1,135 research outputs found
Optimization design of exhaust duct system in semiconductor factory using dynamic programming method
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Effects of Electric Double Layer on Bypass Transition in Microchannel Flow
No full text本論文藉由高解析之直接數值模擬探討電雙層(EDL) 於旁通過渡流線性與非線性發展之影響，並以三種不同型態之局部擾動加以分析，首先為成對的反向渦旋，第二種為噴流式之軸對稱擾動，第三種為波動包之形式，且在低雷諾數下之電雙層流場以系統性的比較次臨界過渡區之巨觀尺度Poiseuille流場來探究此擾動場之發展。在線性發展階段中v與w方向擾動速度之發展在質與量上是極為相似的，於EDL效應下，在初始u為零之成對形式之渦旋擾動，建立起兩倍大之徑向渦度ωy，並且兩流場皆發展出傾斜的強力剪力層，整體來說，其兩近似之擾動場所顯示在三維線性機制下EDL流場生成之結構與Poiseuille流場有相當之強度。對於較大振福之擾動，即非線性成長，因EDL流場存在不穩定之反曲速度剖面，則其總動能大於Poiseuille流場，而且軸對稱擾動引起之能量成長較大於反向旋轉渦流，在過渡過程中之非線性交互作用，假若其擾動足夠強烈或是/並且雷諾數足夠高以克服暫態成長階段，即旁通過渡過程中的Tollmien-Schliching不穩定機制，觸發流場裂解而形成紊流斑。因此，在相同的流場條件下，局部擾動振幅會在比Poiseuille流場小於一個級數下之EDL流場下觸發流場裂解。The effect of the electric double layer (EDL) on the bypass transition mechanism in the linear and nonlinear evolution stage is explored through direct numerical simulations of high resolution. Three kinds of localized disturbances are analyzed. The first one is a pair of counterrotating vortices, the second is a wall jet-like axisymmetric perturbation, while the third is a wave-packet. The time-space evolution of the perturbed field is throughly investigated at low Reynolds numbers in EDL flow by systematically comparing the results in the subcritical transition region of macro-scale Poiseuille flow. The wall normal and spanwise perturbation velocities development are both quantitatively and qualitatively similar in macro and micro flows in the linear stage. The streamwise velocity, which is initially zero for the pair of vortices and is set up by the generation of the wall normal vorticity is twice larger under the EDL effect. Both flows develop inclined strong streamwise shear layers. Overall is the close similarity of the disturbance evolution showing that the three dimensional linear mechanism in EDL flow lead to the structures that are at least as strong as in Poiseuille flow. For large amplitude perturbations, i.e. in the non linear regime the total kinetic energy associated with the EDL flow is larger compared with the Poiseuille flow because of the inherently unstable EDL inflexionnal velocity profile. The energy growth associated with axisymmetric perturbation is always larger than that associated with the counterrotating vortices. The nonlinear interactions trigger the breakdown and lead to turbulent spots, bypassing the transitional Tollmien-Schlichting instability mechanism, providing that the disturbance is strong enough and/or the Reynolds number is sufficiently high to overcome the transient growth stage. Thus the amplitude of the localized disturbance that lead to breakdown is an order of magnitude smaller in EDL flow compared to the macro flow under some circumstances.Contents
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Error Modeling for Virtual Survey Instruments
No full text隨著科技的進步與教學的多元化，利用資訊科技來來提供先進的教學訓練( Noéh，1999；Ghilani，2000；Muench，2006 )已十分普遍。在測量教學訓練上，Bai (2007), Lu (2007) and Yeh (2005)也使用了資訊科技來提高學習測量原理及實作的成效。Yeh(2006)及Kuo等人(2007)也實證使用產生的虛擬測量輔助訓練程式不只減少實體儀器的管理修繕成本，同時也提高在課堂上教師教授與同學學習的效率。過評估後發現，虛擬測量儀器之儀器誤差是輔助測量訓練上的一個重點。在測量教學訓練中，使用正確的方法消除這些誤差的原理及步驟對學生來說經常是一個抽象且困難的議題，對老師來說，更是一個難以簡化描述部份。研究使用齊次座標轉換矩陣(Homogeneous Transformation Matrices)來模擬儀器誤差，並提供一個建置儀器誤差進入虛擬環境中的構架。這些儀器誤差都是參考真實世界的儀器之物理行為，誤差來源主要一些儀器的缺陷，本研究主要建立七個儀器誤差：(1)水準軸不平行於水平方向(地球表面)；(2)直立軸不垂直於水平軸；(3)橫軸不垂直直立軸；(4)視準軸不垂直橫軸； (5)垂直度盤零度方向不在正上方；(6)橫軸不通過垂直度盤中心；以及(7)直立軸不通過水平度盤中心。本研究亦考慮腳架引起的定心、定平之儀器誤差及測距引起之距離測量誤差來模擬整個儀器從已知參考點位到欲觀測之未知點位之間的儀器誤差。研究轉換其中非讀數顯示問題之些物理行為成為齊次座標轉換矩陣並將其建置成為虛擬測量儀器SimuSurvey(Lu，2007)的一部份。並用該測量輔助軟體設計任務來驗證評估其正確性，評估結果顯示未使用SimuSurvey的前測與使用SimuSurvey後的後測結果有顯著的提升(t(9)=-11,p<0.01)，證明學生可透過具有誤差模組的SimuSurvey來了解儀器誤差之行為，並透過讀數來練習使用特定方法消除誤儀誤差。The minimization and elimination of errors caused by instrumental imperfections is an important topic in survey education. Students need to learn the theories and correct procedures to compensate the errors by manipulating the instrument properly. However, to understand the theories behind the error causes requires understanding complicated spatial relationship between the parts of the instruments and the survey targets. In addition, the instrumental errors often result from the combination of imperfections in different part of the instrument. Traditional teaching methods, lack of interactive and three-dimensional illustrations, may not support the teaching activities. Students often encounter difficulties to clearly understand the reasons behind the tedious survey procedures used to eliminate errors. n this research, I would like to simulate and visualize the causes of the errors on computers by which the students can learn and practice the survey instrument more effectively. I particularly modeled the errors by using homogeneous transformation matrices, a format which can facilitate the implementation on computers. Ten kinds of instrumental errors were included in the virtual instruments. They are caused by the imperfections in (1) the plate level axis; (2) the vertical axis; (3) the tilting axis; (4) the sighting axis; (5) the vertical circle index; (6) tripod centering; (7) tripod leveling; (8) distance measurement; (9) eccentricity of the vertical circle; and (10) eccentricity of the horizontal circle. he error models were implemented as a module and integrated with SimuSurvey, a computer-aided instruction tool for surveying training developed previously. A user test was conducted to verify the effectiveness of using teaching-aid in surveying training. Ten students, who were taking surveying course, were involved in the test. A pretest was conducted as a base line to identify their understanding about the instrumental errors. After a sixty-minute learning section by using SimuSurvey (with error module), we conducted a posttest. The correctness rate in the pretest is 34% and the one in the pretest is 77%. By using t test analysis, we also find that posttest is significantly better than the pretest (t(9) = -11, p < 0.01). This result indicates that error module is an effective method for assisting the surveying training.誌謝 IBSTRACT III要 VABLE OF CONTENT VIIIST OF FIGURES IXIST OF TABLES XI INTRODUCTION 1.1 MOTIVATION AND BACKGROUND 1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 3 INSTRUMENTAL ERRORS 5.1 THE CAUSES OF ERRORS 5.2 SIMULATING INSTRUMENTAL ERRORS ON A VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT 7 ERROR MODELING 10.1 OVERVIEW OF ERROR MODELING 10.1.1 Additional Considerations 11.1.2 Homogenous Transformation Matrix 12.2 EYE CALCULATION 13.2.1 Deriving Transformation Matrix Et 14.2.2 Deriving Transformation Matrix Ev 16.2.3 Deriving Transformation Matrix Es 17.3 TARGET CALCULATION 19.3.1 Overall Calculation of Target Position 19.3.2 Deriving Transformation Matrix Eh 21.3.3 Deriving Transformation Matrix Ez 22.4 READING CALCULATION 23.4.1 Overall Error Modeling for Reading System 23.4.2 Error from Vertical Circle Index 23.4.3 Error from Distance Measurement 24.4.4 Error from Eccentricity of the Circle 25 IMPLEMENTATION AND USER TEST 27.1 IMPLEMENTATION 27.1.1 Brief Introduction to SimuSurvey 28.1.2 Dataflow of the Error Simulation Module 28.1.3 The User Interface of SimuSurvey with the Error Module 30.2 USER TEST 31.2.1 Background of the Testers 31.2.2 Procedure of User Test 32.3 THE RESULTS OF USER TEST 35 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK 36.1 CONCLUSIONS 36.2 FUTURE WORK 37EFERENCE 3
Nanodrug Combined with Physical Methods for Cancer Tumor Treatment in A Mouse Ear Model
No full text近年來有研究指出，藥物搭配超音波與微氣泡和藥物搭配熱治療兩者治療腫瘤的方式皆能強化藥物傳遞，進而增加藥物在腫瘤內的濃度，使腫瘤得到較好的治療效果。而本研究利用小鼠耳朵腫瘤模型(Mouse Ear Tumor Model)，使用奈米藥物Doxil、超音波與微氣泡及43℃加熱15分鐘之熱治療三種治療方式互相做搭配，探討在治療腫瘤的情形，總共治療八次，每兩天治療一次，治療前四次後，休息一個星期之後，再持續給予後四次的治療。研究結果觀察到真正對腫瘤治療比較有效的是奈米藥物Doxil搭配上超音波及微氣泡、奈米藥物Doxil搭配上43℃加熱15分鐘之熱治療、奈米藥物Doxil搭配上超音波及微氣泡又加再加上43℃加熱15分鐘之熱治療這三組；而以腫瘤生長狀態而言，又以奈米藥物Doxil搭配上超音波及微氣泡再加上43℃加熱15分鐘之熱治療和奈米藥物Doxil搭配上43℃加熱15分鐘之熱治療這兩組較有效，而奈米藥物Doxil搭配上超音波及微氣泡再加上43℃加熱15分鐘之熱治療甚至能使腫瘤逐漸變小到幾乎看不見，在小腫瘤的治療上有相當顯著的治療效果。Studies show that ultrasound (US) with microbubbles (MB) or hyperthermia (HT) could enhance the delivery of nanoparticles into tumor tissues. In this research, we used mouse ear tumor model to study the effectiveness of nanodrug on the tumor treatment with the enhancement of ultrasound/ microbubbles and/or hyperthermia, and observed the tumor growth with microscopy. The treatment procedure was arranged with four successive treatments every other day, and then followed the same four successive treatments after a week off.Experimental results showed that treatment enhancement can be observed for nanodrug injection followed by MB/US, or HT (43℃, 15 min),or MB/US/HT. The treatment set with MB/US/HT following nanodrug injection can even make the tumor disappear. The results of this study indicates that MB/US/HT following the injection of nanodrug is a very promising method for effective tumor treatment
Accuracy of surgical templates fabricated with a CT image-guided drilling technique–A clinical study of 35 dental implants
No full text中文摘要論：臨床植牙手術最主要的目標是把植體種植到植牙前便已經完善計畫的位置上，期望達到植體與其補綴物在功能、美觀、生物力學方面，都能有極佳的表現，而且病人在手術過程中，受到最小的手術傷害。所以，製作一個可靠的手術模板，應用於植牙手術中，將植體精確種植在顎骨上，是植體治療能否成功的關鍵性因素。床上利用電腦斷層掃瞄影像及特殊影像分析軟體來進行植牙手術前規劃，在現今已經變得普遍，而且醫師在操作上，也更加容易。本實驗是利用先前已通過台大醫學院所做體外實驗之影像分析軟體與電腦輔助鑽孔系統，來製作臨床用手術模板，期望增加手術的準確度。實驗的目的是利用電腦輔助鑽孔技術（ImplantMax+DrillMax）所製作之手術模板於臨床病例上，並評估實際種植植體相對於術前規劃植體，其位置及軸向角度的偏差大小。 驗材料及方法：本實驗收集西元2007至2009年的植牙病患共24人，合計共植入35根植體（每名病患植體數1至3根）。每名病患都要完成手術前電腦斷層掃瞄影像檢查，及利用影像分析軟體，設計植體位置。照射電腦斷層掃瞄時，病患需戴上附有3顆陶瓷圓珠的影像定位器（此影像定位器是在三度空間中，可將電腦斷層掃瞄影像與診斷用石膏模型聯結的裝置）。 將規劃好植體位置的影像，利用電腦輔助鑽孔系統，將植體的位置從影像上轉移到石膏模型上，之後利用鑽好洞的石膏模型，製作手術模板。手術模板上嵌有各種直徑的植牙導引金屬套筒。在植牙手術中，便利用套筒將鑽頭及植體做精確的定位。等待植體完成骨整合後，利用影像重疊技術，計算實際植入植體與先前規劃植體間，位置與角度到底有多大偏差。驗結果：際植體與規劃植體間，平均角度偏差 6.08 ° (標準差1.44 °)，角度偏差範圍 2.36 °至 8.51 °，植體頸部平均偏差0.77mm(標準差0.19mm)，偏差範圍0.42至 1.26mm，植體尖端平均偏差1.12mm(標準差0.39mm)，偏差範圍0.22至1.73mm。論： 本臨床實驗的結果顯示，實際植體與規劃植體間的偏差大小及範圍，都與文獻回顧中利用電腦輔助植牙手術的其他系統，所產生的偏差大小及範圍相仿。偏差大小都在臨床醫師可接受之範圍。所以本實驗採用的電腦輔助鑽孔技術製作之手術模板，應用於臨床手術時，其準確度值得臨床醫師信賴。Abstractntroduction:linically, the main goal of dental implantology is accurately positioning the dental implants completely coincided with the presurgical plan designed with an implant planning software. Accurate positioning the implants may result in improving functionality, esthetics, and biomechanical performance, as well as minimal complications. So, one of the most important factors for implant success is how to fabricate a reliable surgical template used in implant surgery. Using CT image and special software for implant planning becomes more popular and easier now. An implant planning software and a special computer-aided drilling technique to fabricate a reliable surgical template have been developed in National Taiwan University and tested in vitro.he purpose of this study was to evaluate the deviation of the axes and positions of the actual implant, placed with the aid of surgical guides fabricated with our CT image-guided drilling technique, from those of the pre-operative planned implant.aterials and Methods:hirty-five implants of 24 patients (the number of implants placed in each patient : 1~3) were included and planned on the Cone-Beam CT reconstructed images during 2007 to 2009. Prior to CT scanning, three ceramic balls were attached to the radiographic stent as reference markers to link the reconstructed CT images to the patient’s stone cast. special drilling device, controlled by a computer which transformed the coordination of planned implants on CT images to drilling parameters, was used to position the drilling guide tube on a surgical template on the stone cast. During implant surgery, all the implants were placed with the aid of guide tubes on surgical templates.fter osseointegration of the implants, a special image-fusing technique was used to compare the locations and axes of the planned and placed implants.esults: Compared with the planned implants, the actual placed implants showed mean angular deviation of 6.08°±1.44°, and mean linear deviation of 0.77±0.19mm at the neck of implants and 1.12±0.39mm at the apex of implants. The ranges of angular deviation was 2.36 ° to 8.51 °. The ranges of linear deviation were 0.42 to 1.26mm at the neck of implants and 0.22 to 1.73 mm at the apex of implants. onclusion:he data were comparable to the other studies investigating the accuracy of other surgical templates. Surgical templates fabricated with our CT image-guided drilling technique may represent a reliable means for CT guided implant surgery.目 錄表目錄 .............................................. 4 謝 .................................................. 6 文摘要 ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ 7文摘要 ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ 9、緒論 ..............................................11一部份：文獻回顧 ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯11二部份：研究背景與動機 ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯21 三部份：研究目的 ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯24、實驗材料與方法.....................................25床病例收集⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯25驗步驟⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯26一部份：病患取模及影像定位器製作⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯26二部份: Cone-Beam CT影像拍攝及設備⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯27三部份: ImplantMax影像分析及植體位置規劃⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯27 四部份：DrillMax鑽孔設備與技術及手術模板製作⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯27五部份：人工植牙手術⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯28六部份：骨整合後，進行實際植體與規劃植體的影像重疊分析amp;#8943;⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯28七部份：資料統計分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯29、結果 ..............................................31一部份：總和結果分析 ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯31二部份：分組結果分析 ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯32、討論 ..............................................36、結論 ..............................................42、展望.............................................. .42、參考文獻.......................................... .43表目錄目錄一.Computer-assisted surgical guide示意圖⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯50二.Computer-aided surgical navigation示意圖⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯50三.IGI系統⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯51四.影像分析軟體ImplantMax各切面影像⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯53五.影像定位器 ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯54六.DrillMax鑽孔設備⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯54七.經鑽孔技術後，翻製的手術模板⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯55八.特殊直徑的金屬套筒⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯55九.i-CAT Cone-Beam CT設備⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯56十.雙側牙齒支持式手術模板 VS 單側牙齒支持式手術模板⋯⋯⋯56十一.病患取模⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ 57十二.Wax-up牙齒及完成之影像定位器 ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯57十三.Implantmax影像分析及植體位置規劃～One Clinical Case⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯58十四.實際植體與規劃植體的影像重疊分析步驟⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯59十五.Implant Neck的偏差狀況分布圖⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯61十六.Implant Apex的偏差狀況分布圖⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯61十七.總和角度偏差Box Plot ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯62十八.總和Neck處偏差Box Plot ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯62十九.總和Apex處偏差Box Plot ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯62二十.第一組結果比較分析：角度偏差Box Plot及長條圖⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯63二十一.第一組結果比較分析：Neck處偏差Box Plot及長條圖⋯⋯64二十二.第一組結果比較分析：Apex處偏差Box Plot及長條圖⋯⋯⋯65二十三.第二組結果比較分析：角度偏差Box Plot及長條圖⋯⋯⋯⋯66二十四.第二組結果比較分析：Neck處偏差Box Plot及長條圖⋯⋯67二十五.第二組結果比較分析：Apex處偏差Box Plot及長條圖⋯⋯68二十六.第三組結果比較分析：角度偏差Box Plot及長條圖⋯⋯⋯⋯69二十七.第三組結果比較分析：Neck處偏差Box Plot及長條圖⋯⋯70二十八.第三組結果比較分析：Apex處偏差Box Plot及長條圖⋯⋯71二十九.Outlier case⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯72三十.Surgeon 1 VS Surgeon 2 NecK處偏差狀況分布⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯73三十一.Surgeon 1 VS Surgeon 2 Apex處偏差狀況分布⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯73三十二.med3D 系統 ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯74目錄一.Stereolithography的應用與偏差統計⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯74二.Accuracy of Bur Tracking and IGTP⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯76三.各種影像的Diagnostic value⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯7
Ma Huan (original author), Wan Ming (ed.) Ming chaoben " Yingya shenglan " jiaozh
No full textPtak Roderich. Ma Huan (original author), Wan Ming (ed.) Ming chaoben " Yingya shenglan " jiaozh. In: Archipel, volume 71, 2006. Autour de la peinture à Java. Volume II. pp. 240-244
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