1,720,963 research outputs found
A closed-loop control playback smoking machine for generating mainstream smoke aerosols
No full textA first generation smoking machine capable of reading and replicating detailed puffing behavior from recorded smoking topography data is presented. Unlike standard smoking machines, which model human puffing behavior as a steady periodic waveform with a fixed puff frequency, volume, and duration, this novel machine generates a mainstream smoke aerosol by automatically playing-back puff topography recordings. Because combustion chemistry is highly non-linear, representing real smoking behavior with a smoothed periodic waveform may result in a tobacco smoke aerosol with a significantly different chemical composition and physical properties than that generated by a smoker. The machine presented here utilizes a rapid closed-loop control algorithm coded in Labview® to generate smoke aerosols for toxicological assessment and inhalation studies. To illustrate its use, dry particulate matter and carbon monoxide yields generated using the playback and equivalent periodic puffing regimens are compared for a single smoking session by a 26-year-old male narghile water-pipe smoker. It was found that the periodic puffing regimen yielded 20percent less carbon monoxide (CO) than the played-back smoking session, indicating that steady periodic smoking regimens, which are widely used in tobacco smoke research, may not produce realistic smoke aerosols. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.Djordjevic Mirjana V., 1995, Carcinogenesis (Oxford), V16, P2015, DOI 10.1093-carcin-16.9.2015; Djordjevic MV, 1997, PREV MED, V26, P435, DOI 10.1006-pmed.1997.0184; EGERTON A, 1963, COMBUST FLAME, V7, P63, DOI 10.1016-0010-2180(63)90156-1; GRIFFITHS RR, 1982, FED PROC, V41, P234; GUGAN K, 1966, COMBUST FLAME, V10, P161, DOI 10.1016-0010-2180(66)90063-0; HERNING RI, 1981, BRIT MED J, V283, P187; HINDS W, 1983, AM IND HYG ASSOC J, V44, P113, DOI 10.1202-0002-8894(1983)0440113:AMFMRD2.3.CO;2; Jenkins RA, 2000, CHEM ENV TOBACCO SMO; KOLONEN S, 1992, PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE, V41, P701; LUBIN JH, 1984, INT J CANCER, V33, P569, DOI 10.1002-ijc.2910330504; NEMETHCOSLETT R, 1984, PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE, V20, P965, DOI 10.1016-0091-3057(84)90024-8; Shihadeh A, 2004, PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE, V79, P75, DOI 10.1016-j.pbb.2004.06.005; Shihadeh A, 2003, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V41, P143, DOI 10.1016-S0278-6915(02)00220-X; Shihadeh A, 2005, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V43, P655, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2004.12.013; WAKEHAM HR, 1972, CHEM TOBACCO TOBACCO, P113151
Elevated toxicant yields with narghile waterpipes smoked using a plastic hose
No full textThe effect of hose permeability on toxicant yields for the narghile waterpipe is investigated, with special reference to the recent adoption of plastic as a hose construction material. Measurements of air infiltration rates for 23 leather and plastic hoses representing 11 types commonly available in Beirut, Lebanon were made, revealing that while leather hoses allowed significant outside air infiltration during a puff constituting up to 31percent of the puff volume, plastic hoses were found to be air-tight, indicating that the smoke reaching the waterpipe user can be considerably more concentrated when delivered via a plastic hose. Total particulate matter (TPM), nicotine and carbon monoxide (CO) yields were compared when a waterpipe was machine smoked using a highly permeable leather and an air-tight plastic hose. It was found that the plastic hose resulted in similar yields of nicotine, but more than double the CO yielded with the highly permeable leather hose. Thus, even if narghile smokers titrate for nicotine intake, the use of a plastic hose will likely greatly increase the exposure to CO, a major causative agent in cardiovascular disease. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.*AM LUND ASS, 2007, EM DEADL TREND WAT R; Chaaya M, 2004, NICOTINE TOB RES, V6, P457, DOI 10.1080-14622200410001696628; DUROCHER DF, 1978, BEITR TABAKFORSCH, V9, P201; HADDAD A, 2003, THESIS AM U BEIRUT B; HOFFMANN D, 1963, J NATL CANCER I, V31, P627; Hoffmann D, 1998, BEITR TABAKFORSCH, V18, P49; Jenkins RA, 2000, CHEM ENV TOBACCO SMO; *LGC, 2002, GC15MO902 LGC; Maziak W, 2004, TOB CONTROL, V13, P327, DOI 10.1136-tc.2004.008169; MONZER B, 2005, THESIS AM U BEIRUT B; Owen WC, 1967, TOBACCO SCI, V11, P14; RAKOWER J, 1962, BRIT J CANCER, V16, P1, DOI 10.1038-bjc.1962.1; Sajid Khan Mohammad, 1993, JPMA (Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association), V43, P179; Shediac-Rizkallah M., 2000, INT Q COMMUNITY HLTH, V20, P115; Shihadeh A, 2004, PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE, V79, P75, DOI 10.1016-j.pbb.2004.06.005; Shihadeh A, 2006, J AEROSOL MED, V19, P137, DOI 10.1089-jam.2006.19.137; Shihadeh A, 2003, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V41, P143, DOI 10.1016-S0278-6915(02)00220-X; Shihadeh A, 2005, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V43, P655, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2004.12.013; Siegmund B, 1999, J CHROMATOGR A, V840, P249, DOI 10.1016-S0021-9673(99)00213-7; SMITHSIMONE S, 2007, 13 ANN M SOC RES NIC19191
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, tar, and nicotine in the mainstream smoke aerosol of the narghile water pipe
No full textA smoking machine protocol and yields for tar, nicotine, PAH, and CO are presented for the standard 171-puff steady periodic smoking regimen proposed by Shihadeh et al. [Shihadeh, A., Azar, S., Antonios, C., Haddad, A., 2004b. Towards a topographical model of narghile water-pipe café smoking: A pilot study in a high socioeconomic status neighborhood of Beirut, Lebanon. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 79(1), 75]. Results show that smokers are likely exposed to more tar and nicotine than previously thought, and that pyronsynthesized PAH are present in the tar despite the low temperatures characteristic of the tobacco in narghile smoking. With a smoking regimen consisting of 171 puffs each of 0.53 l volume and 2.6 s duration with a 17 s interpuff interval, the following results were obtained for a single smoking session of 10 g of mo'assel tobacco paste with 1.5 quick-lighting charcoal disks applied to the narghile head: 2.94 mg nicotine, 802 mg tar, 145 mg CO, and relative to the smoke of a single cigarette, greater quantities of chrysene, phenanthrene, and fluoranthene. Anthracene and pyrene were also identified but not quantified. The results indicate that narghile smoke likely contains an abundance of several of the chemicals thought to be causal factors in the elevated incidence of cancer, cardiovascular disease and addiction in cigarette smokers. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.BRUNNEMANN KD, 1994, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V32, P917, DOI 10.1016-0278-6915(94)90090-6; Chaaya M, 2004, NICOTINE TOB RES, V6, P457, DOI 10.1080-14622200410001696628; EDDS K, 2003, WASHINGTON POST 0423; Federal Trade Commission, 2000, TAR NIC CARB MON SMO; GANGLOFF M, 2004, ROANOKE TIMES W 0319; Hoffmann D, 2001, CHEM RES TOXICOL, V14, P767, DOI 10.1021-tx000260u; Hoffmann D, 1997, PREV MED, V26, P427, DOI 10.1006-pmed.1997.0183; HOFFMANN D, 1963, J NATL CANCER I, V31, P627; JABBOUR S, 2003, WORLD C TOB HLTH HEL; Jenkins RA, 2000, CHEM ENV TOBACCO SMO; Kandela P, 1997, LANCET, V349, P1460, DOI 10.1016-S0140-6736(05)63750-6; LANDPHAIR T, 2003, VOICE AM NEWS 0518; Ledesma EB, 2002, ENERG FUEL, V16, P1331, DOI 10.1021-ef010261; [Anonymous], 2002, GC15M0902 LGC; Maziak W, 2004, INT J TUBERC LUNG D, V8, P882; MCNICOLL T, 2002, NEWSWEEK INT 1104; Memon A, 2000, B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN, V78, P1306; Mohamed M., 2003, WATER PIPE GOZA SMOK; RAKOWER J, 1962, BRIT J CANCER, V16, P1, DOI 10.1038-bjc.1962.1; Sajid Khan Mohammad, 1993, JPMA (Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association), V43, P179; Shediac-Rizkallah M., 2000, INT Q COMMUNITY HLTH, V20, P115; Shihadeh A, 2004, PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE, V79, P75, DOI 10.1016-j.pbb.2004.06.005; Shihadeh A, 2003, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V41, P143, DOI 10.1016-S0278-6915(02)00220-X; SHIHADEH A, 2004, IN PRESS BEHAV RES I; Siegmund B, 1999, J CHROMATOGR A, V840, P249, DOI 10.1016-S0021-9673(99)00213-7; *SURG GEN, 1979, DHEW PUBL17316616
Measurement of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in narghile waterpipe tobacco smoke
No full textAn analytical method for the determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the mainstream of narghile smoke is presented. The smoke was generated using a digital waterpipe smoking machine connected to the mouthpiece of a narghile that was loaded with 10 g of a popular flavored tobacco and kept alight with quick-light charcoal briquettes that are commonly used for this purpose. A standard smoking regimen consisting of 171 puffs of 530 ml volume and 2.6 s duration spaced 17 s apart was used, and the smoke condensates were collected on glass fiber filters. PAHs were extracted with toluene assisted by sonication. For purification, the extract was passed through a silica cartridge and eluted with hexane. The eluent was preconcentrated, reconstituted in acetonitrile, and analyzed using a GC-MS-SICP method. The method showed good selectivity, repeatability, accuracy and sensitivity. The limit of detection ranged from 15 to 96 ng for benzo[a]pyrene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, respectively. It was found that a single narghile smoking session delivers approximately 50 times the quantities of carcinogenic 4- and 5-membered ring PAHs as a single 1R4F cigarette smoked using the FTC protocol. The pattern of PAH concentrations suggested that formation pathways differ from those of the cigarette, possibly reflecting the differing combustion conditions of the two smoking devices. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.BRUNNEMANN KD, 1994, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V32, P917, DOI 10.1016-0278-6915(94)90090-6; Ding YS, 2005, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V39, P471, DOI 10.1021-es048690k; FERREIRA V, 1995, J CHROMATOGR A, V695, P41, DOI 10.1016-0021-9673(94)01079-T; Gmeiner G, 1997, J CHROMATOGR A, V767, P163, DOI 10.1016-S0021-9673(96)01092-8; HARRIS DC, 2003, QUANTITATIVE CHEM AN; HOFFMANN D, 1963, J NATL CANCER I, V31, P627; Memon A, 2000, B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN, V78, P1306; Mohamed M., 2003, WATER PIPE GOZA SMOK; RAKOWER J, 1962, BRIT J CANCER, V16, P1, DOI 10.1038-bjc.1962.1; Rastas Sari, 2004, BMC Geriatr, V4, P1, DOI 10.1186-1471-2318-4-1; Sajid Khan Mohammad, 1993, JPMA (Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association), V43, P179; Shediac-Rizkallah M., 2000, INT Q COMMUNITY HLTH, V20, P115; Shihadeh A, 2004, PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE, V79, P75, DOI 10.1016-j.pbb.2004.06.005; Shihadeh A, 2003, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V41, P143, DOI 10.1016-S0278-6915(02)00220-X; Shihadeh A, 2005, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V43, P655, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2004.12.013; SMITHSIMONE S, 2007, 13 ANN M SOC RES NIC; World Health Organization, 2005, WAT TOB SMOK HLTH EF71767
Waterpipe Tobacco and Cigarette Smoking. Direct Comparison of Toxicant Exposure
No full textBackground: Waterpipe (hookah, shisha) tobacco smoking has spread worldwide. Many waterpipe smokers believe that, relative to cigarettes, waterpipes are associated with lower smoke toxicant levels and fewer health risks. For physicians to address these beliefs credibly, waterpipe use and cigarette smoking must be compared directly. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to provide the first controlled, direct laboratory comparison of the toxicant exposure associated with waterpipe tobacco and cigarette smoking. Methods: Participants (N=31; M=21.4 years, SD=2.3) reporting monthly waterpipe use (M=5.2 uses-month, SD=4.0) and weekly cigarette smoking (M=9.9 cigarettes-day, SD=6.4) completed a crossover study in which they each smoked a waterpipe for a maximum of 45 minutes, or a single cigarette. Outcome measures included expired-air carbon monoxide (CO) 5 minutes after session's end, and blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), plasma nicotine, heart rate, and puff topography. Data were collected in 2008-2009 and analyzed in 2009. Results: On average, CO increased by 23.9 ppm for waterpipe use (SD=19.8) and 2.7 ppm for cigarette smoking (SD=1.8), while peak waterpipe COHb levels (M=3.9percent, SD=2.5) were three times those observed for cigarette smoking (M=1.3percent, SD=0.5; p's0.001). Peak nicotine levels did not differ (waterpipe M=10.2 ng-mL, SD=7.0; cigarette M=10.6 ng-mL, SD=7.7). Significant heart rate increases relative to pre-smoking were observed at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 35 minutes during the cigarette session and at 5-minute intervals during the waterpipe session (p's0.001). Mean total puff volume was 48.6 L for waterpipe use as compared to 1.0 L for cigarette smoking (p0.001). Conclusions: Relative to cigarette smoking, waterpipe use is associated with greater CO, similar nicotine, and dramatically more smoke exposure. Physicians should consider advising their patients that waterpipe tobacco smoking exposes them to some of the same toxicants as cigarette smoking and therefore the two tobacco-smoking methods likely share some of the same health risks. © 2009 American Journal of Preventive Medicine.Al Mutairi SS, 2006, RESPIROLOGY, V11, P449, DOI 10.1111-j.1400-1843.2006.00873.x; Al Rashidi M, 2008, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V46, P3546, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2008.09.007; Bacha Zeina Aoun, 2007, Inhal Toxicol, V19, P771, DOI 10.1080-08958370701401699; Baska T, 2008, TOB CONTROL, V17, P432, DOI 10.1136-tc.2008.027128; BENOWITZ NL, 1988, CLIN PHARMACOL THER, V44, P23; Blank MD, 2009, NICOTINE TOB RES, V11, P896, DOI 10.1093-ntr-ntp083; Breland AB, 2006, NICOTINE TOB RES, V8, P727, DOI 10.1080-14622200600789585; Cobb C, 2010, AM J HEALTH BEHAV, V34, P275; Eissenberg T, 2008, J ADOLESCENT HEALTH, V42, P526, DOI 10.1016-j.jadohealth.2007.10.004; El-Nachef WN, 2008, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V299, P36, DOI 10.1001-jama.2007.6; El-Roueiheb Z, 2008, NICOTINE TOB RES, V10, P309, DOI 10.1080-14622200701825775; Federal Trade Commission, 2000, TAR NIC CARB MON SMO; Fromme H, 2009, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V47, P1636, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2009.04.017; Giuliani KKW, 2008, AM J PREV MED, V35, pS457, DOI 10.1016-j.amepre.2008.09.006; Greim H, 2008, TOXICOLOGY RISK ASSE; Harris JE, 2004, BRIT MED J, V328, P72, DOI 10.1136-bmj.37936.585382.44; HATSUKAMI D, 1992, PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY, V106, P60, DOI 10.1007-BF02253589; Jawaid A, 2008, INT J TUBERC LUNG D, V12, P1077; Keppel G., 1991, DESIGN ANAL RES HDB; Maziak W, 2009, NICOTINE TOB RES, V11, P806, DOI 10.1093-ntr-ntp066; Parna K, 2008, BMC PUBLIC HEALTH, V8, DOI 10.1186-1471-2458-8-392; Primack BA, 2009, PEDIATRICS, V123, pE282, DOI 10.1542-peds.2008-1663; Primack BA, 2008, ANN BEHAV MED, V36, P81, DOI 10.1007-s12160-008-9047-6; Roskin J, 2009, BMC PUBLIC HEALTH, V9, DOI 10.1186-1471-2458-9-10; Sepetdjian E, 2008, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V46, P1582, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2007.12.028; Shafagoj YA, 2002, INT J CLIN PHARM TH, V40, P249; Shafagoj YA, 2002, SAUDI MED J, V23, P953; Shihadeh A, 2004, PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE, V79, P75, DOI 10.1016-j.pbb.2004.06.005; Shihadeh A, 2003, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V41, P143, DOI 10.1016-S0278-6915(02)00220-X; Shihadeh A, 2005, BEHAV RES METHODS, V37, P186, DOI 10.3758-BF03206414; Shihadeh A, 2005, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V43, P655, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2004.12.013; Smith-Simone S, 2008, NICOTINE TOB RES, V10, P393, DOI 10.1080-14622200701825023; Weglicki LS, 2008, AM J PREV MED, V35, P334, DOI 10.1016-j.amepre.2008.06.037; World Health Organization, 2005, TOBREG ADV NOT WAT T11210910
Direct measurement of toxicants inhaled by water pipe users in the natural environment using a real-time in situ sampling technique
No full textWhile narghile water pipe smoking has become a global phenomenon, knowledge regarding its toxicant content and delivery, addictive properties, and health consequences is sorely lagging. One challenge in measuring toxicant content of the smoke in the laboratory is the large number of simplifying assumptions that must be made to model a typical smoking session using a smoking machine, resulting in uncertainty over the obtained toxicant yields. In this study, we develop an alternative approach in which smoke generated by a human water pipe user is sampled directly during the smoking session. The method, dubbed real-time in situ sampling (RINS), required developing a self-powered portable instrument capable of automatically sampling a fixed fraction of the smoke generated by the user. Instrument performance was validated in the laboratory, and the instrument was deployed in a field study involving 43 ad libitum water pipe use sessions in Beirut area cafés in which we measured inhaled nicotine, carbon monoxide (CO), and water pipe ma'ssel-derived tar. We found that users drew a mean of 119L of smoke containing 150mg of CO, 4mg of nicotine, and 602mg of ma'ssel-derived tar during a single use session (mean duration61min). These first direct measurements of toxicant delivery demonstrate that ordinary water pipe use involves inhaling large quantities of CO, nicotine, and dry particulate matter. Results are compared with those obtained using the Beirut method smoking machine protocol. © 2010 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.Al Rashidi M, 2008, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V46, P3546, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2008.09.007; Baska T, 2008, TOB CONTROL, V17, P432, DOI 10.1136-tc.2008.027128; BROCKMANN J. E., 2001, AEROSOL MEASUREMENT, P143; BURNS DM, 2008, TOB CONTROL, V17, pNIL82; Cobb C, 2010, AM J HEALTH BEHAV, V34, P275; Daher N, 2010, ATMOS ENVIRON, V44, P8, DOI 10.1016-j.atmosenv.2009.10.004; Djordjevic MV, 2000, J NATL CANCER I, V92, P106, DOI 10.1093-jnci-92.2.106; Eissenberg T, 2009, AM J PREV MED, V37, P518, DOI 10.1016-j.amepre.2009.07.014; Eissenberg T, 2008, J ADOLESCENT HEALTH, V42, P526, DOI 10.1016-j.jadohealth.2007.10.004; El-Roueiheb Z, 2008, NICOTINE TOB RES, V10, P309, DOI 10.1080-14622200701825775; GREEN CR, 1985, BEITR TABAKFORSCH, V13, P11; Hammond D, 2006, CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR, V15, P1495, DOI 10.1158-1055-9965.EPI-06-0047; Jawaid A, 2008, INT J TUBERC LUNG D, V12, P1077; Khalil J, 2009, TOB CONTROL, V18, P420, DOI 10.1136-tc.2009.030148; KOZLOWSKI LT, 1982, BRIT J ADDICT, V77, P159; KOZLOWSKI LT, 1980, SCIENCE, V209, P1550, DOI 10.1126-science.7433979; KOZLOWSKI LT, 1982, AM J PUBLIC HEALTH, V72, P597, DOI 10.2105-AJPH.72.6.597; Marian C, 2009, CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR, V18, P3305, DOI 10.1158-1055-9965.EPI-09-1014; Maziak W, 2009, NICOTINE TOB RES, V11, P806, DOI 10.1093-ntr-ntp066; Maziak W, 2004, TOB CONTROL, V13, P327, DOI 10.1136-tc.2004.008169; Monzer B, 2008, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V46, P2991, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2008.05.031; O'Connor RJ, 2007, NICOTINE TOB RES, V9, P865, DOI 10.1080-14622200701485026; Parna K, 2008, BMC PUBLIC HEALTH, V8, DOI 10.1186-1471-2458-8-392; Pauly JL, 2009, CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR, V18, P3321, DOI 10.1158-1055-9965.EPI-09-0925; Primack BA, 2010, J ADOLESCENT HEALTH, V46, P45, DOI 10.1016-j.jadohealth.2009.05.004; Primack BA, 2009, PEDIATRICS, V123, pE282, DOI 10.1542-peds.2008-1663; Rees V., 2007, 13 ANN M SOC RES NIC; Saleh R, 2008, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V46, P1461, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2007.12.007; Sepetdjian E, 2008, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V46, P1582, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2007.12.028; Shihadeh A, 2004, PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE, V79, P75, DOI 10.1016-j.pbb.2004.06.005; Shihadeh A, 2006, J AEROSOL MED, V19, P137, DOI 10.1089-jam.2006.19.137; Shihadeh A, 2003, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V41, P143, DOI 10.1016-S0278-6915(02)00220-X; Shihadeh A, 2005, BEHAV RES METHODS, V37, P186, DOI 10.3758-BF03206414; Shihadeh A, 2005, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V43, P655, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2004.12.013; Watson C, 2004, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V38, P248, DOI 10.1021-es034535e19252
Towards a topographical model of narghile water-pipe café smoking: A pilot study in a high socioeconomic status neighborhood of Beirut, Lebanon
No full textA pilot study of narghile water-pipe smokers in a cafe in the Hamra neighborhood of Beirut, Lebanon, was conducted to develop a preliminary model of narghile water-pipe smoking behavior for use in laboratory smoking machine studies. The model is based on data gathered from smoking sessions of 30 min or longer duration from 52 smoker volunteers using a differential pressure puff topography instrument, as well as anonymous visual observations of 56 smokers in the same cafe. Results showed that the average water-pipe cafe smoking session consists of one hundred seventy-one 530-ml puffs of 2.6-s duration at a frequency of 2.8 puffs-min. The implications of this comparatively high-intensity puffing regimen on the production of toxic smoke constituents are discussed. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.BARNES M, 2003, AUSTIN AM STATESMAN, pK1; BARNES M, 2003, AUSTIN AM STATESMAN, P730; Chaaya M, 2004, NICOTINE TOB RES, V6, P457, DOI 10.1080-14622200410001696628; Chapman S, 1997, ADDICTION, V92, P607, DOI 10.1046-j.1360-0443.1997.92560710.x; Corrigall WA, 2001, ADDICTION, V96, P1409, DOI 10.1046-j.1360-0443.2001.961014095.x; Djordjevic MV, 1997, PREV MED, V26, P435, DOI 10.1006-pmed.1997.0184; EDDS K, 2003, WASHINGTON POST; GANGLOFF M, 2004, ROANOKE TIMES WORLD, pNRU3; Israel Ebenezer, 2003, Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, V33, P1073; JABBOUR S, 2003, WORLD C TOB HLTH HEL; KOLONEN S, 1991, PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE, V40, P177, DOI 10.1016-0091-3057(91)90341-X; KOLONEN S, 1992, PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE, V42, P327; KOLONEN S, 1992, PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE, V41, P701; LANDPHAIR T, 2003, VOICE AM NEWS 0518; Maziak W, 2004, INT J TUBERC LUNG D, V8, P882; MCBRIDE MJ, 1984, CLIN SCI, V67, P619; MCNICOLL T, 2002, NEWSWEEK INT; Memon A, 2000, B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN, V78, P1306; MORGAN SF, 1985, INT J ADDICT, V20, P613; NEMETHCOSLETT R, 1984, PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE, V20, P965, DOI 10.1016-0091-3057(84)90024-8; Shediac-Rizkallah M., 2000, INT Q COMMUNITY HLTH, V20, P115; SHIHADEH A, UNPUB BEHAV RES METH; Shihadeh A, 2003, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V41, P143, DOI 10.1016-S0278-6915(02)00220-X50504
Volatile aldehydes in the mainstream smoke of the narghile waterpipe
No full textVery little is known about the quality and quantity of toxicants yielded by the narghile, a subject of increasing importance as this method of tobacco smoking has become popular all over the world. This study is concerned with the identification and quantification of volatile aldehydes in the gas and particle phases of mainstream narghile smoke generated using a popular type of flavored ma'ssel tobacco mixture. These compounds were analyzed based on a modified version of the Environmental Protection Agency compendium method TO-11A. Using a standardized smoking machine protocol consisting of 171 puffs, 2.6 s puff duration and 17 s inter puff interval, the average yields of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, propionaldehyde and methacrolein were 630, 2520, 892, 403, and 106 μg-smoking session, respectively. The results showed that none of the aldehydes identified in this study are found in the particulate phase of the smoke, except for formaldehyde for which the partitioning coefficient was estimated as Kp = 3.3 × 10-8 μg-m3. Given previously reported lung absorption fractions of circa 90percent for volatile aldehydes, the yields measured in this study are sufficient to induce various diseases depending on the extent of exposure, and on the breathing patterns of the smokers. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Baker RR, 2006, INHAL TOXICOL, V18, P255, DOI 10.1080-08958370500444163; Baker RR, 2006, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V44, P1799, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2006.05.017; Bernstein DM, 2004, INHAL TOXICOL, V16, P675, DOI 10.1080-08958370490476587; Borgerding M.F., 1997, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V36, P169; Chaaya M, 2004, NICOTINE TOB RES, V6, P457, DOI 10.1080-14622200410001696628; Chepiga TA, 2000, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V38, P949, DOI 10.1016-S0278-6915(00)00086-7; Dong JZ, 2004, J CHROMATOGR A, V1027, P25, DOI 10.1016-j.chroma.2003.08.104; FINLAYSONPITTS BJ, 2000, CHEM UPPER LOWER ATM, P304; Fujioka K, 2006, ENVIRON TOXICOL, V21, P47, DOI 10.1002-tox.20153; Hatzinikolaou DG, 2006, ANAL CHEM, V78, P4509, DOI 10.1021-ac052004y; Hoffmann D, 2001, CHEM RES TOXICOL, V14, P767, DOI 10.1021-tx000260u; Hoffmann D, 1997, PREV MED, V26, P427, DOI 10.1006-pmed.1997.0183; IARC, 2006, IARC MON EV CARC RIS, V88; Jang M, 1997, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V31, P2805, DOI 10.1021-es970014d; Kandela P, 2000, LANCET, V356, P1175, DOI 10.1016-S0140-6736(05)72871-3; Lambert C, 2007, J BIOL CHEM, V282, P19666, DOI 10.1074-jbc.M611527200; Maziak W, 2004, DRUG ALCOHOL DEPEN, V76, P101, DOI 10.1016-j.drugalcdep.2004.04.007; Maziak W, 2005, PUBLIC HEALTH, V119, P578, DOI 10.1016-j.puhe.2004.07.012; Maziak W, 2004, ANN EPIDEMIOL, V14, P646, DOI 10.1016-j.annepidem.2003.11.003; Maziak W, 2005, PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE, V80, P173, DOI 10.1016-j.pbb.2004.10.026; *MFLOHC, 1994, FORM; Nuwayhid IA, 1998, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V148, P375; Rustemeier K, 2002, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V40, P93, DOI 10.1016-S0278-6915(01)00085-0; Saleh R, 2007, J AEROSOL SCI, V38, P1, DOI 10.1016-j.jaerosci.2006.07.008; Sepetdjian E, 2008, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V46, P1582, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2007.12.028; Shihadeh A, 2004, PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BE, V79, P75, DOI 10.1016-j.pbb.2004.06.005; Shihadeh A, 2003, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V41, P143, DOI 10.1016-S0278-6915(02)00220-X; Shihadeh A, 2005, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V43, P655, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2004.12.013; Smith-Simone S, 2008, NICOTINE TOB RES, V10, P393, DOI 10.1080-14622200701825023; Stabbert R, 2003, J APPL TOXICOL, V23, P329, DOI 10.1002-jat.924; Tamim H, 2007, AM J HEALTH BEHAV, V31, P56; Tamim H, 2003, ADDICTION, V98, P933, DOI 10.1046-j.1360-0443.2003.00413.x; Ward KD, 2007, NICOTINE TOB RES, V9, P1339, DOI 10.1080-14622200701705019; Wolfram RM, 2003, LIFE SCI, V74, P47, DOI 10.1016-j.lfs.2003.06.02062565
Waterpipe tobacco products: Nicotine labelling versus nicotine delivery
No full textBackground Waterpipe tobacco package labelling typically indicates 0.0percent tar and 0.05percent or 0.5percent nicotine. Objective To determine the extent to which nicotine labeling is related to nicotine delivery. Methods 110 waterpipe smokers engaged in a 45-minute waterpipe smoking session. Puff topography and plasma nicotine were measured. Three waterpipe tobacco brands were used: Nakhla (0.5percent nicotine), Starbuzz (0.05percent nicotine), and Al Fakher (0.05percent nicotine). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Results Topography did not differ across brands. Peak plasma nicotine varied significantly across brands. Al Fakher had the highest nicotine delivery (11.4 ng-ml) followed by Nakhla (9.8 ng-ml) and Starbuzz (5.8 ng-ml). Conclusions Nicotine labelling on waterpipe tobacco products does not reflect delivery; smoking a brand with a 0.05percent nicotine label led to greater plasma nicotine levels than smoking a brand with a 0.5percent nicotine label. Waterpipe tobacco products should be labelled in a manner that does not mislead consumers.Al Rashidi M, 2008, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V46, P3546, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2008.09.007; Blank MD, 2011, DRUG ALCOHOL DEPEN, V116, P102, DOI 10.1016-j.drugalcdep.2010.11.026; Breland AB, 2006, NICOTINE TOB RES, V8, P727, DOI 10.1080-14622200600789585; Cobb CO, 2011, NICOTINE TOB RES, V13, P78, DOI 10.1093-ntr-ntq212; Eissenberg T, 2009, AM J PREV MED, V37, P518, DOI 10.1016-j.amepre.2009.07.014; Eissenberg T, 2008, J ADOLESCENT HEALTH, V42, P526, DOI 10.1016-j.jadohealth.2007.10.004; Hammal F, 2008, Tob Control, V17, pe3, DOI 10.1136-tc.2007.020529; Khabour OF, 2011, ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN, V52, DOI 10.1002-em.20601; Nakkash R, 2010, TOB CONTROL, V19, P235, DOI 10.1136-tc.2009.031773; Pillsbury JC, 1969, J ASSOC OFF ANA CHEM, V52, P458; Raad D, 2011, CHEST, V139, P764, DOI 10.1378-chest.10-0991; Roskin J, 2009, BMC PUBLIC HEALTH, V9, DOI 10.1186-1471-2458-9-10; Sepetdjian E, 2008, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V46, P1582, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2007.12.028; Shihadeh A, 2003, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V41, P143, DOI 10.1016-S0278-6915(02)00220-X; Shihadeh A, 2005, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V43, P655, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2004.12.013; Smith-Simone S, 2008, NICOTINE TOB RES, V10, P393, DOI 10.1080-14622200701825023; Ward KD, 2007, NICOTINE TOB RES, V9, P1339, DOI 10.1080-14622200701705019; World Health Organization, 2005, TOBREG ADV NOT WAT T5111
Does switching to a tobacco-free waterpipe product reduce toxicant intake? A crossover study comparing CO, NO, PAH, volatile aldehydes, tar and nicotine yields
No full textWaterpipe (hookah, narghile, shisha) use has become a global phenomenon, with numerous product variations. One variation is a class of products marketed as tobacco-free alternatives for the health conscious user In this study toxicant yields from waterpipes smoked using conventional tobacco-based and tobacco-free preparations were compared. A human-mimic waterpipe smoking machine was used to replicate the puffing sequences of 31 human participants who completed two double-blind ad libitum smoking sessions in a controlled clinical setting: once with a tobacco-based product of their choosing and once with a flavor-matched tobacco-free product. Outcome measures included yields of carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, volatile aldehydes, nicotine, tar, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Smoke from both waterpipe preparations contained substantial quantities of toxicants. Nicotine yield was the only outcome that differed significantly between preparations. These findings contradict advertising messages that herbal waterpipe products are a healthy alternative to tobacco products. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.Al Rashidi M, 2008, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V46, P3546, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2008.09.007; Bassilakis R, 2001, FUEL, V80, P1765, DOI 10.1016-S0016-2361(01)00061-8; Blank MD, 2011, DRUG ALCOHOL DEPEN, V116, P102, DOI 10.1016-j.drugalcdep.2010.11.026; Cobb CO, 2011, NICOTINE TOB RES, V13, P78, DOI 10.1093-ntr-ntq212; Combrink A, 2010, SAMJ S AFR MED J, V100, P297; Dugas E, 2010, PEDIATRICS, V125, P1184, DOI 10.1542-peds.2009-2335; Intorp Michael, 2009, Beitraege zur Tabakforschung International, V23, P161; Jackson D, 2008, BMC PUBLIC HEALTH, V8, DOI 10.1186-1471-2458-8-174; Jacob P., 2011, CANC EPIDEMIOLOGY BI; Katurji M, 2010, INHAL TOXICOL, V22, P1101, DOI 10.3109-08958378.2010.524265; Liu C, 2009, SPECTROCHIM ACTA B, V64, P1294, DOI 10.1016-j.sab.2009.10.005; Maziak W, 2004, TOB CONTROL, V13, P327, DOI 10.1136-tc.2004.008169; Maziak W, 2011, ADDICT BEHAV, V36, P397, DOI 10.1016-j.addbeh.2010.11.013; Monzer B, 2008, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V46, P2991, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2008.05.031; Nakkash R, 2010, TOB CONTROL, V19, P235, DOI 10.1136-tc.2009.031773; Parna K, 2008, BMC PUBLIC HEALTH, V8, DOI 10.1186-1471-2458-8-392; Rees V., 2007, 13 ANN M SOC RES NIC; Saleh R, 2008, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V46, P1461, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2007.12.007; Schubert J, 2011, TOXICOL LETT, V205, P279, DOI 10.1016-j.toxlet.2011.06.017; Sepetdjian E, 2008, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V46, P1582, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2007.12.028; Sepetdjian E, 2010, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V48, P3242, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2010.08.033; Shihadeh A, 2006, J AEROSOL MED, V19, P137, DOI 10.1089-jam.2006.19.137; Shihadeh A, 2003, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V41, P143, DOI 10.1016-S0278-6915(02)00220-X; Shihadeh A, 2005, BEHAV RES METHODS, V37, P186, DOI 10.3758-BF03206414; Shihadeh A, 2005, FOOD CHEM TOXICOL, V43, P655, DOI 10.1016-j.fct.2004.12.013; Tarrant JE, 2009, J CHROMATOGR A, V1216, P2227, DOI 10.1016-j.chroma.2009.01.009; Vansickel AR, 2012, TOB CONTROL, V21, P377, DOI 10.1136-tc.2010.04241616232
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