173 research outputs found
Disruption of gene expression in hybrids of the fire ants Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis richteri
No full textTranscriptome analysis is a powerful tool for unveiling the distribution and magnitude of genetic incompatibilities between hybridizing taxa. The nature of such incompatibilities is closely associated with the evolutionary histories of the parental species and may differ across tissues and between the sexes. In eusocial insects, the presence of castes that experience divergent selection regimes may result in additional distinct patterns of caste‐specific hybrid incompatibilities. We analysed levels of expression of >14 000 genes in two life stages of each caste in the fire ants Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis richteri and in their hybrids. We found strong contributions of both developmental stage and caste to gene expression patterns. In contrast, variability in expression was only weakly associated with taxonomic identity, with hybrid scores falling between those of the two parental species. Hybrid incompatibilities were surprisingly modest, with only 32 genes being mis‐expressed, indicating low levels of disruption in gene regulation in hybrids; males and workers each mis‐expressed at least seven times as many genes as queens. Interestingly, homologues of many of the mis‐expressed genes have been implicated in behavioural variation in Drosophila melanogaster. General expression profiles of hybrids consistently were more similar to those of S. richteri than S. invicta, presumably because S. richteri trans‐regulatory elements tend to be dominant and/or because there is an overall bias in the genetic composition of the hybrids towards S. richteri. Altogether, our results suggest that selection acting on each caste may contribute differently to interspecific divergence and speciation in this group of ants
Evolution of gene expression in fire ants: the effects of developmental stage, caste, and species. Mol Biol Evol
No full textAnts provide remarkable examples of equivalent genotypes developing into divergent and discrete phenotypes. Diploid eggs can develop either into queens, which specialize in reproduction, or workers, which participate in cooperative tasks such as building the nest, collecting food, and rearing the young. In contrast, the differentiation between males and females generally depends upon whether eggs are fertilized, with fertilized (diploid) eggs giving rise to females and unfertilized (haploid) eggs giving rise to males. To obtain a comprehensive picture of the relative contributions of gender (sex), caste, developmental stage, and species divergence to gene expression evolution, we investigated gene expression patterns in pupal and adult queens, workers, and males of two species of fire ants, Solenopsis invicta and S. richteri. Microarray hybridizations revealed that variation in gene expression profiles is influenced more by developmental stage than by caste membership, sex, or species identity. The second major contributor to variation in gene expression was the combination of sex and caste. Although workers and queens share equivalent diploid nuclear genomes, they have highly distinctive patterns of gene expression in both the pupal and the adult stages, as might be expected given their extraordinary level of phenotypic differentiation. Overall, the difference in the proportion of differentially expressed genes was greater between workers and males than between workers and queens or queens and males, consistent with the fact that workers and males share neither gender nor reproductive capability. Moreover, between-species comparisons revealed that the greates
Population genetic structure of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, in Taiwan
No full textPopulation genetic analyses reveal host association and genetically distinct populations of social parasite Solenopsis daguerrei (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
No full textInquiline ant social parasites exploit other ant species for their reproductive benefit because they do not possess a worker caste. Due to their relative rarity in nature, the biology and natural history of inquilines are largely unknown. Likewise, not much research exists that details the close relationship between inquilines and their host(s), and how each organism influences the genetic structure of the other. Here, we conducted a comparative population genetics study to assess patterns of genetic structure within and among populations of inquiline Solenopsis daguerrei and its known fire ant hosts, which includes invasive Solenopsis invicta. Using nuclear and mitochondrial markers, we show that four genetically distinct groups of S. daguerrei likely exist, each with different degrees of host association. Consistent with previous inferences of the inquiline lifestyle, we find that inbreeding is common in S. daguerrei, presumably a result of intranidal mating and restricted dispersal. Results from this study, specifically host association patterns, may inform future biological control strategies to mitigate invasive S. invicta populations.Fil: Dekovich, Allyson. Herbert College Of Agriculture; Estados UnidosFil: Ryan, Sean. Herbert College Of Agriculture; Estados Unidos. Exponent, Inc.; Estados UnidosFil: Bouwma, Andrew. State University of Oregon; Estados UnidosFil: Calcaterra, Luis Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; ArgentinaFil: Silvestre, Rogerio. Universidade Federal Da Grande Dourados; BrasilFil: Staton, Margaret. Herbert College Of Agriculture; Estados UnidosFil: Shoemaker, DeWayne. Herbert College Of Agriculture; Estados Unido
Relaxed selection is a precursor to the evolution of phenotypic plasticity
No full text
Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to produce alternative phenotypes under different conditions and represents one of the most important ways by which organisms adaptively respond to the environment. However, the relationship between phenotypic plasticity and molecular evolution remains poorly understood. We addressed this issue by investigating the evolution of genes associated with phenotypically plastic castes, sexes, and developmental stages of the fire ant
Solenopsis invicta
. We first determined if genes associated with phenotypic plasticity in
S. invicta
evolved at a rapid rate, as predicted under theoretical models. We found that genes differentially expressed between
S. invicta
castes, sexes, and developmental stages all exhibited elevated rates of evolution compared with ubiquitously expressed genes. We next investigated the evolutionary history of genes associated with the production of castes. Surprisingly, we found that orthologs of caste-biased genes in
S. invicta
and the social bee
Apis mellifera
evolved rapidly in lineages without castes. Thus, in contrast to some theoretical predictions, our results suggest that rapid rates of molecular evolution may not arise primarily as a consequence of phenotypic plasticity. Instead, genes evolving under relaxed purifying selection may more readily adopt new forms of biased expression during the evolution of alternate phenotypes. These results suggest that relaxed selective constraint on protein-coding genes is an important and underappreciated element in the evolutionary origin of phenotypic plasticity.
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Image of god in our vision of ourselves: white theological racism in the consciousness of Mount Hermon Baptist Church of Flint, Michigan, 2007
No full textThe purpose of this project was to demonstrate strains of white theological racism in the language and practice of Mount Hermon Baptist Church of Flint, Michigan (Mount Hermon). The writers intends to do this by probing the congregations faith language of being made in the image of God. This investigation seeks to show how white theological racism is a part of Mount Hermons biblical, theological, and ideological understanding of being made in the image of God. It is the authors contention that whether consciously or unconsciously, white theological racism exists in both the language and practice of many African-American churches. For this reason three questions propelled the author to undertake this project. The first being: How can we recognize white theological racism in the consciousness of Mount Hermon Baptist Church? The second question was: What role does Mount Hermon play in causing its congregants to feel they are unable to achieve at higher levels socially, politically, or economically because of their skin color? Thirdly: What steps are necessary to overcome this dilemma? The author addressed these questions at length in the project dissertation. The writers study of Mount Hermon s members began in the summer of 2001 and continued until the summer of 2005 Particular focus was given to members who were forty years of age and over. Most members in this age category have served on the Church Board of Christian Education. In preparation for this study, the writer led the church to select a biblical theme: Image of God and the Vision of Ourselves. All formal and informal church activities were informed by our theme, borrowed from Genesis 1:26-27. The writers intent was to raise church members consciousness of who they are in the image of God. The author hypothesized that the more we learn about the image of God in our vision of ourselves the better we will feel about ourselves. Our knowledge of God affects our ability to function dynamically as members of the body of Christ. Some members of Mount Hermon have consciously and unconsciously internalized strains of white theological racism, which minimize their image, promote self-hatred and are predicated on myths of inferiority, which began long before African enslavement in the United States of America. Damon Jones in Understanding Racism to End Its Effects, concludes that there are four ways that the myth of racism effected Africans and African Americans.1 Jones described the first major effect of the myth of racism occurred with the enslavement of Africans in North America during chattel slavery for over four centuries; thereby creating a consciousness of Black inferiority. He goes on to detail the second effect of the racism myth as building a platform that perpetuates the stigma of race in the American South. The third effect Jones described was the reinforcement of Black inferiority through education. Credible scholars of the day refder ed ifdifgs reif orcif g Black if eriority that were ifc orporated ifto pro essiofal jourfals o sciefce afd philosophy. Lastly, Jofes described the ourth e ect o the racist myth as the use o the Bible to support chattel slavery afd the lyfchif g o A ricaf males. White theological racism distorts the image o God if our visiof o who we are. It has provef aft i-productive if the past f or caf it serv e the preseft age. A survey was created to determife the embedded ideology afd theology preseft if Mouft Hermof Baptist Churchs aith expressiofs. This survey was desigfed to idefti y implicit afd explicit racist ideas, afd the lack o sel -esteem if the members aith expressiofs. If order to idefti y embedded biblical afd theological ufderstafdif gs withif the cofgr egatiof, the survey ifclude s questiofs addressifg participafts ideological, biblical, afd theological views. The survey oufd that fe gative belie s afd attitudes cofcerfif g race did exist if Mouft Hermof afd they were harm ul afd based upof allacious if ormati of. Later. the same survey was givef to a group o the Wolverife State Baptist Cofveftiof o Michigaf mifisters. The authors purpose if askifg this group o mifisters to participate was to compare afd coftrast the embedded ideological, biblical, afd theological ufdersta fdifgs o the cofv eftiof with those o Mouft Hermof Baptist Church. Whef comparifg afd cofirastif g the ifdifgs, the author oufd parallelisms afd dissimilarities if belie 5 afd ufde rstafdif gs. Completiof o the survey by mifisters ifdicated how white theology racism, doctrife, afd ethics are preseftl y shapifg cofg regatiofs. It was the authors hope that mifisters who participated if the survey would idefti y straifs o white theological racism if their persofal theology afd motivate urther ifv estigatiof. 0 course, the writers theology mirrors the theology o Wolverife State Baptist Convention ministei~ thereby shaping ihe theology of our particular congregations. The survey used allowed the author to learn more about Mount Hermon s congregation~ fellow Baptist ministers, and most of all self. Mount Hermon can be helpful in validating, liberating, and raising the self-esteem of its believers. Moreover~ it is possible for Mount Hermon to have far-reaching influence into the future by dis-allowing faulty faith language and the influence of white theological racism to prevail in Christian Education efforts. Christian supremacist theology claims that morality is predicated upon unwavering faith in Jesus Christ and that the Bible is the source of law. This view sees all non-Christian beliefs as atheism and the root of wickedness in society. Christian supremacist theology is the parent of white supremacy 2 The writers study helped Mount Hermon Baptist Church and its pastor to see the continuing need for contemporary teaching resources to address Christian Education in African-American congregations at all ages. The author has come to understand the need for ongoing Christian Education to enlighten African-American church so that it might transform the future
Reconstructing the global invasion routes of the cabbage white butterfly using citizen science assisted genomics
No full textSuccessful establishment of the invasive fire ant Solenopsis invicta in Taiwan: Insights into interactions of alternate social forms
No full textModern Trends in the theory and Teaching of Pass Defense in Football
No full textThis study Is a condensation of a book written by the author, for snore extensive information please refer to JES.ICHO-A MODERN SYSTEM OE PASS DEFENSE” written by DeWayne (Dewey) King, published by Prentice- Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey in July, 1963.
The subject of this thesis is pass defense in football. After .an introductory chapter the author writes about pass defense in its entirety. Chapter II is devoted to The Theory of Pass Defense; where the three types of pass coverage are described and the five measures that can be used to combat a good pass offense are discussed.
Chapter III deals with the Psychological Factors in Pass Defense. The author writes concerning a philosophy of pass defense—\u27 Playing pass defense la very important and a singular honor.” It is a challenge and it is fun.” The coach mat Build a belief and develop an esprit de corps” amongst the pass defenders.
The Basic Principles of Pass Defense are covered in Chapter IV. The ten principles are: 1. Know alignment and stance. 2. Identify opponent\u27s formations. 3. Know adjustments to opponent’s formations. 4. Know who the potential long receivers are. 5. Know the keys. 6. Know what flow mans. 7. Know what pre-de terrains means. 8. Know what eye-control is and what responsibilities are. 9. Know what the masse ie. 10. Maintain verbal conraunicition. The cardinal rule of all pass defense is: Mo one gets behind yon.
Chapter V is devoted to Three Deep Pass Defense Coverage. The ten basic principles are covered in relation to three deep coverage. Also, the responsibilities of the defensive backs against the running gases, from three deep alignment is explained in detail.
The final chapter of the thesis concerns itself with a summary and recommendations regarding the teaching of pass defense. A Glossary of Terms at the end of the study concludes the diesis
Boise crew portrait, 1970
No full textA group portrait of the smokejumper crew for the Boise Smokejumper Base. Front row: George Hawes, Mark Nelson, Dewayne Fields, Tony Beltran, Evan Simmons, Pete Fallini, Karl Hartzell, Stan Nye (pilot). Middle row: Smokey Stover (base manager), Clarence Teichert, Darrell Taylor, John Cramer, Ken Burns, Bryant Cox, Frankie Shoemaker, Steve Carlson, Roger Mello. Back row: Don Lillard, Gordon Harris, Guy Hurlbutt, Bob Montoya, Stan Ramsay, Francis Mohr, Anell Slavik, Mike Boeck, John Purlee.https://dc.ewu.edu/nsa_crewpics/1244/thumbnail.jp
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