317 research outputs found
A new species of glass sponge (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora: Uncinateridae) from the Weijia Seamount in the northwestern Pacific Ocean
No full textShen, Chengcheng, Zhang, Dongsheng, Lu, Bo, Wang, Chunsheng (2020): A new species of glass sponge (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora: Uncinateridae) from the Weijia Seamount in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 4878 (2): 322-334, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4878.2.
FIGURE 5 in A new glass sponge genus (Hexactinellida: Euplectellidae) from abyssal depth of the Yap Trench, northwestern Pacific Ocean
No full textFIGURE 5. Position of Rhizophyta yapensis gen. et sp. nov. in the phylogeny of Hexasterophora. Maximum-likelihood tree based on concatenated 18S, 28S, and 16S rDNA, and COI sequences. Numbers at branches are rapid bootstrap values (Stamatakis et al. 2008) based on 850 replicates determined by bootstopping (Pattengale et al. 2010). Lyss., Lyssacinosida. Scale bar, expected number of substitutions per site. Outgroup omitted for clarity.Published as part of Shen, Chengcheng, Dohrmann, Martin, Zhang, Dongsheng, Lu, Bo & Wang, Chunsheng, 2019, A new glass sponge genus (Hexactinellida: Euplectellidae) from abyssal depth of the Yap Trench, northwestern Pacific Ocean, pp. 367-378 in Zootaxa 4567 (2) on page 376, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4567.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/259503
FIGURE 3 in A new species of glass sponge (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora: Uncinateridae) from the Weijia Seamount in the northwestern Pacific Ocean
No full textFIGURE 3. Tretopleura weijicus sp. nov., vertical-longitudinal wall section. A. Vertical-longitudinal section, dermal side up, consisting of an unchannelized primary middle layer (p. m. l.), channelized dermal peripheral layer (d. p. l.), and atrial peripheral layer (a. p. l.) as indicated at right. B. SEM of dictyonal framework in the d. p. l. consisting of irregularly connected hexactins. C. SEM of dictyonal framework in the p. m. l. delimited by longitudinal stands composed of serially attached and aligned hexactins. D. SEM of dictyonal framework in the a. p. l.Published as part of Shen, Chengcheng, Zhang, Dongsheng, Lu, Bo & Wang, Chunsheng, 2020, A new species of glass sponge (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora: Uncinateridae) from the Weijia Seamount in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, pp. 322-334 in Zootaxa 4878 (2) on page 328, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4878.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/442503
FIGURE 3 in A new species of glass sponge (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora: Uncinateridae) from the Weijia Seamount in the northwestern Pacific Ocean
No full textFIGURE 3. Tretopleura weijicus sp. nov., vertical-longitudinal wall section. A. Vertical-longitudinal section, dermal side up, consisting of an unchannelized primary middle layer (p. m. l.), channelized dermal peripheral layer (d. p. l.), and atrial peripheral layer (a. p. l.) as indicated at right. B. SEM of dictyonal framework in the d. p. l. consisting of irregularly connected hexactins. C. SEM of dictyonal framework in the p. m. l. delimited by longitudinal stands composed of serially attached and aligned hexactins. D. SEM of dictyonal framework in the a. p. l.Published as part of Shen, Chengcheng, Zhang, Dongsheng, Lu, Bo & Wang, Chunsheng, 2020, A new species of glass sponge (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora: Uncinateridae) from the Weijia Seamount in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, pp. 322-334 in Zootaxa 4878 (2) on page 328, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4878.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/442503
Bolosominae Tabachnick 2002
No full textSubfamily Bolosominae Tabachnick, 2002 Emended definition (after Tabachnick 2002): Basiphytose or rhizophytous Euplectellidae with peduncle. Remarks: Although erection of a new subfamily for Rhizophyta gen. nov. would have been a possibility, we refrained from it because classification of euplectellids according to attachment mode is clearly artificial (Dohrmann et al. 2017). We nevertheless retain the obviously paraphyletic Bolosominae (see below and Dohrmann et al. 2017) here for purely practical purposes, pending major revision or abolishment of euplectellid subfamily division.Published as part of Shen, Chengcheng, Dohrmann, Martin, Zhang, Dongsheng, Lu, Bo & Wang, Chunsheng, 2019, A new glass sponge genus (Hexactinellida: Euplectellidae) from abyssal depth of the Yap Trench, northwestern Pacific Ocean, pp. 367-378 in Zootaxa 4567 (2) on page 369, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4567.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/259503
Rhizophyta Shen & Dohrmann & Zhang & Lu & Wang 2019, gen. nov.
No full textGenus Rhizophyta gen. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B71AF3A9-527F-454E-9AC7-0074CC189FE0 Type species. Rhizophyta yapensis gen. et sp. nov. Diagnosis. Body is fungus-like, pedunculate, rhizophytous with completely everted, laterally directed atrial cavity. Choanosomal spicules of the main body are diactins and hexactins. Dermalia and atrialia are pinular hexactins and rare pentactins. The internal spicules of the peduncle are diactins fused into a rigid skeleton by synapticulars. External spicules of the peduncle are loose pentactins forming a veil. Microscleres are toothed stellate discohexasters. Etymology. The new genus name, Rhizophyta, reflects the rhizophytous attachment method (fixation by rootlike outgrowths instead of spicule tuft or basal plate). Remarks. Due to the presence of a long peduncle and absence of hypodermal pentactins, the new specimens most closely match the diagnosis of Euplectellidae: Bolosominae. Although the surface pentactins veiling the peduncle resemble similar structures formed by hypodermalia in the Rossellidae, there are no smaller megascleres accompanying them, so they are best interpreted as homologous to dermalia rather than hypodermalia. Furthermore, our molecular evidence (see below) clearly rules out any affinity to Rossellidae. The rhizophytous method of fixation is quite rare among extant Hexactinellida and has to our knowledge never been reported for bolosomine euplectellids – as far as we are aware, only two rhizophytous euplectellids have been described before, namely Regadrella rhizophora and R. pedunculata, which are venus-flower-basket-like forms with a very short "peduncle", currently classified in Corbitellinae (see Tabachnick & Lévi 2004; Reiswig & Kelly 2018). The new species cannot be accommodated in any of the currently known ten genera of Bolosominae. The overall body shape combined with pinular dermal and atrial hexactins suggest affinities to the monotypic genus Neocaledoniella Tabachnick & Lévi, 2004. However, the new species is clearly distinguished from it by the presence of regular discohexaster microscleres rather than a combination of calycocomes and graphiocomes. Furthermore, recent investigation of a newly collected specimen of Neocaledoniella caulophacoides (Tabachnick, 2002) allowed for the first time examination of the base of its peduncle, showing that it has a basiphytous method of fixation (CS, unpublished observation). The presence of no other microscleres than discohexasters is uniquely shared with Bolosoma Ijima, 1904 among known pedunculate euplectellids. However, besides from differing in body shape (no everted, laterally directed atrial cavity and shorter, thicker stalk), Bolosoma species are characterized by the presence of anchorate discohexasters (codonhexasters) and their derivatives (missing in the new species). Our molecular evidence (see below) also does not support any affinity of the new species to Bolosoma.Published as part of Shen, Chengcheng, Dohrmann, Martin, Zhang, Dongsheng, Lu, Bo & Wang, Chunsheng, 2019, A new glass sponge genus (Hexactinellida: Euplectellidae) from abyssal depth of the Yap Trench, northwestern Pacific Ocean, pp. 367-378 in Zootaxa 4567 (2) on page 369, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4567.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/259503
FIGURE 5 in A new species of glass sponge (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora: Uncinateridae) from the Weijia Seamount in the northwestern Pacific Ocean
No full textFIGURE 5. Tretopleura weijicus sp. nov., spicules. A. Dermal pentactins or subhexactins, whole and enlargements of tangential ray, proximal ray and distal rays with a clavate tip, a spherical or bullet-like swelling. B. Atrial pentactins or subhexactins, whole and enlargements of two tangential rays, proximal ray and cylindrical distal rays with two sizes in length. C. Dermal hexactins, whole and enlargements of tangential, proximal and distal rays. D. Atrial hexactins, whole and enlargements of tangential, proximal and distal rays. E. Uncinate, whole and enlargements of middle segment and two ends. F. Sceptrules, as discoscopules, whole and enlargements of two types of upper ends, tine tip, middle segment and lower end. G. Discohexasters of type I (G1) and type II (G2), whole and enlargement of terminal ray.Published as part of Shen, Chengcheng, Zhang, Dongsheng, Lu, Bo & Wang, Chunsheng, 2020, A new species of glass sponge (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora: Uncinateridae) from the Weijia Seamount in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, pp. 322-334 in Zootaxa 4878 (2) on page 330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4878.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/442503
Disentangling the Local Coupling and Telecoupling of Urbanization and Ecosystem Services to Reveal Archetypical Social–Ecological Interactions in Urban Agglomerations
No full textABSTRACT Investigating the spatial coupling between urbanization and ecosystem services (ESs) enhances the understanding of social–ecological interactions while addressing sustainability challenges in urban agglomerations. While most studies have focused on local coupling between urbanization and ESs, fewer have examined their telecoupling, considering the increasing interactions of distant systems. In this study, we developed a methodological framework to disentangle the local and telecoupling of urbanization and ESs in the Beijing‐Tianjin‐Hebei urban agglomeration, China. Urbanization and seven ESs were mapped, and their spatial coupling relationships were quantified. Different coupling interactions were further generalized through archetype analysis, and their influencing factors were identified. The results indicate that from 2000 to 2020, the number of counties with relatively high‐level local coupling increased. Urbanization lagged or balanced with ESs in most counties. The number of counties with high‐level telecoupling showed both increases and decreases across different ESs, revealing the spatial networks between urbanization and ESs. Areas with different local and telecoupling relationships were clustered into four archetypical social–ecological interactions. These interactions were distributed along the urban–peri‐urban–rural gradient: three different types of telecoupling were found separately in mountainous, rural, and central urban areas, while the local coupling type was mainly distributed in peri‐urban areas. Our study provides implications for the targeted land management of similar urban agglomerations. We suggest considering both local coupling to increase local self‐sufficiency and telecoupling to improve ecological compensation, thereby fostering sustainable development.Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities https://doi.org/10.13039/501100012226National Natural Science Foundation of China https://doi.org/10.13039/50110000180
Rhizophyta yapensis Shen & Dohrmann & Zhang & Lu & Wang 2019, gen. et sp. nov.
No full textRhizophyta yapensis gen. et sp. nov. (Figs. 1–4, Table 2) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2211A05A-53D7-4563-82DE-86BBBB1BB33B Material examined. Holotype: SIO-POR-083, SRSIO, Jiaolong HOV DY 38III, dive JL148, collected by Bo Lu, June 4, 2017, Yap Trench in the northwestern Pacific Ocean (8.0582°N, 137.5233°E), depth 4160 m, preserved in 95% ethanol. Paratype A: SIO-POR-075, SRSIO, Jiaolong HOV DY 37I, dive JL109, collected by Bo Lu, May 15, 2016, Yap Trench (9.90045°N, 138.3995°E), 4779 m, 95% ethanol. Paratype B: SIO-POR-084, SRSIO, Jiaolong HOV DY 38III, dive JL148, collected by Bo Lu, June 4, 2017, Yap Trench (8.0579°N, 137.5227°E), 4159 m, frozen at -20?. Paratype C: SIO-POR-085, SRSIO, Jiaolong HOV DY 38III, dive JL148, collected by Bo Lu, June 4, 2017, Yap Trench (8.0582°N, 137.5224°E), 4159 m, 95% ethanol. Description. The new species is presented by four fungus-like specimens with everted, laterally directed atrial cavity. The holotype (Fig. 1A1–A 3) has a disc-like main body borne on a long, thin, slightly curved peduncle. The basal part of the peduncle is solid and features root-like outgrowths (rhizophytous method of fixation). The specimen was collected intact, but the peduncle was intentionally broken for storage and shipping. Total length of this specimen is 284 mm, of which the main body is 29 mm high, the peduncle is 233 mm long, and the root-like structure is up to 22 mm long. The main body is hanging from the upper part of the peduncle to one side; it is 60× 37 mm in diameter and up to 30 mm thick. The peduncle is solid, not hollow. It varies in diameter from 4.0 mm just below the main body to 1.0 mm at its narrowest point in the upper third and enlarges to 5.0 mm near the base. The exhalant or atrial surface of the main body (Fig. 2A) is relatively smooth, with very fine lattices (Fig. 2B) of loose megascleres (Fig. 2C) covering the subatrial exhalant canal openings, which are up to 2 mm in diameter. The inhalant or dermal surface (Fig. 2D) is more transparent, with a conspicuous network of white strands of radiating choanosomal diactins surrounding large inhalant canals, which are easily visible through the overlying thin and quite regular lattices (Fig. 2E) of loose megascleres (Fig. 2F). A marginal fringe is not evident at the junction of dermal and atrial surfaces. Spicules of the body are entirely unfused. The entire length of the peduncle and the main roots at the base are covered by a veil of loose pentactins with proximal rays directed inside (Fig. 2 G–I). The thin lateral roots branching off from the main roots are smooth (Fig. 2G). The roots are solid and consist of diactins fused by short synapticulars (Fig. 2J). Color of the specimen in ethanol is white. Paratype A (Fig. 1B1–B 2) was collected broken with a tattered main body borne on a thin peduncle split into two pieces. It is 587 mm long, of which the main body is 46 mm high, the peduncle is 502 mm long, and the rootlike structure is up to 39 mm long. The peduncle varies in diameter from 2.8 mm just below the main body to 1.6 mm at its narrowest point and enlarges to 5.6 mm near the base. Color of the specimen is white in situ while yellowish brown after sampling due to mixing with sediment. A sea anemone (Relicanthus sp.) was attached to the peduncle in situ. Paratype B (Fig. 1C1–C 3) was sampled with its main body and a section of peduncle 119 mm long. The main body is 25 mm high and 44× 26 mm in diameter. The diameter of the peduncle is 1.9 mm just below the main body and 1.0 mm at its narrowest point. The specimen is colored light yellow by mixing with sediment. Paratype C (Fig. 1D1–D 3) was collected with its main body and a section of peduncle 161 mm long. The main body is 28 mm high, 54× 46 mm in diameter, and up to 21 mm thick; it was sampled intact but later cut in half. The diameter of the peduncle is 3.2 mm just below the main body and 1.5 mm at its narrowest point. Color of the specimen in ethanol is white. Spicules. Dermalia and atrialia are pinular hexactins (Fig. 3 A–C) and rare pentactins (Fig. 3 D–F). Choanosomal megascleres are hexactins and diactins (Fig. 3 H–I). Peduncle and root internal spicules are diactins fused by short synapticulars (Fig. 2J). Dermal spicules of the peduncle are pentactins (Fig. 2 H–I, Fig. 3J). Microscleres are toothed stellate discohexasters with flower-shaped (perianthic) tufts of secondary rays (Fig. 3G). Spicule dimensions are given in Table 2. ......continued on the next page Pinular dermal hexactins (Fig. 3A) have thorny pinular rays and entirely rough tangential and proximal rays, which are various in shape and size. The pinular ray is quite variable in shape with spindle-like or ovoid ends. It is 63.8–232.3 (131.7) µm long, the tangential rays are 147.5–220.0 (181.8) µm long, and the proximal ray is 72.4– 370.0 (158.8) µm long. The ratio of proximal ray length to tangential rays length ranges from 0.3 to 2.1 with an average of 0.9. There are 38% pinular hexactins with a relatively shorter proximal ray (1.4 times the length of tangential rays. Most dermal hexactins are regular with tangential rays of equal length. However, some (1%) have only one pair of tangential rays equal and one of the unequal tangential rays is similar to a pinular ray. Atrial hexactins (Fig. 3B) are similar to the dermal ones but have longer proximal rays. The pinular ray of atrial hexactins is 31.3–173.0 (128.0) µm long, the tangential rays are 133.3–230.0 (179.7) µm long, and the proximal ray is 106.0–571.0 (309.8) µm long. The ratio of proximal ray length to tangential rays length ranges from 0.6 to 2.7 with an average of 1.7. There are 12% hexactins with a relatively shorter proximal ray (~60% of tangential rays length), while 76% have it> 1.4 times the length of tangential rays. The hexactins in the transition of main body and peduncle (Fig. 3C) are smaller in size, but thicker in ray width relative to ray length. They have a longer proximal ray of which 68% is more than 1.4 times longer than the tangential ray. Their pinular rays are 45.5–97.5 (70.8) µm long, the tangential rays are 82.8–173.7 (118.9) µm long, and the proximal ray is 102.9–371.7 (182.0) µm long. Dermal and atrial pentactins are rare and have spined tangential and proximal rays and smooth axial crosses (Fig. 3 D–F). There are two kinds of pentactins differing in size both as dermalia and atrialia, of which the smaller one is quite rare (Fig. 3D). Moreover, among atrial pentactins there is another type with relatively longer proximal ray (Fig. 3E). The tangential rays of dermal pentactins in the main body are 45.9–287.3 (145.4) µm long and the proximal ray is 38.7–201.3 (97.2) µm long. Atrial pentactins are bigger than dermal pentactins with the tangential rays 90.0–207.5 (159.3) µm long and the proximal ray 66.7–181.6 (120.8) µm long. Dermal pentactins in the transition of main body and peduncle (Fig. 3F) have thicker and rougher rays, longer proximal rays with a length of 89.2–266.8 (159.2) µm, while relatively shorter tangential rays with a length of 60.0–139.1 (108.4) µm. A few dermal pentactins have missing or undeveloped rays and are irregular tetractins, stauractins or tauactins (not shown). Forty-two percent of choanosomal hexactins (Fig. 3H) have equal rays. Others have rays of unequal length: 44% have one ray relatively shorter than others and 14% have one pair of rays evidently longer than the other two equal pairs. The rays of choanosomal hexactins are on average 86.8–182.0 (137.1) µm long and 10.5–23.8 (19.5) µm wide. They all bear spines; ray tips are rough and abruptly pointed. Choanosomal diactins (Fig. 3I) are slightly curved, with a generally inconspicuous central swelling, and can be roughly classified into two types according to the shape of terminal ends: One type has rounded, occasionally inflated, and rough terminal ends with less rough or even smooth caps, and smooth center; the other has conically pointed terminal ends and spines scattered across the whole spicule. Choanosomal diactins are 536.98–5200.0 (1766.8) µm long and 3.71–13.5 (8.7) µm wide. Diactins of the peduncle and roots (Fig. 2J) are fused by short synapticulars to form a rigid framework; they are larger than the main body diactins and smooth or somewhat verrucous. Dermal spicules of the peduncle are pentactins forming a veil (Fig. 2 H–I, Fig. 3J). They have spines in the axial cross, spined tangential and proximal rays, less rough and tapered or rounded ends of tangential rays, and short proximal rays. The tangential rays are 268.3–670.0 (456.2) µm long and the proximal ray is 30.2–99.4 (60.9) µm long. Microscleres (Fig. 3G) are toothed, stellate, perianthic discohexasters. They have short primary rays bearing 6–9 secondary rays ending in small discs with 6–8 marginal teeth. The primary rays are thick and mainly smooth while the secondary rays are thin and rough. The discohexasters are 56.7–108.6 (82.6) µm in diameter, primary rays are 6.0–11.1 (7.7) µm long, secondary rays are 19.6–43.0 (31.9) µm long. The general spiculation of the holotype and paratypes is the same. However, some spicules differ in specific shapes. Choanosomal diactins of paratype A have rounded or conically pointed terminal ends with relatively smooth caps, and the shape of their centers varies with inconspicuous, one or two swellings (Fig. 4A). The discohexasters of paratype C have 9–14 terminal rays per primary ray with 9–13 marginal teeth per disc (Fig. 4 B– C). Etymology. The species name, yapensis, refers to the location of collection, the Yap Trench. Remarks. The slight differences in spiculation between the four specimens could indicate ongoing speciation within the new genus. However, we consider these differences, combined with the geographical proximity of the specimens, to be too minor to provide evidence of full formation of separate species or subspecies (see also molecular results below). Instead, we interpret them as regular intraspecific variation.Published as part of Shen, Chengcheng, Dohrmann, Martin, Zhang, Dongsheng, Lu, Bo & Wang, Chunsheng, 2019, A new glass sponge genus (Hexactinellida: Euplectellidae) from abyssal depth of the Yap Trench, northwestern Pacific Ocean, pp. 367-378 in Zootaxa 4567 (2) on pages 370-377, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4567.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/259503
Probiotic consumption influences universal adaptive mutations in indigenous human and mouse gut microbiota
No full textChenchen Ma, Chengcheng Zhang, and Denghui Chen et al. examine how probiotic consumption impacts gut microbiota composition in human and mice through a global, cross-cohort metagenomic analysis. Their results suggest that probiotic consumption may result in widespread variation among the native microbiota in both the human and mouse gut
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