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Experimental investigations on dopamine transmission can provide clues on the mechanism of the therapeutic effect of amphetamine and methylphenidate in ADHD.
No full textNeural Plast. 2004;11(1-2):77-95.
Experimental investigations on dopamine transmission can provide clues on the
mechanism of the therapeutic effect of amphetamine and methylphenidate in ADHD.
Carboni E, Silvagni A.
Department of Toxicology, Centro di Eccellenza sulla Neurobiologia delle
Dipendenze University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
[email protected]
The aim of this review is to compare the experimental evidence obtained from in
vitro studies on the effect of amphetamine and methylphenidate on dopamine
transmission with the results obtained in animal models of attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This comparison can extend the knowledge on the
mechanism of action of the drugs used in the therapy of ADHD and provide insight
into the etiology of ADHD. In particular, we considered the results obtained from
in vitro methods, such as synaptosomes, cells in culture, and slices and from in
vivo animal models of ADHD, such as spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) and the
Naples high-excitability (NHE) rat lines. The different experimental approaches
produce consonant results and suggest that in SHR rats, in contrast to Wistar
Kyoto rats (WKY), amphetamine and depolarization by high K+ might release
different pools of dopamine-containing vesicles. The pool depleted by amphetamine
might represent dopamine that is stored in large dense core vesicles, whereas
dopamine released by high K+ might be contained in small synaptic vesicles (SSV).
The sustained dopamine transmission observed in the nucleus accumbens of SHR but
not WKY rats can be supported by an elevated synthesis and release, which also
might explain the stronger effect of methylphenidate on dopamine release in SHR
but not in WKY rats. This hypothesis might enlighten the common therapeutic
effect of these drugs, although their action takes place at different levels in
catecholaminergic transmission.
PMCID: PMC2565436
PMID: 15303307 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE
Prenatal restraint stress differentially modifies basal and stimulated dopamine and noradrenaline release in the nucleus accumbens shell: an 'in vivo' microdialysis study in adolescent and young adult rats.
No full textEur J Neurosci. 2008 Aug;28(4):744-58. Epub 2008 Jul 30.
Prenatal restraint stress differentially modifies basal and stimulated dopamine
and noradrenaline release in the nucleus accumbens shell: an 'in vivo'
microdialysis study in adolescent and young adult rats.
Silvagni A, Barros VG, Mura C, Antonelli MC, Carboni E.
Department of Toxicology, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
Gestational stress [prenatal stress (PNS)] has been associated with low birth
weight, preterm delivery, and higher vulnerability to psychiatric disorders such
as schizophrenia, depression or attention deficit with hyperactivity disorder.
The alteration of catecholamine transmission has been attributed a major role in
the etiology of psychiatric disturbances. We investigated the effect of PNS on
basal and stimulated dopamine and noradrenaline output in the nucleus accumbens
of freely moving adolescent and young adult rats (30-35 and 60-70 postnatal days
respectively) because of the importance of this area in drug dependence and
possibly in psychiatric disorders that are treated with drugs that act on
dopamine and noradrenaline transmission. Stimulation was obtained with
intraperitoneal amphetamine (0.25 mg/kg) or subcutaneous nicotine (0.4 mg/kg).
The results showed the following: (i) basal and amphetamine-stimulated dopamine
output in adolescent and adult PNS rats is higher than in controls; (ii)
nicotine-stimulated dopamine output is lower than in controls in adolescent but
not in adult PNS rats; (iii) basal noradrenaline output is lower than in controls
in adolescent but not in adult PNS rats; (iv) amphetamine-stimulated
noradrenaline output is higher than in controls in adult but not in adolescent
PNS rats; (v) nicotine-stimulated noradrenaline output in PNS rats is higher than
in controls, although only in adults. These results show that PNS may produce a
complex change in accumbal dopamine and noradrenaline transmission. We discuss
the possibility that these changes might be correlated with the development of
psychiatric disorders or with an increased vulnerability to drug addiction.
PMID: 18671739 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE
42) Carboni E, Silvagni A, Barros VG, Di Chiara G. (2006). BASAL AND AMPHETAMINE STIMULATED DOPAMINE AND NORADRENALINE TRANSMISSION IN RAT BRAIN ARE DIFFERENTIALLY AFFECTED BY PRENATAL STRESS: AN IN VIVO MICRODIALYSIS STUDY.
No full textVanadium-catalyzed oxidation in ionic liquids
No full textAmong the various interesting features of vanadium(V) there is its ability to activate hydrogen peroxide in diverse oxidation reactions. In this respect, we proposed a simple and effective procedure for oxybromination of unsaturated substrates in a biphasic system H2O/CH2Cl2. Then, with the aim of rendering such a procedure even more interesting from the sustainability point of view, we have substituted chlorinated solvents with ionic liquids, ILs. Interestingly enough, we observed a remarkable increase of both yield and selectivity with styrene and ethynylbenzene, obtaining synthetically interesting results. Here we report results with other substrates in order to enlarge the scope of the reaction. Very preliminary data of peroxovanadium catalyzed hydroxylation of arenes in ILs are also mentioned
Sustainable vanadium(V)-catalyzed oxybromination of styrene: Two-phase system versus ionic liquids
No full textOxybromination reaction of styrene was performed in a two-phase system of water/ionic liquids (ILs). The aim of the work was to make the mild and efficient two-phase system previously developed for the vanadium(V)-catalyzed oxybromination of alkenes, inspired by the activity of haloperoxidase enzymes, even more interesting from a sustainable point of view. As in that case, a brominating intermediate was formed from the metal catalyst, H2O2, and bromide ion in the acid aqueous phase, but chlorinated solvents were replaced with ILs. [bmim(+)][PF6-], [bm(2)im(+)][PF6-], [bmim(+)][BF4-] [bmim(+)][CF3SO3-], and [bmim(+)][(CF3SO2)(2)N-] were tested. We report on interesting results in terms of reaction rates and selectivities
Oxybromination of ethynylbenzene catalysed by molybdenum complexes in organic solvent and in ionic liquids
No full textThe molybdenum(VI)-catalysed oxybromination of ethynylbenzene was performed with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant and potassium bromide as source of bromine, in a two-phase water/solvent system, where solvent was either dichloromethane or an ionic liquid. The selectivity was toward 1,2-dibromostyrene when performed in water/dichloromethane. In ionic liquids better yields and shorter reaction times were obtained that, together with the complete ethynylbenzene conversion and the preferred formation of alpha,alpha-dibromoacetophenone, make the reaction synthetically useful
Thermoinduced Lipid Oxidation of a Culinary Oil: A Kinetic Study of the Oxidation Products by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopies
No full text1H NMR and EPR spectroscopies were employed to detect the evolution of lipid peroxidation products resulting from thermal stress in a vegetable oil. The obtained concentration profiles indicate that the secondary oxidation products (saturated and unsaturated aldehydes) may form not only via a direct degradation of primary oxidation products (hydroperoxides), as assumed in the classic kinetic models. In order to explain the observed concentration profiles, an alternate kinetic model is proposed where the aldehydes are additionally generated from hydroperoxides through an independent pathway
EFFECT OF PRENATAL STRESS ON BASAL AND STIMULATED DOPAMINE AND NORADRENALINE TRANSMISSION IN RAT BRAIN: IN VIVO MICRODIALYSIS STUDY.
No full textDrug induced release of dopamine and noradrenaline in the forebrain of the prenatally stressed rats
No full text- …
