5 research outputs found
Te Tuhirau i Rehu i Ringa: Translating Sacred and Sensitive Texts: An Indigenous Perspective
No full textThis thesis centers on translator cognition. Through a series of interviews and think-aloud protocols (Chapters 3 – 5), it explores the ways in which a sample of translators (both Māori and non-Māori) negotiate the complex issues involved in translating between a local, Indigenous language (Māori) and an international one (English) and, in particular, how they approach the definition and translation of texts that could be regarded as being ‘sacred’ and/or ‘sensitive’. In their definitions of ‘sacred’ texts and ‘sensitive’ texts, all of the participants exhibited a peculiarly postmodern positioning, focussing primarily on perspective rather than on any absolute concept of truth or reality. With the exception of the Māori participants’ traditional definition of, and approach to texts deemed to be ‘tapu’ (see Chapter 3), all of the participants expressed beliefs about the translation process which were largely structurally-orientated. They emphasized the importance of respecting the cultural context out of which texts emerged and of attempting, in translation, to reflect the meanings deemed to reside in the source texts by virtue of the intentions of their authors. As witnessed in their think-aloud protocols, however, when involved in the actual process of translation the translators did not always adhere to the views expressed in their interviews, with translation procedures ranging from one that was primarily modernist and structural in orientation (but also reflecting the careful attention to co-text and cohesion that is characteristic of much recent research on discourse analysis) to one that was primarily postmodern and post-structural in orientation, being highly personal, autonomous and individualistic.
In the absence of any clear agreement about translation theory in the literature on translation (see Chapter 2), and at a time when pre-modern, modern and postmodern positioning and structural and post-structural perspectives vie for acceptance, each of the participants in this research project appears to have found his or her own way of traversing the complex terrain of translation practice without necessarily being fully aware of the way in which the decisions they made positioned them theoretically. What this suggests is the need for a type of training that introduces novice translators in an explicit way to a variety of theories about human language and communication and the ways in which they can impinge upon translation practice, thus creating a context in which translators are able to make critically informed decisions about how they will proceed in any particular instance, why they will proceed in these ways, and what is required in order to ensure that their beliefs about translation are in accord with their actual practices. Critical awareness of these issues is likely to be particularly important in the case of those involved in translating between international languages such as English and more localized, Indigenous languages such as Māori, where discontinuity in the transmission of the language has occurred and where, therefore, texts that are deemed to be of particular significance would otherwise be unavailable to those for whom the texts form part of their cultural heritage
Ngā Reo o ngā Niupepa: Ngā niupepa reo Māori 1855-1863
No full textThis thesis is also available in English.Nō te tau 1855, ka noho tonu te nuinga o te iwi Māori i runga i ngā tikanga Māori, kāore e tino raweketia ana e te ringa kāwanatanga. E pēnei ana tēnei ki tō rātou whakaaro mō te tino rangatiratanga he mea whakapūmau ki te Tiriti o Waitangi. Engari he ao hurihuri tēnei ao. Kua uru ngā tini Māori ki roto i ngā mahi hokohoko kia riro ai ngā taonga Pākehā. Kua tahuri te nuinga ki te whakapono Karaitiana. Ka taea e te tokomaha te kōrero pukapuka. Kua hokona e ētahi he whenua hei nohoanga mō ngā tini Pākehā e haere mai ana. Nā konei, ka āhuareka te kāwanatanga, i pīrangi he hāpori hou mō Niu Tīreni e tūturu ai ngā tikanga Pākehā, e tū ā-tinana ai tōna mana kāwanatanga he mea whakatū ki te Tiriti, kāore ā-wairua noa iho.
I tēnei wā, ka whāia e te kāwanatanga te kaupapa o te “iwi kotahi”, o te “amalgamation” rānei. Mā tēnei kaupapa, ka tukua ngā painga o te “civilisation" o Ūropi kia hāpainga te taha ā-hāpori, ā-ōhanga hoki, o te iwi Māori. I rapuhia hoki kia ākina ngā Māori kia tukua ō rātou whenua “takoto noa” hei nohoanga mō ngā Pākehā, ā, kia whakaaetia te ture Pākehā me te mana o te kāwanatanga. Hei mutunga, he hāpori kotahi ngā iwi e rua, arā, he hāpori Pākehā. I mahia te niupepa e te kāwanatanga hei tohatoha i tāna kōrero ki te iwi Māori, arā, ko te niupepa reo-rua, ko te Maori Messenger – Te Karere Maori mai i Hānuere, 1855 tae noa ki Hepetema, 1863.
Mā tēnei tuhituhinga e rangahau te niupepa kāwanatanga me ērā atu niupepa reo Māori i puta mai ai i tēnei wā, he mea tā e ngā āpiha kāwanatanga, e ngā Pākehā whaiwhakapono, e te Hāhi Wēteriana, e te kāwanatanga tawhai o te Māori, ko te Kīngitanga. Ma te tuhituhinga nei e tirotiro te pānga o ngā niupepa ki ngā tikanga me ngā mahi torangapū a te Māori o taua wā, e rūnanga i pēhea tā ngā niupepa whakaaturanga i ngā take nui ki te iwi Māori, hei tauira, ko te pakanga tuatahi ki Taranaki, ko te Rūnanga ki Kohimarama, ko te taenga mai o te pakanga nui ki te Kīngitanga i Waikato.
Mā ngā niupepa hei tino rauemi, ka rapu tēnei tuhituhinga ki te whakaatu i pēhea te mohiotanga o ngā Māori ki ngā take o te wā, ā, kia tukua rātou kia whakautu i roto i ō rātou ake reo. Waimarie, tata ki te tau kotahi i whakaputa mai ai te Kīngitanga i ā rātou ake kōrero i roto i a Te Hokioi. Nā konei, ka taea e ngā Māori patu-kāwanatanga ā rātou ake whakaaro te whakamārama. Engari, kāore ngā whakaaro o ngā Māori katoa e kotahi ana. Ka whakakitea e ngā niupepa reo Māori a ngā Pākehā he whakaaro kē o ngā Māori mō ngā take ā-hāpori, ā-torangapu, arā, i roto i ngā rongo, i ngā whaikōrero he mea tā, i ngā reta tuku mai hoki. Ka nui ngā hītori o tēnei takiwā e āta titiro ki ngā raruraru me ngā whawhai o te Karauna me ngā Māori. Nā konei, ka whakakatotetia ngā Māori e piripono ana ki te kāwanatanga rātou ko ngā mea ngākaurua ko te iwi kīhai i pīrangi ki te raruraru. Ka rapu tēnei tuhituhinga kia whakamōhiotia te whānui o ngā whakaaro o taua wā.UnpublishedNō te Pāremata
Appendices to the Journal of the House of Representatives [AJHR]
New Zealand Parliamentary Debates. [NZPD]
British Parliamentary Papers [BPP]
He Papakupu
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He Paipera
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He Paetukutuku
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Maori Land Legislation Database. Paetukutuku ipurangi. He mea titiro i te 16 Tīhema 2003. Kei te paetukutuku a te Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki-makau-rau, http://www.lbr.auckland.ac.nz/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll rā http://www.lbr.auckland.ac.nz/databases/learn_database/public.asp?record=maoland
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He puna tuatahi
Nō ngā Whare Pūranga
Te Puna Mātauranga o Aotearoa, Whanganui-a-Tara
A.F. McDonnell Papers 1845-1938. MS Copy Micro-0651-1, 2, 3, 4.
Hammond Family Collection. MS-Papers-4449-23.
He kōrero nō Te Karere Māori. MS Copy Micro 137.
He reta nā Thomas Buddle ki a Governor Browne, 25/4/1860.Micro-MS-0778.
McLean Papers, Folios 189 & 190.
He kōrero mō Thomas rāua ko Sarah Buddle. MS-Papers-0227-04.
Ngātai Rākaunui o Taranaki, 1860, MS-Papers-3134.
Rēnata Te Kawepō mō Taranaki. MS-Papers-0151-30 & 31.
Thomas Buddle Letterbooks. MS 778.
Wesley Missionaries Society Letters Collection. MS-Papers-2625-3 & 4.
Te Uare Taoka o Hakena, Ōtepoti
He reta nā F.D. Bell ki a Edward Shortland 30/12/1862, MS 385.
National Archives, Whanganui-a-Tara
He reta nā W. Crompton ki te Tari Māori, 8/11/1859. MA1 1860/82.
He niupepa
Reo Pākehā
Dominion Journal
Nelson Examiner
New Zealand Colonist & Port Nicholson Advertiser
New Zealand Gazette
New Zealand Herald
New Zealand Spectator and Cook’s Strait Guardian
New-Zealander
Southern Cross
Taranaki Herald
Reo Māori
He Maramataka
Ko Aotearoa
Maori Messenger: Te Karere Maori
Te Haeata
Te Hokioi o Niu Tirani
Te Karere o Poneke
Te Manuhiri Tuarangi and Maori Intelligenser
Te Paki o Matariki.
Te Pihoihoi Mokemoke i Runga i te Tuanui
Te Pipiwharauroa
Te Waka o te Iwi
Te Waka Maori o Ahuriri
Te Wananga
Te Whetu o te Tau
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Brodie, Walter. Remarks on the Past and Present State of New Zealand: its Government, Capabilities, and Prospects. London: Whittaker, 1845.
Brown, William. New Zealand and its Aborigines. London: Smith Elder & Co., 1845.
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Buddle, Thomas. The Maori King Movement in New Zealand, with a Full Report of the Native Meetings held at Waikato, April and May, 1860. Auckland: New Zealander Office, 1860.
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He puna tuarua
Pukapuka
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Meiklejohn, G.M. Early Conflicts of Press and Government: A Story of the First New Zealand Herald a
Ngā reo o ngā niupepa: Māori language newspapers 1855-1863
No full textThis thesis is also available in te reo Māori (the Māori language).By 1855, most Māori still lived in a tribal setting, with little official Pākehā interference. This would have been as they expected, exercising their tino rangatiratanga, the chiefly rights guaranteed by the Treaty of Waitangi. However, their world was changing. In an effort to gain Pākehā goods, many Māori had entered the market economy. Most had converted to Christianity. Many could read and write. Some sold land to accommodate the increasing number of Pākehā settlers. These trends gratified the government. It envisaged a New Zealand society dominated by Pākehā, in which European mores would be norm, and where its sovereignty, gained through the Treaty, would be more substantive rather than nominal.
At this tme, the government pursued the policy of iwi kotahi (one people) or "amalgamation". The policy included the aim of elevating Māori socially and economically by extending to them the benefits of European civilisation. It sought too to encourage Māori to give up their "waste" lands for Pākehā settlement, and for Māori to accept the rule of English law, and government authority. Ultimately the two races would become one society - a Pākehā-style society. The government used newspapers for disseminating its message to Māori, publishing the bi-lingual Maori Messenger - Te Karere Maori from January 1855 to Spetember 1863.
This thesis investigates the government's newspaper, plus other Māori language newspapers appearing within the period, printed by government agents, evangelical Pākehā, the Wesleyan Church, and the rival Māori government, the Kīngitanga. The thesis not only looks at the impact of newspapers upon Māori society and political issues to Māori, including the first Taranaki War, the Kohimarama Conference, and the impending all-out war with the Kīngitanga in Waikato.
Using the newspapers as its major source, this thesis seeks to show how Māori might have understood the issues, and where possible, to allow them to respond in their own voices. We are fortunate that for almost a year the Kīngitanga was able to publish its own views in Te Hokioi, thus allowing the anti-government Māori voice to articulate its stand. However, Māori opinion was hardly unitary. The Pākehā-run Māori language newspapers, through reports, reported speeches, and their corrsepondence columns, provide another set of Māori opinions, which show a variety of opinions on political and social issues. Many histories of this period focus on the tensions and conflicts between Crown and Māori, thus marginalising pro-government Māori, the waverers, and those who merely wanted to keep trouble from their door. This thesis endeavours to illuminate the whole colonial discourse as it appeared in the Māori language newspaper, providing a wide range of opinions as possible.UnpublishedBibliography
General Reference Works
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Appendices to the Journal of the House of Representatives [AJHR]
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Primary Sources
Archival Sources
Alexander Turnball Library, Wellington
A.F. McDonnell Papers 1845-1938. MS Copy Micro-0651-1, 2, 3, 4.
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Newspapers, magazines, annuals
English Language
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Māori Language
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Ngā Reo o ngā Niupepa: Ngā niupepa reo Māori 1855-1863
No full textThis thesis is also available in English.Nō te tau 1855, ka noho tonu te nuinga o te iwi Māori i runga i ngā tikanga Māori, kāore e tino raweketia ana e te ringa kāwanatanga. E pēnei ana tēnei ki tō rātou whakaaro mō te tino rangatiratanga he mea whakapūmau ki te Tiriti o Waitangi. Engari he ao hurihuri tēnei ao. Kua uru ngā tini Māori ki roto i ngā mahi hokohoko kia riro ai ngā taonga Pākehā. Kua tahuri te nuinga ki te whakapono Karaitiana. Ka taea e te tokomaha te kōrero pukapuka. Kua hokona e ētahi he whenua hei nohoanga mō ngā tini Pākehā e haere mai ana. Nā konei, ka āhuareka te kāwanatanga, i pīrangi he hāpori hou mō Niu Tīreni e tūturu ai ngā tikanga Pākehā, e tū ā-tinana ai tōna mana kāwanatanga he mea whakatū ki te Tiriti, kāore ā-wairua noa iho.
I tēnei wā, ka whāia e te kāwanatanga te kaupapa o te “iwi kotahi”, o te “amalgamation” rānei. Mā tēnei kaupapa, ka tukua ngā painga o te “civilisation" o Ūropi kia hāpainga te taha ā-hāpori, ā-ōhanga hoki, o te iwi Māori. I rapuhia hoki kia ākina ngā Māori kia tukua ō rātou whenua “takoto noa” hei nohoanga mō ngā Pākehā, ā, kia whakaaetia te ture Pākehā me te mana o te kāwanatanga. Hei mutunga, he hāpori kotahi ngā iwi e rua, arā, he hāpori Pākehā. I mahia te niupepa e te kāwanatanga hei tohatoha i tāna kōrero ki te iwi Māori, arā, ko te niupepa reo-rua, ko te Maori Messenger – Te Karere Maori mai i Hānuere, 1855 tae noa ki Hepetema, 1863.
Mā tēnei tuhituhinga e rangahau te niupepa kāwanatanga me ērā atu niupepa reo Māori i puta mai ai i tēnei wā, he mea tā e ngā āpiha kāwanatanga, e ngā Pākehā whaiwhakapono, e te Hāhi Wēteriana, e te kāwanatanga tawhai o te Māori, ko te Kīngitanga. Ma te tuhituhinga nei e tirotiro te pānga o ngā niupepa ki ngā tikanga me ngā mahi torangapū a te Māori o taua wā, e rūnanga i pēhea tā ngā niupepa whakaaturanga i ngā take nui ki te iwi Māori, hei tauira, ko te pakanga tuatahi ki Taranaki, ko te Rūnanga ki Kohimarama, ko te taenga mai o te pakanga nui ki te Kīngitanga i Waikato.
Mā ngā niupepa hei tino rauemi, ka rapu tēnei tuhituhinga ki te whakaatu i pēhea te mohiotanga o ngā Māori ki ngā take o te wā, ā, kia tukua rātou kia whakautu i roto i ō rātou ake reo. Waimarie, tata ki te tau kotahi i whakaputa mai ai te Kīngitanga i ā rātou ake kōrero i roto i a Te Hokioi. Nā konei, ka taea e ngā Māori patu-kāwanatanga ā rātou ake whakaaro te whakamārama. Engari, kāore ngā whakaaro o ngā Māori katoa e kotahi ana. Ka whakakitea e ngā niupepa reo Māori a ngā Pākehā he whakaaro kē o ngā Māori mō ngā take ā-hāpori, ā-torangapu, arā, i roto i ngā rongo, i ngā whaikōrero he mea tā, i ngā reta tuku mai hoki. Ka nui ngā hītori o tēnei takiwā e āta titiro ki ngā raruraru me ngā whawhai o te Karauna me ngā Māori. Nā konei, ka whakakatotetia ngā Māori e piripono ana ki te kāwanatanga rātou ko ngā mea ngākaurua ko te iwi kīhai i pīrangi ki te raruraru. Ka rapu tēnei tuhituhinga kia whakamōhiotia te whānui o ngā whakaaro o taua wā.UnpublishedNō te Pāremata
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He Kohikohinga Pukapuka
Hocken, T.M. A Bibliography of Literature Relating to New Zealand. Wellington: Government Printer, 1909; he mea tā anō, Wellington: Newrick Associates Ltd, 1973.
Williams, Herbert W. A Bibliography of Printed Maori to 1900. Wellington: Government Printer, 1924, he mea tā anō, 1975.
He Paipera
Ko te Paipera Tapu: Ara, ko te Kawenata Tawhito me te Kawenata Hou. Wellington: The Bible Society of New Zealand, 1999.
New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures. New York: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, 1984.
The Holy Bible. London: The British and Foreign Bible Society, n.d. [KJV]
He Tawhera Mōkito
Niupepa 1842-1933 Māori Newspapers. Wellington: Alexander Turnball Library/National Library of New Zealand, 1996.
He Paetukutuku
100 Words Every NZer Should Know. Paetukutuku ipurangi. He mea titiro i te 16 Tīhema, 2003. Kei NZHistory.net.New Zealand. http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/Gallery/tereo/words.htm
Bishop Ussher Dates the World: 4004 BC. Paetukutuku ipurangi. He mea titiro i te 5 Mei, 2004. Kei http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/ussher.htm.
Māori Electoral Option Report. He pukapuka me mea tango i te paetukutuku ipurangi. He mea titiro i te 27 Tīhema, 2003. Kei ngā paetukutuku a te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi, http://wai8155s1.verdi.2day.com/reports/generic/wai413/Chapt02.pdf rā http://wai8155s1.verdi.2day.com/reports/generic/wai413/wai413b.asp
Maori Land Legislation Database. Paetukutuku ipurangi. He mea titiro i te 16 Tīhema 2003. Kei te paetukutuku a te Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki-makau-rau, http://www.lbr.auckland.ac.nz/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll rā http://www.lbr.auckland.ac.nz/databases/learn_database/public.asp?record=maoland
niupepa: māori newspapers. Paetukutuku ipurangi. He mea titiro i te 16/12/2003. Kei te paetukutuku a New Zealand Digital Library, Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato, http://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/niupepalibrary/.
Signatories to the Treaty of Waitangi, Manukau-Kawhia Treaty Copy. Paetukutuku ipurangi. He mea titiro i te 25 Mei, 2004. Kei te paetukutuku a te NZHistory.net.nz, Ministry for Culture and Heritage, http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/Gallery/treaty-sigs/manukau.htm.
The Taranaki Report: Kaupapa Tuatahi. He pukapuka me mea tango i te paetukutuku ipurangi. He mea titiro i te 16 Tīhema, 2003. Kei ngā paetukutuku a te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi, http://wai8155s1.verdi.2day.com/reports/niwest/wai143/chapt03.pdf
He puna tuatahi
Nō ngā Whare Pūranga
Te Puna Mātauranga o Aotearoa, Whanganui-a-Tara
A.F. McDonnell Papers 1845-1938. MS Copy Micro-0651-1, 2, 3, 4.
Hammond Family Collection. MS-Papers-4449-23.
He kōrero nō Te Karere Māori. MS Copy Micro 137.
He reta nā Thomas Buddle ki a Governor Browne, 25/4/1860.Micro-MS-0778.
McLean Papers, Folios 189 & 190.
He kōrero mō Thomas rāua ko Sarah Buddle. MS-Papers-0227-04.
Ngātai Rākaunui o Taranaki, 1860, MS-Papers-3134.
Rēnata Te Kawepō mō Taranaki. MS-Papers-0151-30 & 31.
Thomas Buddle Letterbooks. MS 778.
Wesley Missionaries Society Letters Collection. MS-Papers-2625-3 & 4.
Te Uare Taoka o Hakena, Ōtepoti
He reta nā F.D. Bell ki a Edward Shortland 30/12/1862, MS 385.
National Archives, Whanganui-a-Tara
He reta nā W. Crompton ki te Tari Māori, 8/11/1859. MA1 1860/82.
He niupepa
Reo Pākehā
Dominion Journal
Nelson Examiner
New Zealand Colonist & Port Nicholson Advertiser
New Zealand Gazette
New Zealand Herald
New Zealand Spectator and Cook’s Strait Guardian
New-Zealander
Southern Cross
Taranaki Herald
Reo Māori
He Maramataka
Ko Aotearoa
Maori Messenger: Te Karere Maori
Te Haeata
Te Hokioi o Niu Tirani
Te Karere o Poneke
Te Manuhiri Tuarangi and Maori Intelligenser
Te Paki o Matariki.
Te Pihoihoi Mokemoke i Runga i te Tuanui
Te Pipiwharauroa
Te Waka o te Iwi
Te Waka Maori o Ahuriri
Te Wananga
Te Whetu o te Tau
He pukapuka
He Nuipepa tenei, hei whakaatu i nga korero i korerotia ki te Hui ki te Pa whakairo i te 7 o ngā ra o Nowema, 1860. (n.l.: n.d.)
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Davis, C.O. Ko nga Tohu mo te Putanga mai o te Ariki o Ihu Karaiti me Tona Nohoanga A-tinana i Roto i ana hunga pono i Maunga Hiona, i Hiruharama, i te Ao Māori. Auckland: Joseph Cook, printer, 1855.
Fitz-roy, Robert. Remarks on New Zealand, in February 1846. London:W and H White, 1846; putanga tauira, Dunedin: Hocken Library, 1969.
Fox, William. The Six Colonies of New Zealand. London: John W. Parker and Son, 1851; putanga tauira, Dunedin: Hocken Library, 1971.
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Kawepō, Rēnata. Renata’s Speech and Letter to the Superintendent of Hawkes Bay on the Taranaki Question: Ko te Korero me te Pukapuka a Renata Tamakihikurangi ki te Kaiwhakahaere Tikanga o nga Pākehā ki Ahuriri. Wellington: “Spectator Office”, 1861.
Maning, Frederick Edward. Old New Zealand : a Tale of the Good Old Times; and a History of the War in the North against the Chief Heke, in the Year 1845. London : Richard Bentley and Son , 1887; reprint, Auckland: Golden Press, 1973.
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Martin, Sir William. Ko Nga Tikanga a te Pakeha. Auckland: New Zealand Government, 1858.
Martin, Sir William. The Taranaki Question. Auckland: Melanesian Press, 1860; putanga tauira, Dunedin: Hocken Library, 1967.
Nicholas, J.L. Narrative of a Voyage to New Zealand. London: James Black and Son, 1817; putanga tauira, Auckland: Wilson & Horton, n.d.
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Te Taniwha, Te Horetā. ‘Te Taenga Mai o Kāpene Kuki mā ki Whitianga’ i roto i John C. Moorfield, Te Kōhure. Hamilton: Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato, 1996, wh 140-144.
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He puna tuarua
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Independent and combined effects of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene, and improved complementary feeding, on child stunting and anaemia in rural Zimbabwe: a cluster-randomised trial.
No full textBACKGROUND: Child stunting reduces survival and impairs neurodevelopment. We tested the independent and combined effects of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), and improved infant and young child feeding (IYCF) on stunting and anaemia in in Zimbabwe. METHODS: We did a cluster-randomised, community-based, 2 × 2 factorial trial in two rural districts in Zimbabwe. Clusters were defined as the catchment area of between one and four village health workers employed by the Zimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Care. Women were eligible for inclusion if they permanently lived in clusters and were confirmed pregnant. Clusters were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) to standard of care (52 clusters), IYCF (20 g of a small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplement per day from age 6 to 18 months plus complementary feeding counselling; 53 clusters), WASH (construction of a ventilated improved pit latrine, provision of two handwashing stations, liquid soap, chlorine, and play space plus hygiene counselling; 53 clusters), or IYCF plus WASH (53 clusters). A constrained randomisation technique was used to achieve balance across the groups for 14 variables related to geography, demography, water access, and community-level sanitation coverage. Masking of participants and fieldworkers was not possible. The primary outcomes were infant length-for-age Z score and haemoglobin concentrations at 18 months of age among children born to mothers who were HIV negative during pregnancy. These outcomes were analysed in the intention-to-treat population. We estimated the effects of the interventions by comparing the two IYCF groups with the two non-IYCF groups and the two WASH groups with the two non-WASH groups, except for outcomes that had an important statistical interaction between the interventions. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01824940. FINDINGS: Between Nov 22, 2012, and March 27, 2015, 5280 pregnant women were enrolled from 211 clusters. 3686 children born to HIV-negative mothers were assessed at age 18 months (884 in the standard of care group from 52 clusters, 893 in the IYCF group from 53 clusters, 918 in the WASH group from 53 clusters, and 991 in the IYCF plus WASH group from 51 clusters). In the IYCF intervention groups, the mean length-for-age Z score was 0·16 (95% CI 0·08-0·23) higher and the mean haemoglobin concentration was 2·03 g/L (1·28-2·79) higher than those in the non-IYCF intervention groups. The IYCF intervention reduced the number of stunted children from 620 (35%) of 1792 to 514 (27%) of 1879, and the number of children with anaemia from 245 (13·9%) of 1759 to 193 (10·5%) of 1845. The WASH intervention had no effect on either primary outcome. Neither intervention reduced the prevalence of diarrhoea at 12 or 18 months. No trial-related serious adverse events, and only three trial-related adverse events, were reported. INTERPRETATION: Household-level elementary WASH interventions implemented in rural areas in low-income countries are unlikely to reduce stunting or anaemia and might not reduce diarrhoea. Implementation of these WASH interventions in combination with IYCF interventions is unlikely to reduce stunting or anaemia more than implementation of IYCF alone. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, UK Department for International Development, Wellcome Trust, Swiss Development Cooperation, UNICEF, and US National Institutes of Health.The SHINE trial is funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1021542 and OPP113707); UK Department for International Development; Wellcome Trust, UK (093768/Z/10/Z, 108065/Z/15/Z and 203905/Z/16/Z); Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation; US National Institutes of Health (2R01HD060338-06); and UNICEF (PCA-2017-0002)
