hand, the epidemics in Eastern Europe were considered in the context of the worldwide course of the pandemic. On the other hand, from the researcher’s view did not escape the local phenomena: the specific dating of a particular outbreak of the epidemic, the problem of the perception of the disease by society, the features of its description, etc. In the review, an assessment is given to this "total" study of the pandemic. The advantage of this approach is that it overcomes the boundaries between different scientific disciplines, allows us to fill the knowledge that is fragmentary in each separate science. The drawback of this approach is that it leads to the absolutization of the plague factor in history. The study of Black Death becomes the main link in the whole multidisciplinary research, turns into a kind of paradigm. Sometimes this leads to incorrect reading of historical sources and scientific works. Despite the revealed shortcomings, it should be recognized that the monograph of T.F. Khaidarov is a serious step forward in the study of the problem at the present stage of the development of science
Spatially targeted nature-based solutions can mitigate climate change and nature loss but require a systems approach
Get PDFFunding Information: This study was funded by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) and Natural England (project code ECM 58632). The Breeding Bird Survey is a Partnership between the BTO, RSPB, and Joint Nature Conservation Committee (on behalf of Natural Resources Wales, Natural England, Council for Nature Conservation and Countryside, and NatureScot) and relies on volunteer surveyors. Simon Gillings provided tetrad-level predictions of relative abundance for wading birds. We are grateful to members of the RSPB steering group, who contributed to the development of our scenarios, and Profs. Tim Benton and Andrew Balmford who commented on an earlier version of this manuscript. Conceptualization, T.F. R.B.B. T.B.-L. G.M.B. W.J.P. and R.H.F.; methodology, T.F. T.B.-L. J.P.C. D.M. P.S. and R.H.F.; software, T.F.; formal analysis, T.F.; resources, D.M.; data curation, T.F.; writing – original draft, T.F.; writing – review & editing, R.B.B. T.B.-L. G.M.B. J.P.C. D.M. P.S. W.J.P. and R.H.F.; visualization, T.F.; supervision, W.J.P. The authors declare no competing interests. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The AuthorsPeer reviewe
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Fabrieksschema van de bereiding van styreen
No full textDocument(en) uit de collectie Chemische ProcestechnologieDelftChemTechApplied Science
Is Foreign-Owned Capital a Bad Thing to Tax?
Get PDFThe aging population has raised at least two concerns about tax policy. First, taxes will need to be increased to cover higher public-pension and medical-care expenses when baby boomers have retired. Second, taxes can be cut in the meantime, as the government realizes the "fiscal dividend" that accompanies its debt reduction program (that has been motivated by the aging population development). This paper uses a simple endogenous growth analysis to examine these issues. It is assumed that sales tax increases are infeasible on political grounds. Two conclusions emerge: the income tax rate levied on domestic residents should be cut during the debt-reduction period, and the tax rate on foreigners whose capital is operating in Canada should be increased later on when the bulk of the baby boomers have retired.fiscal policy, endogenous growth, open economy
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