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Protaenionema Liu and Shih
No full textGenus Protaenionema Liu and Shih, gen. nov. Type species. Protaenionema fuscalatus Liu and Shih, sp. nov. Etymology. Named from a combination of the prefix pro- and Taenionema. Species included. Only the type species P. fuscalatus Liu and Shih, sp. nov. Diagnosis. Wings of normal length, brown. Lack of additional veinlets on the costal area, crossvein c–r absent; Rs and M both with two branches. Ninth sternite produced, distinctly exceeds the tenth segment, not upturned, and the distal margin rounded, tenth tergite transversely wide, sclerotized. Cerci short, multisegmented. Remarks. In the extant genera, c–r is generally present, absent only in Brachyptera and in the glacialis and contorta group of Oemopteryx (Ricker & Ross 1975). Crossvein c–r is absent in this new genus Protaenionema. It is difficult to distinguish this new genus and extant genus Brachyptera and the glacialis and contorta group of Oemopteryx according to the preserved characters of Protaenionema. Brachyptera has developed extra branches (three to five branches) of CuA and cerci with one or two segments, but these important characters are not preserved clearly in Protaenionema; similarly, the typical features (two prongs) of epiproct of Oemopteryx cannot be observed in Protaenionema. The new extinct genus Protaenionema differs from the extinct Gurvanopteryx and Positopteryx by the opaque, slightly brown wings and by the distinctly produced ninth sternite. It differs from the new Jurataenionema by having an Rs with two branches and the fuscous wings.Published as part of Liu, Yushuang, Sinitshenkova, Dong Ren Nina D. & Shih, Chung Kun, 2007, The oldest known record of Taeniopterygidae in the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China (Insecta: Plecoptera), pp. 1-8 in Zootaxa 1521 on pages 4-5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17745
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THE "LIU-I SHIH-HUA" OF OU-YANG HSIU (CHINA).
No full textPoetry occupies an eminent position in the history of Chinese literature because almost all the traditional men of letters had experience in composing poems. However, it was not until the Sung Dynasty that the criticism of poetry became very popular; this was singled out by the appearance of a number of books called, shih-hua (icons omitted) (remarks on poetry). Since the Sung period on, shih-hua has received both praise and censure. Traditional critics tended to evaluate shih-hua from a practical viewpoint. For example, Wang Shih-han (icons omitted) criticised the content of shih-hua as trivial because it deviated from the subjects of filial piety, trust, and other Confucian merits. On the other hand, Kuo Shao-yu (icons omitted) proclaimed that shih-hua preserved a great deal of worthy materials for the study of poetry. Modern scholars tend to evaluate shih-hua from the aesthetic viewpoint. For instance, Yen Yuan-shu (icons omitted) describes shih-hua as "vague and obscure" and "lacking systematic discourse." Yet other scholars such as Yeh Wei-lien (icons omitted) claim that the shih-hua offers readers a chance to recapture the world of rich imagery in poetic composition. In order to make a more objective judgement between the above two extremely different evaluations of shih-hua, the following issues must first be resolved: the definition of shih-hua which is related to Ou-yang Hsiu's (icons omitted) Liu-i shih-hua (icons omitted) the first book titled shih-hua, what kind of poetic tradition the Liu-i shih-hua inherited, what kind of person its author was, under what kind of literary environment it was produced, what were the contents of the work, and what kind of influence it exerted on the development of the shih-hua genre. Then we may tentatively reach an answer: the practical criticism of poetry only covers one part of the content of shih-hua. To make a complete evaluation of a shih-hua book or the shih-hua genre itself, a critic must take all the issues above into consideration
Jembra kuanae Shih, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Jembra kuanae</i> Shih sp. nov. <p>(Figs. 2, 3)</p> <p> <b>Coloration:</b> General color brown (Fig. 2 A). Tegmen without markings (Fig. 2 B); wing hyaline, veins brown, apical area with brown pubescence except apical cells. Two color variations on head (Figs. 2 D, 2E), pronotum and mesoscutellum: dark brown type with irregular dark brown mottles (Fig. 2 E), and yellowish brown type with one obviously inverted and yellowish V-shaped stripe (Fig. 2 D).</p> <p> <b>Structure:</b> Head width: body width: body length= 1:1.6:3.2. Head in ventral view rhombus shaped (Fig. 3 B), as long as wide; head in dorsal view triangular (Fig. 3 A), about 2.6 times as wide as long. Head subequal to pronotum at level of anterior margin, about 1.04:1.0. Frons with a median longitudinal carina and 10 transverse ridges in ventral view (Fig. 3 B). Expanded flagellar base with 4 plate-shaped basiconic sensillae on ventrolateral side. Rostrum nearly extended to apex of middle trochanters. Pronotum width at widest part greater than median length by about 1.5: 1.0. Tegmen densely punctured (Fig. 3 D) with pits about 0.1 mm in diameter; 3 times as long as wide, AM (length of anal margin): PM (length of posterior margin): LT (length of tegmen) = 1.0: 3.0: 3.9. Wing with 3 apical cells (Fig. 3 E). Hind tibia with two lateral spines, distal one about 2.0–2.5 times as long as basal one; apical spines arranged into 2 rows, upper row composed of 11 spines, lower one composed of 12 spines. First hind tarsomere with apical spines arranged in two rows (Figs. 2 C, 3H), upper row composed of 18–21 spines, lower one composed of 7–12 spines.</p> <p> <b>Male Genitalia:</b> Pygofer in lateral view subquadrate (Fig. 3 I), about 1.3 times wider than long; basal margin of pygofer straight downward, then protruding at ventral third; pygofer ventral view oval (Fig. 3 J); dorsal process of pygofer (dp) in lateral view cone like, ventrally directed (Fig. 3 I); ventral process of pygofer (vp) (= genital plate) in lateral view, about 0.7 times longer than posterior margin of pygofer; ventral processes of pygofer in ventral view bilobed, acute at tip and direct mesade (Fig. 3 J). Abdominal segment X cylindrical, subequal to the abdominal tergite of segment XI (XIt) in length. Aedeagus T-shaped (Figs. 3 O–P) in both dorsal and ventral views, joined with basal part and apical winged plate; basal part of aedeagus short in lateral view, cylindrical, and membranous; apical winged plate somewhat hardened; transversely enlarged at caudal view, widest at middle and with a obviously concave gonopore (Fig. 3 N). Genital style triangular, basal part narrow and gradually widening to apex (Figs. 3 K–L).</p> <p> <b>Measurements:</b> Body length (from apex of vertex to tip of tegmen): 3, 7.9 ± 0.2 mm (n =17); Ƥ, 8.5 ± 0.1 mm (n =2); Body width: 3, 3.8 ± 0.3 mm (n =17); Ƥ, 3.9 ± 0.3 mm (n =2).</p> <p> <b>Holotype: Male, TAIWAN</b>, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, XII. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap; Holotype depository: TARI.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes: TAIWAN</b>, 1 male, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, II. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap (TARI); 5 males, 1 female, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, III. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap (TARI); 2 males, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, V. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap (TARI); 1 male, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, VII. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap (TARI); 3 males, 1 female, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, VIII. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap (TARI); 1 male, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, XII. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap; 1 male, Nantou, Chushan, 24-IX-1999, H. T. Shih (TARI); 1 male, Nantou, Chushan, 24-IX-1999, H. T. Shih (Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China); 1 male, Nantou, Chushan, 24-IX-1999, H. T. Shih (Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Canada); 1 male, Nantou, Chushan, 24-IX-1999, H. T. Shih (National Museum of Natural Science, Taiwan, ROC.).</p> <p> <b>Etymology:</b> Named for the first author’s mother K. C. Kuan.</p> <p> <b>Distribution:</b> Taiwan.</p> <p> <b>Host plants:</b> Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Remarks:</b> This species can be distinguished easily from other <i>Jembra</i> species by the following characteristics: (1) antenna with 4 plate-shaped basiconic sensillae (Figs. 2 G–H) on the expanded flagellar base; (2) pronotum without obvious lateral carinae, median carina interrupted by some longitudinal wrinkles on the anterior margin (Fig. 3 A); (3) frons with median longitudinal carina (Fig. 3 B); (4) wing with 3 apical cells and without pubescence in apical cells (Fig. 3 E); (5) the first tarsus with apical spines arranged in 2 rows (Figs. 2 C, 3H); (6) the dorsal process of pygofer conical (Fig. 3 I); (7) genital style triangular (Figs. 3 K–L), without distinct slender inner and outer processes; (8) apical portion of aedeagus winged, and each lateral tip of winged portion directed ventrad (Figs. 3 O–P).</p>Published as part of <i>Shih, Hsien-Tzung, Liang, Ai-Ping & Yang, Jeng-Tze, 2009, The genus Jembra Metcalf and Horton from Taiwan with descriptions of two new species and the nymph of J. taiwana sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Aphrophoridae), pp. 29-40 in Zootaxa 1979</i> on pages 33-36, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/185235">10.5281/zenodo.185235</a>
Pterocypsela indica C. Shih 1988
No full textLactuca indica Linnaeus, Mantissa Plantarum Altera: 278. 1771. "Habitat in Java." RCN: 5823. Lectotype (Merrill in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 51: 192, pl. 3. 1937): Osbeck 13, Herb. Linn. No. 950.8 (LINN). Current name: Pterocypsela indica (L.) C. Shih (Asteraceae).Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part L), pp. 610-650 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 610, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.29197
Epicharmeropsis Huang, Ren & Shih
No full textGenus <i>Epicharmeropsis</i> Huang, Ren & Shih, gen. nov. <p> <b>Type species.</b> <i>Epicharmeropsis hexavenulosus</i> Huang, Ren & Shih, <b>sp. nov.</b></p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> Greek prefix <i>Epichar-</i> (beautiful) and <i>meropsis</i> (a suffix taken from genus <i>Ephemeropsis</i>).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Imago. Moderate to good-sized species; mesonotal suture (MNs) in anterior part of mesonotum strongly stretched backwards medially, not transverse; paired medioparapsidal sutures (MPs) anastomosed at middle area of mesonotum, not parallel; lateroparapsidal suture (LPs) curved laterally; metanotum relatively long. Forewing about 2.4 times as long as its width; membrane thickened at distal part of the field between C and RA; RS forking about 10mm from base of forewing, RSa formed two triads, RSp nonbranched; distinct intercalary veins existing between MP2 and CuA1; CuA1 with 4–6 triads (loop-shaped veinlets) leading to wing margin; numerous crossveins and intercalary veins between longitudinal veins. Hindwing more or less than half as long as forewing, broad, about 1.6 times as long as its width with fairly obtuse tip.</p> <p> <b>Composition.</b> The type species and <i>Epicharmeropsis quadrivenulosus</i>.</p> <p> <b>Comparison.</b> <i>Epicharmeropsis</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> is very similar to <i>Ephemeropsis</i> Eichwald from the Early Cretaceous of Transbaikalia and Mongolia in the shape and venation of fore and hind wings; but it differs from <i>Ephemeropsis</i> by membrane thickened at distal part of the field between C and RA, unforked RSp, and the distinct intercalary veins existing between MP2 and CuA1 of forewing. The later two features of wing venation are present in Late Jurassic genus <i>Hexagenites</i> Scudder, 1880 and Lower Cretaceous genus <i>Cratogenites</i> Martins-Neto, 1996, but in contrast to them, hind wing of <i>Epicharmeropsis</i> is more or less than half as long as forewing.</p> <p> <b>Remark.</b> The combined characters of this new genus allow an allocation of it to the family Hexagenitidae: moderate to large size; vein CuA of forewing forked, one of its branches with a series of triads (loopshaped veinlets) leading to wing margin.</p> <p> <i>Epicharmeropsis</i> <b>gen. nov.</b> possesses a peculiar combination of characters: mesonotal suture (MNs) in anterior part of mesonotum strongly stretched backwards medially, not transverse; paired medioparapsidal sutures (MPs) jointed at middle area of mesonotum, not parallel; forewing less than 2.5 times as long as its width; RSp non-branched; the presence of intercalary veins between MP2 and CuA1; hindwing broad, about 1.6 time as long as its width, with fairly obtuse tip. These characters allow formal separation of this new genus from other known genera of the Hexagenitidae established by mayfly adults, extant or in fossil records.</p>Published as part of <i>Huang, Jiandong, Ren, Dong & Shih, Chungkun, 2007, New genus and species of Hexagenitidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) from Yixian Formation, China, pp. 39-50 in Zootaxa 1629</i> on page 40, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/179369">10.5281/zenodo.179369</a>
Ariptyelus subauropilosus Shih and Yang, sp. nov.
No full textAriptyelus subauropilosus Shih and Yang sp. nov. (Figs. 5, 6) Coloration: Body light brown, ventral thorax dark brown in each side. Eyes dark brown; antenna brown, 3 rd segment dark brown; vertex yellowish brown, dark brown centrally indistinct, median carina brown, except light brown at base. Frons in dorsal view brown, median carina brown, frons in ventral view with basal part yellowish brown, transverse band dark brown, apical part yellowish brown; gena and base of mouth part brown. Pronotum brown mottled. Mesoscutellum brown, yellow at tip. Tegmen (Fig. 5 C) dark brown, apical half with dark brown marks irregularly; distinctly transverse band at middle, darker on costal margin and lighter on cubital area. Hind leg brown. Structure: Head width: body width: body length= 1: 1.3: 2.8. Head in ventral view rhombus, about 1.8 times wider at base than median length; about 3.4 times wider than long from dorsal aspect. Pronotum wider than median length at widest part about 1.6: 1. Tegmen (Fig. 5 C) subquadrate, anal margin: posterior margin: length of tegmen = 1.0: 1.5: 3.1; LBW: LMW: LT= 1: 2: 2.8. Wings (Fig. 5 D) with 4 apical cells, apical cells with first longer than third 1.4: 1. Wing coupling apparatus with 3 hooks (Fig. 5 F) on basal part of costal margin. Hind tibia with apical spines arranged in 2 rows, upper row with 8 spines, lower one with 9 spines. Male Genitalia: Pygofer in lateral view (Fig. 6 A), wider than long about 1.3: 1; basal margin of pygofer straight, abruptly curved apically at ventral third, then protruding basally, and curved ventrally; dorsal process of pygofer conelike in lateral view, directed posteriorly, reaching at middle of abdominal segment X; ventral process of pygofer developed in lateral view, shorter than ventral length of pygofer about 1: 1.7; ventral process at widest part narrower than basal width of pygofer about 1: 4.9. Pygofer subquadrate in ventral view (Fig. 6 B), cleft as V-shaped at middle of apical margin, ventral process of pygofer produced bilobed; each lobe triangular, acute at tip, directed mesad. Aedeagus, trapezoidal in lateral view (Fig. 6 E). Genital styles (Figs. 6 C, 6 D), with width of apical part about 0.5 times length (WAGS: LAGS = 1: 2) on outer side, margin prominent except basal third on inner side. Measurements: See Table 2. Holotype: M ale, INDIA, Tamil Nadu, 32km. E. Kodaikanal, 1050m., Sept.. 29. 1985, C. W. & L. B. O’Brien; Holotype depository: Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI). Paratypes: INDIA, 2 females, Mahar., 6km. SW. Mahabaleshwar, Oct. 19. 1985, C. W. & L. B. O’Brien (TARI, ZMHB); 1 male, 1 female, Mahar., Kate’s Point, 6km. NE. Mahabaleshar, Oct. 19. 1985, C. W. & L. B. O’Brien (TARI); 1 male, Mahar., 1km. Kate’s Point, 5km. NE. Mahabaleswhar, Oct. 19. 1985, C. W. & L. B. O’Brien (TARI); 3 males, 3 females, Mahar., 1334m., Panchgani Tableland, Oct. 19. 1985, C. W. & L. B. O’Brien (TARI, ENCHU, NMNS); 1 female, Karnataka, Nandi Hills, top, Oct. 5. 1985, C. W. & L. B. O’Brien (NTU); 1 male, Karnataka, Nandi Hills, 1200m., Oct. 5. 1985, C. W. & L. B. O’Brien (TARI); NEPAL, 1 male, Sun Khosi Tai, 2150m, 2, V, [19] 62, leg. G. Ebert (ZSM). Etymology: Named for its external morphology is very similar to the species A. auropilosus (Matsumura, 1907). Distribution: India, Nepal. Remarks: This species is very similar to A. auropilosus in size and external morphology, but is readily distinguished by the male genitalia. This species is much larger than A. arisanus.Published as part of Shih, Hsien-Tzung & Yang, Jeng-Tze, 2007, Revision of the genus Ariptyelus Matsumura (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Aphrophoridae), pp. 57-68 in Zootaxa 1592 on pages 65-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17858
The design of a radio altimeter using frequency modulation method
No full textThesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, 1937 [second author], and Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautical Engineering, 1937 [first author].MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ENGINEERING.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-110).by Shih-Nge Lin, Ieu-Liang Wu.M.S
Geothelphusa cilan Shy & Shih & Mao 2014, sp. nov.
No full textGeothelphusa cilan sp. nov. (Figs. 1–2) Geothelphusa sp. 2 —Shih et al. 2011: 461. Material examined. Holotype: 1 ♂ (18.8 x 14.4 mm) (NCHUZOOL 13617), Cilan, Takejin (= Takazinm) River, the headstream of Danshuei (= Tansui) River, Jianshih, Hsinchu County (near Yilan [= Ilan] County), Taiwan, 24°32’08.7”N; 121°23’09.7”E, elevation of 1950 m, coll. H.- T. Shih & J.-J. Mao, 28 March 2009. Paratypes: 2 ♂♂ (CW 12.4–13.5 mm), 3 ♀♀ (13.8–15.5 mm) (NCHUZOOL 13430); 2 ♂♂ (10.4–20.6 mm) (NCHUZOOL 13618); 1 ♂ (13.4 mm) (NCHUZOOL 13619); 5 ♂♂ (15.5–18.9 mm), 13 ♀♀ (14.5–19.3 mm) (NCHUZOOL 13620), same data as holotype. Comparative material. Geothelphusa monticola Shy, Ng & Yu, 1994: 1 holotype male (NTOU F10204), Siaoyako (= Sheauyeakow), Heping (= Hoping), Taichung City, Taiwan, coll. J.-Y. Shy & W.-L. Tsay, 6 Jun. 1992; Geothelphusa takuan Shy, Ng & Yu, 1994: 1 holotype male (NTOU F10205), Daguan (= Takuan), Fusing (= Fuhsing), Taoyuan County, Taiwan, coll. J.-Y. Shy & W.-L. Tsay, 1 Nov. 1992. Description. Carapace (Fig. 2A–B) swollen longitudinally, transversely; dorsal surface smooth, glabrous, with fine pits. Carapace length, width 1.7, 2.2 carapace height, respectively. Frontal margin slightly dived into 2 lobes, without tooth. Postorbital cristae distinct, supraorbital margin smooth, without granules; infraorbital margin smooth to almost smooth, lined with inconspicuous granules. External orbital angle stout, external orbital region concave. Anterolateral margin distinct, lined with inconspicuous granules, without epibranchial tooth. Postorbital crista faint, smooth. Gastric, cardiac, intestinal regions smooth. H-shaped groove distinct. Tip of medium lobe of epistome stout. Distance between tip of closed male abdomen, anterior margin of thoracic sternite 3 about 1.1 length of thoracic sternites 1, 2 (Fig. 2C). Chelipeds of adult males unequal, fingers of larger chela forming obliquely triangular gape when closed. Ambulatory legs smooth, dorsal, ventral margins of dactyli with 2 rows of small spines, respectively. Second leg about 1.8 carapace length. Telson of male abdomen bell-shaped, moderately short, width about 1.4 length (Fig. 2C). Subterminal segment of G1 (Fig. 1A–C) curving inwards, outer proximal margin with small tubercle, inner proximal margin clearly dilated; terminal segment slightly curving inwards to almost straight (length /width = 2.4); total length of G1 5.5 terminal segment; length of synovial membrane about 3.3 maximum width. Outer proximal margin of basal segment of G2 (Fig. 1D) dilated, showing a single lobe; distal segment short, about 0.12 total length. Etymology. The species is named for the type locality, the Cilan Forest, in northern Taiwan. The name is used as a noun in apposition. Coloration. Carapace and ambulatory legs grayish brown, mottled with dark brown spots; chelae orange-red, with dark brown spots; tip and inner edge of fingers white (Fig. 2D–G). Ecological notes. The specimens were collected from the headstream of Danshuei River (Fig. 2H) near the boundary of Hsinchu and Yilan counties, near Yuanyang Lake Nature Reserve, with an altitude about 2000 m. The mean monthly water temperatures were 10.3–14.6°C during April to December, 2012 (mean 12.6°C) for the adjacent Yuanyang Lake, with the same drainage. Remarks. Geothelphusa cilan sp. nov. is similar to G. monticola and G. takuan both of which are present in the adjacent regions. The subterminal segment of the G1 of G. monticola is slightly S-shaped, and those of G. takuan and G. cilan sp. nov. are slightly curved inwards, but G. monticola and G. takuan have a conspicuous tubercle and G. cilan sp. nov. a small tubercle at the outer proximal margin. The terminal segment of the G1 of G. monticola is slender (length/width = 3.3), and those of G. takuan and G. cilan sp. nov. are stouter (length/width = 1.8 and 2.4, respectively). Geothelphusa takuan and G. cilan sp. nov. have shorter distance between the tip of the closed male abdomen and anterior margin of thoracic sternite 3 (ratio = 1.0 and 1.1, respectively) than that in G. monticola (ratio = 1.6). DNA analyses and discussion. A 616-658 basepair (bp) segment of the COI was amplified from 9 specimens of G. cilan and 10 specimens of the closely related G. monticola, resulting in 5 different haplotypes (Table 1). The studied segment was AT rich (63.2%) (T, 35.4%; A, 27.8%; G, 16.5%; and C, 20.3%). In this gene, 18 positions were variable and 13 parsimoniously informative. The phylogenetic tree constructed by BI and ML methods (Fig. 3) supports the clade of G. cilan sp. nov., which is a sister species to another montane clade, G. monticola. The pairwise nucleotide divergences for COI with K2P distance is shown in Table 2. The mean interspecific K2P distance of G. cilan is 2.26% with G. monticola, which is 38 or 17 times greater than the mean intraspecific distance of G. cilan (0.06%) or G. monticola (0.13%), respectively (Table 2). The lowest interspecific K2P distance of G. cilan is 2.15% with G. monticola, which is 13 or 4.7 times greater than the largest intraspecific distance of G. cilan (0.16%) or G. monticola (0.46%). The interspecific K2P distance of 2.15% – 2.65% between G.cilan sp. nov. and G. monticola is not high, but still higher than the distance between G. marginata Naruse, Shokita & Shy, 2004 and G. fulva Naruse, Shokita & Shy, 2004 (1.48%–1.99%, Shih et al. 2011); and the distance among G. makatao Shih & Shy, 2009, G. shernshan Chen, Cheng & Shy, 2005, and G. pingtung Tan & Liu, 1998 (1.65%–1.98%, recalculated from Shih & Shy 2009). Although the nearest distance between the localities of G. cilan sp. nov. and G. monticola (see nos. 32 and 27 in fig. 1 of Shih et al. 2011) is only about 13 km, both areas belong to different drainages, the Danshuei and Daja rivers, respectively. Furthermore, several mountains more than 2000 m a.s.l. separated the two areas. Based on the substitution rates of 2.33% per 10 6 yr for COI of terrestrial crabs (see Schubart et al. 1998), the two sister species diverged at 1.0±0.2 million years ago (mya) (with uncorrected p-distance divergences of 2.35%±0.56%), which is quite young allopatric speciation, considering the geological history of Taiwan is about 5 mya (see Shih et al. 2006).Published as part of Shy, Jhy-Yun, Shih, Hsi-Te & Mao, Jean-Jay, 2014, Description of a new montane freshwater crab (Crustacea: Potamidae: Geothelphusa) from northern Taiwan, pp. 565-572 in Zootaxa 3869 (5) on pages 567-568, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3869.5.6, http://zenodo.org/record/494740
Jurahylobittacus astictus Li & Ren & Shih 2008
No full textJurahylobittacus astictus sp nov. (Figs 2A–E, 3C–D) Etymology. This species is named astictus after having no maculae on wings. Material. Holotype CNU-M-NN2007002-1 and CNU-M-NN2007002-2, positive and negative (coll. Shih Chungkun), deposited at the Key Lab of Insect Evolution & Environmental Changes, the College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University (CNU), Beijing, China. Horizon and locality. Jiulongshan Formation, Middle Jurassic, Daohugou Village, Shantou Township, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, China. Diagnosis. Sc-r at about as long as its length before end of Sc; no cross-vein between R 2 and R 1; and no maculae on wings. Description. Lateral view of a complete insect. Rostrum slender; abdomen long and slender, slightly beyond wing tip (Fig. 2 A-C). Wings. Basal part of forewing narrow; gradually broadening from base towards rounded apex; pterostigma slightly dark; sc-r is close to the tip of Sc; M 1+2 dividing far beyond R 4+5; one cross-vein between R 2+3 and R 4; two cross-veins R 4 and R 5; two cross-veins between R 5 and M 1; two cross-veins between M 1 and M 2; two cross-veins between M 2 and M 3; one cross-vein between M 3 and M 4; two cross-veins between CuA and CuP; two cross-veins connecting 1A and 2A; 2A extending almost to level of origin of M; and vein 3A absent (Fig. 2D). Hindwings seem to be identical to the forewings in the venation, but their Sc short, ending distally before the fork of Rs ( Fig. 2E). Abdomen. At least nine visible segments in lateral view (Fig. 2C). Terminal abdominal segments were well preserved, basistyles, aedeagus, cercus and epiandrial lobe visible (Fig. 3 C-D). Body 18 mm long, forewing 12.6 mm long, 3.0 mm wide; hind wing 10.3 mm long, 3.0 mm wide.Published as part of Li, Yan-Li, Ren, Dong & Shih, Chung-Kun, 2008, Two Middle Jurassic hanging-flies (Insecta: Mecoptera: Bittacidae) from Northeast China, pp. 38-46 in Zootaxa 1929 (1) on pages 43-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1929.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/523080
Geothelphusa makatao Shih & Shy, 2009, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Geothelphusa makatao</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figs. 1, 2)</p> <p> <b>Material examined</b>. <b>Holotype</b>: 1 male (39.3 x 29.3 mm) (NMNS-5915-001), Longcyuan Temple, Chaishan, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, coll. Jung-Hsiang Lee, 31 May 2002. <b>Paratypes</b>: 2 males, CW 32.5, 35.4 mm (NCHUZOOL 13033), same data as holotype; 1 male, CW 35.4 mm, 1 female, CW 43.0 mm (NCHUZOOL 13238), Chaishan, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, coll. J.-H. Lee, 25 May, 2002; 4 ovigerous females, CW 37.1~ 42.6 mm (NCHUZOOL 13032, 13240, 13241), 22 May 2002, Longcyuan Temple, Chaishan, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, coll. Hsi-Te Shih; 1 male, CW 25.3 mm (NCHUZOOL 13239), Cueiheng Dormitory, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, coll. H.- T. Shih, 9 Aug. 2000; 1 male, CW 36.6 mm (NTOU F10708), Cueiheng Dormitory, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, coll. H.- T. Shih, 22 May 2002.</p> <p> <b>Comparative material examined</b>. see Table 2 for the holotypes of <i>G. albogilva</i>, <i>G. ancylophallus</i>, <i>G. pingtung</i>, and <i>G. shernshan</i>.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis</b>. Carapace swollen longitudinally, transversely; dorsal surface smooth, glabrous, with fine pits. Carapace length, width 1.5-, 1.9-times carapace height, respectively. Frontal margin straight, without tooth. Postorbital cristae distinct, supraorbital margin smooth, without granules; infraorbital margin smooth to almost smooth, lined with very low granules. External orbital angle stout, external orbital region concave. Anterolateral margin faint, smooth, without epibranchial tooth. Postorbital crista faint, smooth. Gastric, cardiac, intestinal regions smooth. H-shaped groove distinct. Tip of medium lobe of epistome slightly stout. Distance between tip of closed male abdomen, anterior margin of thoracic sternite 4 about 2.4 times length of thoracic sternites 1-3. Chelipeds of adult male unequal, fingers of larger chela forming large gape when closed. Ambulatory legs smooth, dorsal, ventral margins of dactyli with 2 rows of small spines. Second leg about 1.8 carapace length. Telson of male abdomen bell-shaped, moderately short, width about 1.4 carapace length. Subterminal segment of G1 (Fig. 1 a-c) slightly curving outwards, outer proximal margin with blunt tooth, inner proximal margin moderately dilated; terminal segment straight or slightly curving inwards; total length of G1 4.9 terminal segment; length of synovial membrane about 6.1 maximum width. Outer proximal margin of basal segment of G2 (Fig. 1d) dilated, showing a single lobe; distal segment short, about 0.14 total length.</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>. The species is named for the aboriginal Makatao Tribe, one of the Pingpu Tribes, which once lived in the Chaishan area. The name is used as a noun in apposition.</p> <p> <b>Coloration</b>. Body, including legs, of most adults is yellow (Fig. 2d). Some young individuals range from pale yellow, orange (Fig. 2f, g), or greenish (Fig. 2e), to brown.</p> <p> <b>Ecological notes</b>. The maximum elevation of type locality, Chaishan, is only 330 m and no permanent surface running water is present in this uplifted coral reef mountain system. Aquatic habitats rely on the presence of small ephemeral springs and periodic rainfall. Specimens were collected under rocks (Fig. 2h) or as they moved around on a road after a rain. Some individuals were observed near a burrow entrance. Ovigerous females were observed and collected in May (Fig. 2g).</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b>. This species is found only in the Chaishan area, Kaohsiung City, southwestern Taiwan.</p> <p> <b>Remarks</b>. Based on Shih <i>et al</i>. (2004, 2007b), <i>G. makatao</i> <b>sp. nov</b>. (as “ <i>G. albogilva</i> ” in Shih <i>et al</i>. 2007b), <i>G. shernshan</i>, <i>G. neipu</i>, and <i>G. pingtung</i> belong to the <i>G. pingtung</i> clade, but <i>G. neipu</i> was formally synonymized under <i>G. pingtung</i> recently (Ng <i>et al</i>. 2008). Morphologically, this new species is close to <i>G. pingtung</i> and <i>G. shernshan</i>, but they can be separated by several characters including carapace height and G1 morphology (Table 2). In particular, the new species differs from <i>G. shernshan</i> by the relatively taller and higher carapace (Table 2; Fig 2A, B in Chen <i>et al.</i> 2005). The external morphology of <i>G.makatao</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> and <i>G. albogilva</i>, both of which inhabit the uplifted coral reef mountain and are yellow in color, is also superficially similar. However, the distance between the tip of the closed male abdomen and the anterior margin of thoracic sternite 4, and the relative lengths of the second leg and terminal segment of the G1 of <i>G. makatao</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> are clearly greater than those of <i>G. albogilva</i> (Table 2; Fig. 4 in Shy <i>et al</i>. 1994).</p> <p> <i>Geothelphusa ancylophallus</i> is also close to this new species, with the body height of both species being greater than most other species of <i>Geothelphusa.</i> The G1 of the former, however, is strongly curved outwards, while that of the latter is only slightly curved (Table 2; Fig. 2 in Shy <i>et al</i>. 1994).</p>Published as part of <i>Shih, Hsi-Te & Shy, Jhy-Yun, 2009, Geothelphusa makatao sp. nov. (Crustacea: Brachyura: Potamidae), a new freshwater crab from an uplifted Pleistocene reef in Taiwan, pp. 51-60 in Zootaxa 2106 (1)</i> on pages 52-56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2106.1.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5323183">http://zenodo.org/record/5323183</a>
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