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Amynthas quadriorbis Shen and Chang
No full textAmynthas quadriorbis Shen and Chang, sp. nov. (Figure 2) Type material Holotype. Clitellate (107 mm in length, dissected) collected 17 July 2007 from roadside slope along Waihu Creek (elevation 230 m) near the borders of Douliou and Linnei, Yunlin by C.H. Chang, T.J. Lin and Y.H. Lin (TESRI-O-H- 47) (voucher number: WH 3 P 1). Paratype. One clitellate collected 15 August 2007 from type locality by C.H. Chang, Y.H. Lin and Y.P. Li (TESRI-O-P- 42). Diagnosis Medium earthworm; length (clitellates) 107 – 120 mm. Segments numbering 103 – 129. Setae 60 – 68 in VII, 73 – 76 in XX and 15 – 18 between male pores. Clitellum XIV – XVI. First dorsal pore in 11 / 12. Spermathecal pores invisible or small, three pairs in 6 / 7 – 8 / 9, 0.29 – 0.30 body circumference ventrally apart. Genital papillae absent in preclitellar region. Male pores 0.24 body circumference ventrally apart in XVIII, each on a round porophore surrounded by two to four circular or diamond-shaped shallow skin folds. Two large genital papillae medial to each male porophore: one immediately adjacent to intersegmental furrow of 17 / 18 and the other to 18 / 19. Spermathecae small, three pairs in VII – IX. Seminal vesicles small, two pairs in XI and XII, occupying two-thirds of segmental compartment, each vesicle with a prominent, round or oval dorsal lobe. Prostate glands small in XVII – XVIII. Prostatic duct stout, C-shaped. Accessory glands absent. Description External characters. Total length (clitellates) 107 – 120 mm. Weight 1.19 – 1.54 g. Segments numbering 103 – 129. Clitellum XIV – XVI, setae and dorsal pores absent, length 3.65 – 4.59 mm and width 3.83 – 4.21 mm. Prostomium epilobous. Setae minute, numbering 60 – 68 in VII, 73 – 76 in XX and 15 – 18 between male pores in XVIII. First dorsal pore in 11 / 12. Spermathecal pores invisible or small, three pairs in intersegmental furrows of 6 / 7 – 8 / 9; distance between paired pores 0.29 – 0.30 body circumference ventrally apart. Genital papillae absent in the preclitellar region. Female pore single, mid-ventral in XIV. Male pores paired in XVIII, about 0.24 body circumference ventrally apart, each on a round porophore surrounded by two to four circular or diamond-shaped shallow skin folds. Two large genital papillae medial to each male porophore: one presetal and the other postsetal with the former immediately adjacent to intersegmental furrow of 17 / 18 and the latter to 18 / 19, both confined in segment XVIII, 0.45 – 0.60 mm in diameter with depressed centre (Figure 2 a). Preserved specimens brown on dorsum, brown to greyish brown on clitellum, and greyish on ventrum. Internal characters. Septa 5 / 6 – 7 / 8 thick, 10 / 11 – 13 / 14 muscular, 8 / 9 / 10 absent. Nephridial tufts on anterior faces of 5 / 6 / 7. Gizzard large in VIII – X. Intestine enlarged from XVI. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, extending anteriorly to XXII, each long, simple, stout, slightly bent. Oesophageal hearts in XI – XIII. Spermathecae small, three pairs in VII – IX (sexthecate) (Figure 2 b). Each ampulla pearshaped or elongated oval-shaped, 0.56 – 1.03 mm long and 0.40 – 0.70 mm wide, with a slender or stout spermathecal stalk 0.35 – 0.58 mm in length. Diverticulum with an iridescent, oval-shaped seminal chamber of 0.25 – 0.50 mm long and a slender stalk of 0.60 – 0.68 mm in length. Accessory glands absent in the preclitellar region. Holandry: testes small, oval, two pairs in ventrally joined sacs in X and XI. Seminal vesicles small, transversely elongated, two pairs in XI and XII, occupying two-thirds of segmental compartment, each vesicle with a prominent, round or oval dorsal lobe. Prostate glands small in XVII – XVIII, smooth, lobed, flower-like. Prostatic duct stout, C-shaped (Figure 2 c). Accessory glands absent. DNA barcode GenBank accession number KU 232820 (WH 3 P 1, holotype). Etymology The name quadriorbis refers to the four large genital papillae in the male pore region. Remarks Amynthas quadriorbis sp. nov. is only known from its type locality in the foothills at elevations <250 m near Douliou, Yunlin, southwestern Taiwan. According to Tsai et al. (2004), the number of native earthworm species decreased while the number of exotic species increased with decreasing elevation, and this species shift is primarily attributable to habitat replacement due to human disturbance. Nowadays only seven native species, Metaphire formosae (Michaelsen, 1922), Amynthas swanus (Tsai 1964), Amynthas binoculatus Tsai, Shen and Tsai, 1999, Amynthas sexpectatus Tsai, Shen and Tsai, 1999, Amynthas tungpuensis Tsai, Shen and Tsai, 1999, Metaphire bununa Tsai, Tsai and Liaw, 2000 and Amynthas penpuensis Shen, Tsai and Tsai, 2003, were found at elevations below 500 m in centro-western Taiwan with A. swanus being the rarest (Tsai et al. 2004 and unpublished data, H.-P. Shen). The fact that A. quadriorbis has only been found in one location throughout the extensive surveys conducted in the region in the last decade suggests that A. quadriorbis is also rare. With their habitat subjected to intensive agricultural activities, both A. swanus and A. quadriorbis may be considered as an endangered species. Amynthas quadriorbis has three pairs of spermathecal pores in intersegmental furrows of 6 / 7 – 8 / 9, and so belongs to the holandric, sexthecate sieboldi species-group of the genus Amynthas (Sims and Easton 1972). Among the members of the sieboldi -group, the peregrine Amynthas hupeiensis (Michaelsen, 1895) from China and Amynthas obscurus (Goto and Hatai, 1898) from Japan have a genital papilla arrangement in the male pore area similar to A. quadriorbis. However, A. hupeiensis has paired genital papillae in the intersegmental furrows of 17 / 18 and 18 / 19 (Chen 1933; Tsai 1964), much higher setal number than A. quadriorbis with 100 – 121 in VIII and 79 – 88 in XX (Tsai 1964) and very long diverticula (Chen 1933; Tsai 1964). Amynthas obscurus is smaller (80 mm long with 76 segments), has an additional pair of papillae in postsetal XIX, and has much lower setal number with 35 – 38 in the spermathecal segments (Goto and Hatai 1898). The arrangement of genital papillae in the male pore area of A. quadriorbis is also similar to that of Amynthas modiglianii (Rosa 1889) from Nias, Indonesia, Amynthas micronarius (Goto and Hatai, 1898) from Japan, and Amynthas tetrapapillatus Quan and Zhong, 1989 from Hainan Island, China. Amynthas modiglianii is an octothecate earthworm with four pairs of spermathecal pores in intersegmental furrows of 5 / 6 – 8 / 9 and has coiled diverticula (Rosa 1889; Michaelsen 1934). Amynthas micronarius is also octothecate without diverticula or with minute diverticula, and has much lower setal number than A. quadriorbis with 26 – 39 in VII and 33 – 51 in XX (Ohfuchi 1937) and welldeveloped prostate glands (Goto and Hatai 1898; Ohfuchi 1937). As for A. tetrapapillatus, it has paired genital papillae in the intersegmental furrows of 17 / 18 and 18 / 19, a pair of spermathecal pores on the dorsal side of the intersegmental furrow of 5 / 6, and much higher setal number than A. quadriorbis with 93 – 107 in VII and 86 – 102 in XX (Quan and Zhong 1989).Published as part of Shen, Huei-Ping, Chang, Chih-Han & Chih, Wen-Jay, 2016, Four new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from southwestern Taiwan with re-description of Amynthas tungpuensis Tsai, Shen and Tsai, 1999, pp. 1889-1910 in Journal of Natural History 50 (29 - 30) on pages 3-7, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180721, http://zenodo.org/record/26905
Amynthas tsou Shen and Chang, sp. nov.
No full textAmynthas tsou Shen and Chang, sp. nov. (Figure 4) Type material Holotype. Clitellate (mature) specimen (61 mm in length, dissected) collected 25 July 2013 from roadside slopes and ditches around Dinghu (elevation 1661 m), Alishan, Chiayi by H.T. Fang (TESRI-O-H- 49) (voucher number: Ali005). Paratypes. Seven clitellates and an aclitellate (same collection data as holotype, TESRI- O-P- 44) (voucher numbers of specimens used for DNA barcoding analyses: Ali003, Ali004 and Ali006). Other material One clitellate collected 25 July 2013 along Beitzutong Forest Road (elevation 1541 m) near the borders of Jhuci and Alishan, Chiayi by H.T. Fang (coll. no. 2013 – 3); five clitellates collected 25 July 2013 along Fencihu Cedar Wooden Plank Trail (elevation 1418 m), Jhuci, Chiayi by H.T. Fang (coll. no. 2013 – 4) (voucher numbers of specimens used for DNA barcoding analyses: Ali014, Ali016 and Ali018); one clitellate and an aclitellate collected 16 August 2013 from roadside slopes and ditches around Dinghu (elevation 1662 m), Alishan, Chiayi by H.T. Fang (coll. no. 2013 – 8); one clitellate collected 1 October 2013 from roadside slopes and ditches around Dinghu (elevation 1662 m), Alishan, Chiayi by H.T. Fang (coll. no. 2013 – 9) (voucher number: Ali026); one clitellate collected 6 November 2013 from roadside slopes and ditches around Dinghu (elevation 1662 m), Alishan, Chiayi by H.T. Fang (coll. no. 2013 – 11) (voucher number: Ali027); one clitellate collected 28 April 2014 from roadside slopes and ditches around Dinghu (elevation 1664 m), Alishan, Chiayi by H.T. Fang (coll. no. 2014 – 1) (voucher number: Ali029); one clitellate collected 28 April 2014 from roadside slopes and ditches around Dinghu (elevation 1662 m), Alishan, Chiayi by H.T. Fang (coll. no. 2014 – 3) (voucher number: Ali031); three clitellates collected 28 April 2014 along Beitzutong Forest Road (elevation 1495 – 1650 m) near the borders of Jhuci and Alishan, Chiayi by H.T. Fang (coll. no. 2014 – 6); one clitellate collected 28 April 2014 along a hiking trail (elevation 1460 m) near Shihcho, near the borders of Jhuci and Alishan, Chiayi by H.T. Fang (coll. no. 2014 – 7) (voucher number: Ali036); two clitellates collected 28 April 2014 from roadside ditches around a parking lot at south end of a hiking trail in Longyun Farm (elevation 1486 m), Jhuci, Chiayi by H.T. Fang (coll. no. 2014 – 8); one clitellate collected 29 April 2014 along Fencihu Cedar Wooden Plank Trail (elevation 1407 m), Jhuci, Chiayi by H.T. Fang (coll. no. 2014 – 10). Diagnosis Small to medium; length (clitellates) 42 – 79 mm. Segments numbering 74 – 97. Setae 28 – 38 in VII, 30 – 42 in XX and 6 – 11 between male pores. First dorsal pore in 12 / 13 or 13 / 14. Spermathecal pores not visible or three pairs in 6 / 7 – 8 / 9, 0.28 – 0.30 body circumference ventrally apart. Preclitellar genital papillae paired and immediately anterior to setal line in VIII and IX. Male pores 0.24 body circumference ventrally apart in XVIII, each inconspicuous on a small, round or oval porophore with or without an anterior, posteromedial or one anteromedial and one posteromedial papillae. Spermathecae three pairs in VII – IX. Prostate glands vestigial in XVIII. Prostatic duct long, U-shaped, occupying XVII – XVIII. Accessory glands stalked, each corresponding to external genital papilla. Description External characters. Total length (clitellates) 42 – 79 mm. Weight 0.12 – 0.29 g. Segments numbering 74 – 97. Clitellum XIV – XVI, setae and dorsal pores absent, 1.10 – 2.61 mm in length and 2.02 – 2.80 mm in width. Prostomium epilobous. Setae minute, numbering 28 – 38 in VII, 30 – 42 in XX, and 6 – 11 between male pores in XVIII. First dorsal pore in 12 / 13 or 13 / 14. Spermathecal pores not visible or three pairs in intersegmental furrows of 6 / 7 – 8 / 9; distance between paired pores 0.28 – 0.30 body circumference ventrally apart. Preclitellar genital papillae usually paired and immediately anterior to setal line in VIII and IX (Figure 4 a), occasionally with an additional pair in VII or X or papillae totally absent. Each papilla small, round, 0.25 – 0.35 mm in diameter. Female pore single, mid-ventral in XIV. Male pores paired in XVIII, about 0.24 body circumference ventrally apart, each pore inconspicuous on a small, round or oval porophore with or without an anterior, posteromedial, or one anteromedial and one posteromedial papillae (Figure 4 b – d), surrounded by two or three circular folds. For 28 specimens examined, one papilla anterior to each male porophore in eight specimens, one posteromedial to each male porophore in five specimens, one anteromedial and one posteromedial to each male porophore in two specimens, one anteromedial and one posteromedial to right male porophore and one posteromedial to left male porophore in two specimens, one posteromedial to right male porophore only in two specimens, one anterior to left male porophore only in one specimen, papillae absent in eight specimens. Each papilla small, round, 0.20 – 0.30 mm in diameter. Occasionally papillae closely paired in presetal XVIII or XVIII – XIX, immediately adjacent to intersegmental furrows (Figure 4 d). Preserved specimens dark brown on dorsum, dark orange brown or pinkish brown on clitellum, and greyish brown on ventrum. Internal characters. Septa 5 / 6 – 7 / 8 and 10 / 11 – 13 / 14 thick, 8 / 9 / 10 absent. Nephridial tufts on anterior faces of 5 / 6 / 7. Gizzard large, round in VIII – X. Intestine enlarged from XVI. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, each simple, long, stout, extending anteriorly to XX or XXI. Oesophageal hearts in XI – XIII. Spermathecae three pairs in VII – IX, each ampulla elongated oval-shaped, surface slightly wrinkled, 1.00 – 1.50 mm long and 0.50 – 0.65 mm wide, with a slender to stout spermathecal stalk 0.40 – 0.65 mm in length. Diverticulum with a slender stalk and a slightly swollen terminal knob, 0.50 – 0.67 mm in length. Accessory glands stalked, mushroom-like, 0.55 – 0.65 mm in total length, each corresponding to external genital papilla (Figure 4 e). Holandry: testes round, two pairs in ventrally joined sacs in X and XI. Seminal vesicles two pairs in XI and XII, transversely elongated oval-shaped, each vesicle with a round dorsal lobe. Prostate glands vestigial in XVIII (Figure 4 f,g), wrinkled and lobed. Prostatic duct long, U-shaped, occupying XVII – XVIII, stouter toward distal end. Accessory glands stalked, about 0.5 mm in total length, each corresponding to external genital papilla. DNA barcodes GenBank accession numbers KU 232782 (Ali005, holotype), KU 232780, KU 232781 and KU 232783 (Ali003, 0 0 4 and 0 0 6, respectively, paratypes), KU 232784, KU 232785, KU 232786, KU 232787, KU 232788, KU 232789, KU 232790 and KU 232791 (Ali014, 0 16, 0 18, 0 26, 0 27, 0 29, 0 31 and 0 36, respectively). Etymology The name tsou is given to this species with reference to the native Tsou Tribe living in the Alishan area, Chiayi, southwestern Taiwan. Remarks The variable papilla arrangements around male porophore of Amynthas tsou sp. nov. is fairly similar to that of A. tungpuensis (Figure 6). Both species are members of the sieboldi - group (Sims and Easton 1972), and sympatric in the Alishan area, Chiayi, southwestern Taiwan. However, A. tungpuensis is larger, 63 – 160 mm in length, and has higher setal number with 35 – 48 in VII and 46 – 59 in XX and large prostate glands occupying four or five segments in XV – XX (this study). In addition, preclitellar genital papillae of A. tsou are usually paired in presetal VIII and IX, never as two transverse rows as in A. tungpuensis. Furthermore, the two species are genetically distinguishable (Figure 1). The male pore structure of A. tsou also looks similar to Amynthas mutabilitas Shen, 2012 found at elevations of 410 – 1350 m on the east slope of the Central Mountain Range and Coastal Mountain Range in eastern Taiwan. The two species are distinctively different since A. mutabilitas has spermathecae from absent (athecate) to two pairs in VI and VII (quadrithecate) and prostate glands from large in XVI – XXI to vestigial in XVIII (Shen 2012). The preclitellar papilla arrangement of A. tsou resembles that of Amynthas douliouensis sp. nov., also a member of the sieboldi -group. Amynthas douliouensis is larger with body length of 78 – 120 mm, and has higher setal number with 40 – 45 in VII and 48 – 57 in XX and large prostate glands in XVI – XX. Also, the two species can be differentiated based on molecular analyses (Figure 1).Published as part of Shen, Huei-Ping, Chang, Chih-Han & Chih, Wen-Jay, 2016, Four new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from southwestern Taiwan with re-description of Amynthas tungpuensis Tsai, Shen and Tsai, 1999, pp. 1889-1910 in Journal of Natural History 50 (29 - 30) on pages 10-13, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180721, http://zenodo.org/record/26905
Yan chang
No full text沈寂著.電影文學劇本.原名: 鹽場.本電子書乃根據《香港版權條例(第528章)》而複製, 並只可在大學圖書館系統內的獨立電子書系統上使用.Shen Ji zhu.Ben dian zi shu nai gen ju "Xianggang ban quan tiao li (Di 528 zhang)" er fu zhi, bing zhi ke zai da xue tu shu guan xi tong nei de du li dian zi shu xi tong shang shi yong.Dian ying wen xue ju ben.Yuan ming: Yan chang
Liu shu chang jian
No full text許愼說文 ; 趙宧光長箋.框21.7x14.8公分, 10行20字, 小字雙行同, 白口, 左右雙邊, 單白魚尾, 版心上鐫小題, 中鐫卷次, 下鐫葉次.出書年據後序.卷首分上, 下卷.前有萬曆丙午[1606]趙宦光自序, 崇禎辛未[1631]後序.卷前附: 六書長箋 : 七卷 / 趙宧光.Library's copy: the library keeps vol.1-31 only, juan 98-100 missing.Xu Shen shuo wen ; Zhao Yiguang chang jian.Kuang 21.7x14.8 gong fen, 10 hang 20 zi, xiao zi shuang hang tong, bai kou, zuo you shuang bian, dan bai yu wei, ban xin shang juan xiao ti, zhong juan juan ci, xia juan ye ci.Chu shu nian ju hou xu.Juan shou fen shang, xia juan.Qian you Wanli bing wu [1606] Zhao Huanguang zi xu, Chongzhen xin wei [1631] hou xu.Juan qian fu: Liu shu chang jian : qi juan / Zhao Yiguang
Drawida alishanensis Shen & Chang & Chih 2018, sp. nov.
No full textDrawida alishanensis Shen & Chang, sp. nov. (Figure 1) Holotype: Clitellate (mature) specimen (50 mm in total length, dissected), Zhuqi, from roadside ditches around a parking lot at south end of a hiking trail in Longyun Farm, 23°28'57.87''N, 120°42'00.62''E, 1486 m asl, 28 April 2014, H.-T. Fang (TESRI-O-H-51; Ali046). Paratypes: 5 clitellates [one amputated (Ali010) and one dissected (Ali009, PCR failed)], Alishan, from roadside slopes and ditches around Dinghu, 23°29'25.28''N, 120°43'16.77''E, 1661 m asl, 25 July 2013, H.-T. Fang (TESRI-O-P-46). Other material. 1 clitellate, same collection data as holotype (TESRI-O- 2014-8-7). Diagnosis. Small, length 35–50 mm, weight 0.08–0.14 g in 95% ethanol, diameter 2.3–2.6 mm. Segments numbering 85–95. Prostomium prolobous. Dorsal pores absent. Setae lumbricine, short and closely paired. Clitellum in X–XIII, swollen, paler than rest of the body. Spermathecal pores one pair in 7/8. Penes usually wholly concealed or slightly visible externally. Secondary male aperture not visible or slit-like in 10/11. Female pores minute, hardly visible, one pair on anterior-most border of XII, each pore in line with seta b. Genital markings absent. Gizzards two in XII–XIII. Testis sacs one pair, large, each suspended on septum 9/10. Sperm duct short, slightly curved. Male atrium follicular, cotton-like, transversely elongated oval-shaped. Spermathecae one pair. Ampulla small, oval-shaped, with slender, coiled duct. Spermathecal atrium small, oval-shaped. Accessory glands absent. Description. External: Length 35–50 mm (amputated specimen not included), weight 0.08–0.14 g in 95% ethanol, diameter 2.3–2.6 mm. Segments numbering 85–95. Prostomium prolobous. Dorsal pores absent. Setae lumbricine (eight setae per segment), short and closely paired, ab = cd, aa = bc, aa Ề 6 ab, dd greater than 0.5 body circumference. Clitellum in X–XIII, swollen, paler than rest of the body. Spermathecal pores one pair in 7/8, each pore small, slit-like, edge slightly wrinkled, medial to seta c. Penes usually wholly concealed in retracted condition (Fig. 1A) or slightly visible externally (Fig. 1B). Secondary male aperture not visible or slit-like in 10/11. Female pores minute, hardly visible, one pair on anterior-most border of XII, each pore in line with seta b. Genital markings absent. Preserved specimens grayish or pale gray, and paler or pink around clitellum. Internal: Septa 5/6–8/9 thick and muscular, 9/10 thin. Gizzards two in XII–XIII, round, white, muscular and shining. Hearts four pairs in VI–IX. Nephridia holoic. Testis sacs one pair, large, white or yellowish white, elongated oval-shaped, each suspended on septum 9/10, 0.9–1.5 mm in length and 1.16–1.45 mm in width. Sperm duct short, slightly curved, entirely confined to segment X, entering the upper right side of the male atrium (Fig. 1D). Male atrium white, follicular, cotton-like, transversely elongated oval-shaped, about 0.35 mm in length and 0.55–0.75 mm in width. Ovarian chamber formed by septa 10/11 and 11/12, meeting in front of the gizzard on dorsal side. One pair of follicular, yellowish ovisacs dorso-lateral on both sides of the digestive tract, occupying the entire compartment of segment XII. Spermathecae one pair, ampulla posterior while spermathecal atrium anterior to septum 7/8. Ampulla small, oval-shaped, 0.62–0.75 mm long and about 0.5 mm wide, its duct long, slender, with two coils and a loop and then becoming straight to join the spermathecal atrium (Fig. 1C). Atrium small, ovalshaped, about 0.3 mm long. Accessory glands absent. DNA barcodes. GenBank accession numbers MH 051135 (Ali046, holotype) and MH 051134 (Ali010, paratype). Etymology. The name alishanensis is given to this species with reference to its type locality in the Alishan area, Chiayi, southwestern Taiwan. Remarks. In contrast to the long, twisted sperm ducts of Dr. japonica, Dr. koreana, Dr. beiganica and Dr. dongyinica reported from Taiwan and Matsu (Shen et al. 2015), the simple structure of sperm duct of Drawida alishanensis sp. nov. distinguishes it from all the above species. In addition, when compared with all 41 species and subspecies of Drawida from East Asia listed in Blakemore et al. (2014), Dr. alishanensis is fairly similar to Drawida barwelli (Beddard, 1886), Drawida nepalensis Michaelsen, 1907, Drawida syringa Chen, 1933, Drawida keikiensis Kobayashi, 1938, Drawida moriokaensis Ohfuchi, 1938, Drawida tairaensis Ohfuchi, 1938, Drawida omeiana Chen, 1946, and Drawida eda Blakemore, 2010 in the small body size and lack of papillae or genital markings. However, sperm ducts of Dr. barwelli, Dr. nepalensis (Michaelsen 1909), Dr. moriokaensis, Dr. tairaensis, Dr. omeiana, and Dr. eda are long and coiled. Chen (1933) did not describe the sperm duct of Dr. syringa in detail but mentioned a short, broad, warty male atrium with thick glandular layer and very long, conspicuous egg sacs (ovisac) extending over 10–15 segments. These two characters are apparently disparate from those of Dr. alishanensis. Besides, Dr. syringa is slightly larger than Dr. alishanensis with 50–100 mm in length and 2.5–3.0 mm in width and has 124–172 segments (Chen 1933). The position of the spermathecal atrium of Dr. syringa is also different from that of Dr. alishanensis with the former posterior to septum 7/8 and the latter anterior to it. As to Dr. keikiensis, its short sperm duct wholly behind septum 9/10 with only a few twists described in Kobayashi (1938) is akin to that of Dr. alishanensis. It differs from the new species in the same characters as Dr. syringa. In fact, we consider Dr. keikiensis to be a junior synonym of Dr. syringa. The description of Dr. keikiensis was based on two semi-mature specimens from Korea (Kobayashi 1938). Their body size (40 and 54 mm in length and greatest diameter 2.5 mm), segment number (154 and 138) and number of gizzards (three or four in XIII–XV or XII–XV) are within the species range of Dr. syringe of which a total of 68 specimens were collected from Zhejiang (= Chekiang) Province, central China (Chen 1933). Like Dr. syringa, Dr. keikiensis also has short penis, short and broad prostate (= male atrium) with a highly warty surface, long ovisacs in XII–XVI (shortest) or XII– XXII (longest), large ampulla, and spermathecal atrium posterior to septum 7/8 (Kobayashi 1938). Although Kobayashi (1938, p. 110) states in the Remarks that Dr. keikiensis differs from Dr. syringa “mainly in shape of penis and probably also in the structure of the other parts of the male organs, and in position where the sperm-duct enters into the atrium”, he also indicates that “where the sperm-duct enters into the prostate was not decidedly determined” (Kobayashi 1938, p. 108). When the structures of penis, spermatheca and male atrium and penis pouch illustrated in Chen (1933, Fig. 7) and Kobayashi (1938, Fig. 4) are compared, it is found that they are not distinguishable. Consequently, Dr. keikiensis is considered to be synonymous with Dr. syringa. The other four species of Drawida listed in Kobayashi (1938), Dr. japonica, Drawida gisti Michaelsen, 1931, Drawida nemora Kobayashi, 1936 and Dr. koreana, are also species commonly found in China and Korea. Drawida glabella Chen, 1938 from Hainan Island, China is also small sized with a body length of 52 mm and diameter 2 mm. It has no genital papillae or other markings except the swollen lips around the secondary male apertures (Chen 1938). Blakemore (2010), Blakemore and Kupriyanova (2010) and Blakemore et al. (2014) synonymized this species with Dr. barwelli. Nevertheless, the structures of spermatheca and male organs as shown in Chen (1938, Fig. 1) and in Blakemore and Kupriyanova (2010, Fig. 1.1) are different. Sizes of the ampulla and the spermathecal atrium in Chen (1938, Fig. 1A) are almost the same while ampulla is apparently larger than spermathecal atrium in Blakemore and Kupriyanova (2010, Fig. 1.1e). The larger ampulla together with the smaller spermathecal atrium of Dr. barwelli is also shown in Shen (2018, Fig. 1E). The sperm duct in Chen (1938, Fig. 1B) is with a few loose coils in front of septum 9/10 and rather straight behind to join a roundish and smooth male atrium, whereas in Blakemore and Kupriyanova (2010, Fig. 1.1c), the sperm duct is heavily twisted with a short, straight distal end connecting to a small, follicular prostate (= male atrium) linking to a round, globular copulatory chamber. Fig. 8 of Drawida sp. 3 in Shen and Yeo (2005) shows exactly the same structure characteristic of Dr. barwelli and thus, the identity of this immature specimen of Drawida sp. 3 should be Dr. barwelli. Such a structure of a small, follicular prostate together with a round, globular copulatory chamber typical of Dr. barwelli and visible even in an aclitellate specimen like the one depicted in Shen and Yeo (2005) was not presented in Fig. 1B of Chen (1938). Furthermore, the proportion of the entire sperm duct to the testis sac is almost equal in Blakemore and Kupriyanova (2010, Fig. 1.1c), while this proportion is much smaller as shown in Chen (1938, Fig. 1B). In addition, other accounts such as body size and presence or absence of dorsal pores also vary between Dr. barwelli and Dr. glabella. Beddard (1886) described Dr. barwelli as a small earthworm not more than 1.5 inch (about 38 mm) in length. Body length of specimens of Dr. barwelli recorded from Taiwan is 25–44 mm (Shen 2018) and the specimen from Singapore is 40 mm long (Shen and Yeo 2005). Therefore, Dr. glabella is apparently larger. Regarding the presence or absence of dorsal pores, Beddard (1886) mentioned that “The only apertures that I could detect upon the surface of the body besides the mouth and anus were two oval slit-like orifices with tumid yellowish lips, which are the male generative orifices”. This is consistent with the observation of Easton (1984) and Shen (2018) that dorsal pores are totally absent in Dr. barwelli. However, later Beddard (1888; 1891) mistook Drawida beddardii (Rosa, 1890) for Dr. barwelli and stated in Beddard (1891) that “Dorsal pores are present” (see Shen 2018). Due to misidentification by Beddard (1888; 1891; 1893; 1895), Dr. beddardii has long been wrongly considered synonymous with Dr. barwelli (see Shen et al. 2015) which leads to the erroneous conclusion by Blakemore (2010, p. 142) that the presence or absence of dorsal pores is possibly an intermittent character. As to Dr. glabella, dorsal pores are evident behind the clitellum (Chen 1938). Accordingly, Dr. glabella is not synonymous with Dr. barwelli and should be recognized as a valid species. Drawida cf. barwelli found in Korea were based on two immature specimens with a body length of 45–60 mm, moderately-coiled sperm ducts and four gizzards in XV–XVIII (Blakemore et al. 2014). Beddard (1886) did not mention the number and position of gizzards in Dr. barwelli, but Beddard (1893; 1895) mentioned three gizzards in XIII–XV in Drawida bahamensis (Beddard, 1893), a junior synonym of Dr. barwelli (Easton 1984). Easton (1984) reported three or four gizzards in XII–XVI in specimens from south-western Pacific islands and Central America while three gizzards in XIV–XVI were found in specimens from Taiwan (Shen 2018). The much larger size, not so heavily coiled sperm ducts and posteriorly placed gizzards of specimens from Korea are morphologically dissimilar to Dr. barwelli. Moreover, the DNA barcode tree presented in Blakemore et al. (2014, Fig. 1) clearly shows that the Korean specimens should be assigned to Dr. eda (see also Fig. 3 in this study). The following species of Drawida are, like Dr. alishanensis, also small worms without papillae or genital markings: Dr. beddardii, Dr. fluviatilis Stephenson, 1924, Dr. delicata Gates, 1962 and Dr. tenellula Gates, 1962 from Burma, Dr. affinis Stephenson, 1917 from Bengal, and Dr. ramnadana Michaelsen, 1907, Dr. willsi Michaelsen, 1907, Dr. fakir Cognetti, 1911, Dr. brunnea Stephenson, 1915, and Dr. paradoxa Rao, 1921 from India. Among them, Dr. fluviatilis, Dr. delicata, Dr. tenellula, Dr. affinis, Dr. ramnadana (Michaelsen 1909), Dr. willsi (Michaelsen 1909), Dr. brunnea, and Dr. paradoxa can be separated from Dr. alishanensis by their coiled sperm ducts. Dr. beddardii has rather short, S-shaped sperm ducts (Rosa 1890; Gates 1972) similar to those of Dr. alishanensis, but it has higher segment numbers (145–188), large spermathecal pores and 3–4 gizzards in XII–XIX (Gates 1972). Gates (1972, p. 246) erroneously synonymized Dr. fluviatilis with Dr. beddardii; the sperm ducts and spermathecal pores of both species are distinctively different. Drawida fakir Cognetti, 1911 from south India is slightly larger than Dr. alishanensis with a body length of 85 mm and maximum diameter 3 mm. It has a segment number, 98, quite close to that of Dr. alishanensis. Both species share the following combination of characters: (1) absence of papillae or genital markings, (2) short and slightly wavy sperm ducts, (3) ovisacs in XII and (4) loosely coiled spermathecal ducts (Cognetti 1911; Stephenson 1923). However, Dr. fakir has four gizzards in XIII–XVI, tubular and closely coiled male atriums, and no spermathecal atrium, while Dr. alishanensis has two gizzards in XII–XIII, cotton-like and transversely elongated oval male atrium and small spermathecal atrium anterior to septum 7/8. Characters of all the above-mentioned Drawida species with short sperm ducts and without genital markings are summarized in Table 1.Published as part of Shen, Huei-Ping, Chang, Chih-Han & Chih, Wen-Jay, 2018, Two new earthworm species of the genus Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae) from southwestern Taiwan, pp. 302-312 in Zootaxa 4496 (1) on pages 303-307, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.25, http://zenodo.org/record/144683
Shen C. Y. Fu, Challenging the Past. The Paintings of Chang Dai-chien
No full textThote Alain. Shen C. Y. Fu, Challenging the Past. The Paintings of Chang Dai-chien. In: Arts asiatiques, tome 48, 1993. pp. 171-172
Measuring and analyzing German and Spanish customer satisfaction of using the iPhone 4S Mobile Cloud service
No full textThis paper presents the customer satisfaction analysis for measuring popularity in the Mobile Cloud, which is an emerging area in the Cloud and Big Data Computing. Organizational Sustainability Modeling (OSM) is the proposed method used in this research. The twelve-month of German and Spanish consumer data are used for the analysis to investigate the return and risk status associated with the ratings of customer satisfaction in the iPhone 4S Mobile Cloud services. Results show that there is a decline in the satisfaction ratings in Germany and Spain due to economic downturn and competitions in the market, which support our hypothesis. Key outputs have been explained and they confirm that all analysis and interpretations fulfill the criteria for OSM. The use of statistical and visualization method proposed by OSM can expose unexploited data and allows the stakeholders to understand the status of return and risk of their Cloud strategies easier than the use of other data analysis
Amynthas nanganensis subsp. beiganensis Shen & Chang, ssp. nov.
No full textAmynthas nanganensis beiganensis Shen & Chang, ssp. nov. (Figure 2) Holotype: Clitellate (mature) specimen (117 mm in total length, dissected), Beigan, Tangchi Village, near a trash treatment field, 26 ° 13 ' 59.9 ''N, 120 °00' 17.4 ''E, 64 m asl, 26 June 2012, H.P. Chen & W.J. Chih (TESRI-O-H- 44; MTS 92). Paratypes: 2 clitellates, Beigan, in front of Banli Reservoir, 26 ° 13 ' 11.7 ''N, 119 ° 58 ' 27.1 ''E, 33 m asl, 29 May 2012, H.P. Chen & T.L. Ai (TESRI-O-P- 39; MTS 19). Other material. 9 specimens altogether. 2 clitellates, Beigan, from a roadside ditch at Chinbi Village, 26 ° 13 '32.0''N, 119 ° 59 '03.3''E, 11 m asl, 29 May 2012, H.P. Chen & T.L. Ai (TESRI-O- 2012 - 39 - 7; MTS 137); 1 clitellate, Beigan, from a roadside ditch outside Tangchi Village, 26 ° 13 ' 44.2 ''N, 119 ° 59 ' 51.9 ''E, 44 m asl, 29 May 2012, H.P. Chen & T.L. Ai (TESRI-O- 2012 - 40 - 1; MTS 31); 3 clitellates and 3 aclitellates, Beigan, around Bishan Lookout, 26 ° 13 ' 30.9 ''N, 119 ° 59 ' 33.3 ''E, 258 m asl, 26 June 2012, H.P. Chen & W.J. Chih (TESRI-O- 2012 - 62 - 1; MTS 102). Diagnosis. Medium to large; length (clitellates) 103–186 mm. Segments numbering 110–130. Setae 64–77 in VII, 73–89 in XX, and 19–26 between male pores. First dorsal pore in 12 / 13. Spermathecal pores dorso-lateral, two pairs in 7 / 8 / 9, 0.36–0.39 body circumference dorsally apart, with one right and one left papillae immediately adjacent to each pore. Preclitellar genital papillae small, 1–7 in a transverse row in each of presetal and postsetal IX. Male pores 0.29–0.35 body circumference ventrally apart in XVIII, each on a small, round porophore surrounded by 3–7 papillae, within a round or oval area. Postclitellar genital papillae 3–8 in a transverse row in each of presetal and postsetal XVIII. Spermathecae two pairs in VII and IX, or in VIII and IX. Diverticulum coiled. Seminal vesicles large, two pairs in XI and XII. Prostate glands large in XVI–XXII. Prostatic duct C- or U-shaped in XVIII. Accessory glands stalked, mushroom-like, corresponding to external genital papillae. Description. External: Total length (clitellates) 103–186 mm. Weight 1.66–3.66 g. Segments numbering 110– 130. Clitellum XIV–XVI, setae 0–12 in XIV, 0–10 in XV, and 0–22 in XVI, dorsal pores absent, length 3.05–6.12 mm and width 4.6–6.07 mm. Prostomium epilobous. Setae minute, number 64–77 in VII, 73–89 in XX, and 19–26 between male pores in XVIII. First dorsal pore in 12 / 13. Spermathecal pores dorso-lateral, two pairs in intersegmental furrows of 7 / 8 / 9; distance between paired pores 0.36–0.39 body circumference dorsally apart, with one right and one left papillae immediately adjacent to each pore, within a dark-colored, diamond-shaped patch (Fig. 2 A). Preclitellar genital papillae small, 1–7 in a transverse row in each of presetal and postsetal IX, closely along the setal line (Fig. 2 B). Female pore single, mid-ventral in XIV. Male pores inconspicuous, paired in XVIII, 0.29–0.35 body circumference ventrally apart, each situated on a small, round porophore surrounded by 3–7 papillae, within a round or oval area enclosed by two or three skin folds (Fig. 2 C). Postclitellar genital papillae 3–8 in a transverse row in each of presetal and postsetal XVIII, closely along the setal line. One specimen with additional pre- and postsetal papillae closely paired along the setal line in mid-ventrum of XIX. Preserved specimens dark brown or dark purplish brown on dorsum, grayish brown on ventrum, and dark brown on clitellum. Internal: Septa 5 / 6–7 / 8 thick, 10 / 11–13 / 14 muscular, 8 / 9 / 10 absent. Nephridial tufts on anterior faces of 5 / 6 / 7. Gizzard large in VIII–X. Intestine enlarged from XV. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, extending anteriorly to XXIII–XXIV, each simple, distal end either straight or bent. Esophageal hearts in X–XIII. Spermathecae two pairs in VII and IX (Fig. 2 D), or in VIII and IX, each with a peach-shaped or elongated oval-shaped ampulla 2.41–3.52 mm long and 1.16–2.86 mm wide, and a stout spermathecal stalk 0.85–1.15 mm in length. Diverticulum coiled with a short, straight, slender to stout proximal part. Accessory glands long- or short-stalked, mushroom-like, 0.9– 1.36 mm in total length, each corresponding to external genital papilla (Fig. 2 D). Holandric, testes small, two pairs in ventrally joined sacs in X and XI. Seminal vesicles large, surface smooth, two pairs in XI and XII, anterior pair rectangular-shaped, extending anteriorly to the posterior half or the entire compartment of segment X, posterior pair transversely elongated oval-shaped, with a round dorsal lobe at the dorso-anterior end. Prostate glands large in XVI–XXII (Fig. 2 E), divided into several lobules by grooves. Prostatic duct slender, slightly enlarged at distal end, C- or U-shaped in XVIII. Accessory glands around prostatic duct short-stalked, irregular-shaped, about 0.6 mm in total length; glands in mid-ventrum of XVIII mushroom-like, short- or long-stalked, 1.0– 1.3 mm in total length, corresponding to external genital papillae (Fig. 2 E). DNA barcodes. GenBank accession numbers KJ 782570 (MTS 92, holotype), KJ 782576 (MTS 19, paratype), KJ 782569, KJ 782571, and KJ 782572 (MTS 31, 102 and 137, respectively). Etymology. The name beiganensis is given to this subspecies with reference to its type locality, the island of Beigan. Remarks, subspecies comparison. The two taxa, nanganensis and beiganensis, share most of the characters and are genetically closely related (Fig. 3). However, they are easily distinguishable primarily in the arrangements of genital papillae: the papillae of A. nanganensis beiganensis are arranged in a single row at both sides of setal lines on mid-ventrum of segments IX and XVIII, whereas these papilla arrangements are absent in A. nanganensis nanganensis (Table 2). Also, A. nanganensis nanganensis has a row or a cluster of 2–16 tiny papillae anterior to each spermathecal pore, while A. nanganensis beiganensis has one right and one left papillae immediately adjacent to each spermathecal pore. In addition, beiganensis is slightly larger and has higher setal number than nanganensis (Table 2). A. nanganensis beiganensis was only found on the island of Beigan, whereas A. nanganensis nanganensis was collected from the island of Nangan only. While geographical isolation has led to morphological divergence and thus subspecific differentiation, there is almost no divergence of the COI sequences between nanganensis and beiganensis, suggesting that the divergence between the two subspecies is fairly recent and cannot be resolved by COI. Species comparison. Amynthas nanganensis sp. nov. shares the following combination of characters with Amynthas polyglandularis (Tsai, 1964) from northern Taiwan, Amynthas kinmenensis Shen et al., 2013 from Kinmen, and Amynthas hsiyinensis Shen et al., 2014 from the island of Hsiyin, Matsu: (1) two pairs of spermathecal pores in intersegmental furrows of 7 / 8 / 9, (2) numerous genital papillae, (3) coiled diverticulum, (4) large seminal vesicles, (5) large prostate glands, and (6) stalked accessory glands (Table 2). Though these species are fairly similar, their number and position of papillae are species specific and distinctively different from those of A. nanganensis: A. polyglandularis has unique papilla arrangement with 10–23 papillae in transverse rows in presetal VIII and presetal IX, and 34–53 papillae in transverse rows in mid-ventral XVIII; A. kinmenensis has 9–24 papillae arranged in form of an arc stretching across two annulets and medial to each spermathecal pore, and 9–20 papillae in line with each male pore in presetal XIX; A. hsiyinensis has 10–20 papillae in a transverse row in each of postsetal VIII, presetal IX and presetal X, and about 140 papillae in transverse rows in mid-ventral XVIII (Table 2). Amynthas nanganensis Amynthas nanganensis Amynthas hsiyinensis Shen et Amynthas polyglandularis Amynthas kinmenensis Shen et nanganensis ssp. nov. beiganensis ssp. nov. al., 2014 (Tsai, 1964) al., 2013 Locality Nangan, Matsu Beigan, Matsu Hsiyin, Matsu Northern Taiwan Kinmen The close resemblance in both external and internal features among these species and the COI tree (Fig. 3) suggest a great possibility that the four species evolved from a common ancestor and may have gone through allopatric speciation. Since Taiwan was connected by a landbridge to the Chinese mainland periodically during the Pleistocene (Tsai et al. 2000; 2002), the differentiation of these species should have begun long before the last sea level change in the end of Pleistocene about 10,000 years ago. Based on geographical affinities, we highly expect to find related species in the neighboring Fujian Province of southeast China.Published as part of Shen, Huei-Ping, Chang, Chih-Han & Chih, Wen-Jay, 2015, Earthworms from Matsu, Taiwan with descriptions of new species of the genera Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) and Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae), pp. 425-450 in Zootaxa 3973 (3) on pages 429-433, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3973.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/23228
Amynthas wujhouensis Shen, Chang, Li, Chih & Chen, 2013, sp. nov.
No full textAmynthas wujhouensis sp. nov. (Fig. 3) Holotype: Clitellate (mature) specimen (241 mm in total length, dissected) collected 17 June 2008 at Shueiwei Pagoda (elevation 5 m) beside Lake Shuangli, Guningtou, Kinmen by C. L. Li and C. H. Chang (cat. no. 14 - 07395). Paratypes: Four clitellates (one dissected, all broken) collected 11 July 2008 along the road near Chingchi (elevation 23 m), Lieyu by C. L. Li (cat. no. 14 -08139). Other material. 12 specimens altogether. One clitellate (broken) collected 27 April 2008 under a banyan tree near Maoshan Pagoda (elevation 30 m), Shueitou Village, Jincheng, Kinmen by C. L. Li and Y. H. Lin (cat. no. 14 - 07392); one specimen (broken) collected 29 April 2008 at Shueiwei Pagoda beside Lake Shuangli, Guningtou, Kinmen by C. L. Li and Y. H. Lin (cat. no. 14 -07393); one specimen (broken) collected 20 June 2008 beside Lake Juguang (elevation 13 m), Jincheng, Kinmen by C. L. Li and C. H. Chang (cat. no. 14 -07394); one aclitellate collected 17 June 2008 at Shueiwei Pagoda beside Lake Shuangli, Guningtou, Kinmen by C. L. Li and C. H. Chang (cat. no. 14 -07396); seven aclitellates (only two of them intact) collected 17 June 2008 at Gaokeng (elevation 34 m), Kinmen by C. L. Li and C. H. Chang (cat. no. 14 -08137); one aclitellate (broken) collected 11 July 2008 along the road between Chienpu and Houjing (elevation 34 m), Lieyu by C. L. Li (cat. no. 14 -08138). Diagnosis. Large, easily broken; length 241–345 mm. Segments numbering 128–212. Clitellum with setae ventrally. Setae 68–78 in VII, 59–71 in XX, and 8–10 between male pores. First dorsal pore in 11 / 12. Spermathecal pores four pairs, buried deeply in intersegmental furrows of 5 / 6–8 / 9, 0.24–0.3 body circumference ventrally apart. Male pores 0.26–0.31 body circumference ventrally apart in XVIII, each on a crescent or semicircular shaped area with a large papilla medial to it. Spermathecae four pairs in VI–IX. Seminal vesicles small, two pairs in XI and XII, each vesicle with a round or elongated oval dorsal lobe. Prostate glands large, lobed in XVI–XXI. Prostatic duct slender. Accessory glands large, sessile, corresponding to external genital papillae. Description. External: Easily broken, length for four intact specimens 241–345 mm and their segment numbers 128–212. Weight more than 10 g. Clitellum XIV–XVI, with setae on the ventral side, number 3–6 in XIV, 0–8 in XV and 7–11 in XVI, dorsal pores absent, length 6.11–9.59 mm and width 5.15–6.45 mm. Prostomium epilobous. Setae 68–78 in VII, 59–71 in XX, and 8–10 between male pores in XVIII. First dorsal pore in 11 / 12. Spermathecal pores four pairs, buried deeply in intersegmental furrows of 5 / 6–8 / 9; distance between paired pores 0.24–0.3 body circumference ventrally apart. Genital papillae absent in the preclitellar region. Female pore single, mid-ventral in XIV. Male pores paired in XVIII, 0.26–0.31 body circumference ventrally apart, each on a crescent or semicircular shaped area with a large papilla immediately medial to it. The whole male area including the genital papilla protuberant, 2.01–2.19 mm in width. Each papilla round, center depressed, 1.09–1.37 mm in diameter (Fig. 3 A). Preserved specimens pale in color and pink when alive. Internal: Septa 5 / 6–7 / 8 thick and muscular, 10 / 11–13 / 14 muscular, 8 / 9 / 10 absent. Nephridial tufts thickened on anterior faces of 5 / 6 / 7. Gizzard large in VIII–X. Intestine enlarged from XV. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, extending anteriorly to XXIV–XXV, each simple, distal end either straight or bent. Esophageal hearts in X–XIII. Spermathecae four pairs in VI–IX (Fig. 3 B), each with a pear-shaped or elongated oval-shaped ampulla 2.03–4.17 mm long and 1.52–2.42 mm wide, and a slender or stout spermathecal stalk 0.4–1.45 mm in length. Diverticulum long, slender, tubular, 2.26–4.8 mm in length. Accessory glands absent in the preclitellar region. Holandric, testes oval, two pairs in ventrally joined sacs in X and XI. Seminal vesicles small, surface finely folliculated, two pairs in XI and XII, each vesicle with a round or elongated oval dorsal lobe. Prostate glands large, occupying more than five segments in XVI–XXI (Fig. 3 C), divided into several lobules by grooves. Prostatic duct slender, U-shaped. Accessory glands large, sessile, amorphous, 0.5–1.05 mm wide, corresponding to external genital papillae (Fig. 3 C). DNA barcodes. GenBank accession numbers JQ 936605 (14 -07395, holotype), JQ 936604, JQ 936606, JQ 936603, and JQ 936607 (14 -07392, 14 -07393, 14 -07394, and 14 -07396, respectively). Etymology. “Wujhou” is an ancient name for Kinmen and is used for naming this species. Remarks. Amynthas wujhouensis sp. nov. is the longest earthworm found in Kinmen. It is easily broken during collecting process, and thus, most specimens are amputated. The shape of the male porophore and the arrangement of papillae in the male pore area are fairly similar to Amynthas lunatus (Chen, 1938) from Hainan Island. Both species are octothecal with spermathecal pores in 5 / 6–8 / 9, and both have similar numbers of setae and no genital papillae in the preclitellar region. However, the large, median papilla in XVIII of A. lunatus is not immediately adjacent to each male pore. Furthermore, the two papillae between male pores are in close approximation (less than 2 mm at interval) with only 4 setae between them in A. lunatus (Chen 1938). In A. wujhouensis, the median papillae are immediately adjacent to the male pores and widely separated by 8–10 setae. In addition, A. lunatus has a small gizzard while that of A. wujhouensis is large. Amynthas manicatus manicatus (Gates, 1931) from Burma also has a pair of genital markings internal to the male pores, and this species is octothecal, too. However, the genital markings of A. m. manicatus are elongately oval, extending antero-posteriorly to 17 / 18 and 18 / 19, or slightly onto XVII and XIX (Gates 1931). In addition, there is a space of 3–4 setae between the marking and the male pore (Gates 1931). Also, A. m. manicatus is smaller (56–111 mm long) than A. wujhouensis, has large seminal vesicles and diverticulum coiled into a spherical mass of loops (Gates 1931). The soil pH values (H 2 O) of the localities where the specimens of A. wujhouensis were collected were 5.85–7.51 (unpublished data).Published as part of Shen, Huei-Ping, Chang, Chih-Han, Li, Chi-Lun, Chih, Wen-Jay & Chen, Jiun-Hong, 2013, Four new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Kinmen, Taiwan, pp. 471-482 in Zootaxa 3599 (5) on pages 477-479, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3599.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/21866
Amynthas wuhumontis Shen, Chang, Li, Chih & Chen, 2013, sp. nov.
No full textAmynthas wuhumontis sp. nov. (Fig. 2) Holotype: Clitellate (mature) specimen (121 mm in total length, dissected) collected 22 May 2008 at Mingwang Temple (elevation 33 m), Shanhsi Village, Jinsha, Kinmen by C. L. Li and Y. H. Lin (cat. no. 14 -07391). Paratype: One clitellate collected 22 May 2008 at the entrance of a hiking trail (elevation 52 m), Mt. Wuhu, Kinmen by C. L. Li and Y. H. Lin (cat. no. 14 -07387). Other material. 16 specimens altogether. One clitellate (dissected) collected 1 May 2008 in front of Haiyin Temple (elevation 207 m), Mt. Taiwu, Kinmen by C. L. Li and Y. H. Lin (cat. no. 14 -07388); one clitellate collected 22 May 2008 behind Beiyueh Temple (elevation 60 m), Shanhsi, Kinmen by C. L. Li and Y. H. Lin (cat. no. 14 -07389); one clitellate collected 19 June 2008 on a hiking trail at Doumen (elevation 78 m), Kinmen by C. L. Li and C. H. Chang (cat. no. 14 -07390); six clitellates collected 8 September 2008 on a hiking trail (elevation 42 m), Mt. Wuhu, Kinmen by C. L. Li and S. H. Yang (cat. no. 14 -08132); one clitellate and one aclitellate collected 19 June 2008 on a hiking trail at Doumen (elevation 78 m), Kinmen by C. L. Li and C. H. Chang (cat. no. 14 - 08133); one aclitellate and one semi-clitellate collected 19 June 2008 near Mt. Taiwu Cemetery (elevation 229 m), Mt. Taiwu, Kinmen by C. L. Li and C. H. Chang (cat. no. 14 -08134); two clitellates collected 19 June 2008 on a hiking trail at Doumen (elevation 38 m), Kinmen by C. L. Li and C. H. Chang (cat. no. 14 -08135); one clitellate collected 22 May 2008 at the entrance of a hiking trail (elevation 52 m), Mt. Wuhu, Kinmen by C. L. Li and Y. H. Lin (cat. no. 14 -08136). Diagnosis. Small to medium; length (clitellates) 65–134 mm. Segments numbering 78–112. Setae 38–45 in VII, 49–61 in XX, and 7–11 between male pores. First dorsal pore in 11 / 12 or 12 / 13. Spermathecal pores lip-like, three pairs in 6 / 7–8 / 9, 0.19–0.25 body circumference ventrally apart. Male pores 0.21–0.29 body circumference ventrally apart in XVIII, each on a papilla-like porophore surrounded by three genital papillae: one anterior, one posterior and one medial. Preclitellar genital papillae three or two (widely paired) in presetal VIII–IX. Spermathecae three pairs in VI, VII and VIII or in VI, VIII and IX. Seminal vesicles large, two pairs in XI and XII, each vesicle with a large, round dorsal lobe. Prostate glands large, lobed in XVI–XXI. Prostatic duct large, straight, enlarged in the middle. Accessory glands large, sessile, pad- or tissue-like, corresponding to external genital papillae. Description. External: Total length (clitellates) 65–134 mm. Weight 0.38–1.15 g. Segments numbering 78–112. Clitellum XIV–XVI, setae and dorsal pores absent, length 2.11–3.93 mm and width 2.69–4.08 mm. Prostomium epilobous. Setae 38–45 in VII, 49–61 in XX, and 7–11 between male pores in XVIII. First dorsal pore in 11 / 12 or 12 / 13. Spermathecal pores lip-like, three pairs in intersegmental furrows of 6 / 7–8 / 9; distance between paired pores 0.19–0.25 body circumference ventrally apart. Genital papillae three in presetal VIII or widely paired in presetal VIII (Fig. 2 A); in IX, papillae absent, single median, or same number and arrangement as in VIII. Each papilla round, center depressed, 0.4–0.6 mm in diameter. Female pore single, mid-ventral in XIV. Male pores paired in XVIII, 0.21–0.29 body circumference ventrally apart, each on a papilla-like porophore surrounded by three genital papillae: one anterior, one posterior and one medial. Each papilla round, center depressed, 0.35–0.6 mm in diameter. The male porophore together with the genital papillae are surrounded by three or four diamondshaped skin folds (Fig. 2 B). Preserved specimens brown to grayish brown in color with dark to light brown clitellum. Internal: Septa 5 / 6–7 / 8 thick, 10 / 11–13 / 14 muscular, 8 / 9 / 10 absent. Nephridial tufts on anterior faces of 5 / 6 / 7. Gizzard large in VIII–X. Intestine enlarged from XV or XVI. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, extending anteriorly to XXIII–XXV, each simple, distal end either straight or bent. Esophageal hearts in XI–XIII. Spermathecae three pairs in VI, VII and VIII or in VI, VIII and IX (Fig. 2 C), ampulla round or elongated ovalshaped, surface wrinkled, 0.9–2.38 mm long and 0.75–2.25 mm wide, spermathecal stalk short, stout, 0.25–0.55 mm in length. Diverticulum with a slender stalk 0.4–0.8 mm long and an elongated oval seminal chamber 0.3–0.62 mm in length. Accessory glands large, sessile, pad- or flower-like, with shallow grooves on the surface, 0.5–1.3 mm long and 0.4–0.95 mm wide, each corresponding to external genital papilla (Fig. 2 C). Holandric, testes oval, two pairs in ventrally joined sacs in X and XI. Seminal vesicles large, smooth, two pairs in XI and XII, each vesicle with a large, round dorsal lobe. Prostate glands large, occupying four or five segments in XVI–XXI (Fig. 2 D), divided into several lobules by grooves. Prostatic duct stout, straight, enlarged in the middle. Accessory glands large, sessile, 0.45–1.05 mm long and 0.4–0.85 mm wide, corresponding to external genital papillae (Fig. 2 D). DNA barcodes. GenBank accession numbers JQ 936599 (14 -07391, holotype), JQ 936601 (14 -07387, paratype), JQ 936598, JQ 936600, and JQ 936602 (14 -07388, 14 -07389 and 14 -07390, respectively). Etymology. The name wuhumontis is given to this species with reference to its type locality at Mt. Wuhu in Kinmen. Remarks. Amynthas wuhumontis sp. nov. is distributed only in areas around Mt. Wuhu and Mt. Taiwu in east Kinmen. It is fairly similar to Amynthas leucocircus (Chen, 1933) from the coastal provinces of central China. Both species are sexthecal with spermathecal pores in 6 / 7–8 / 9 and have similar numbers of setae and similar papillae arrangement in the male pore region. However, A. leucocircus is larger with a body size of 140–212 mm long and 4–7 mm wide; it has papillae in postsetal VII–VIII, four pairs of hearts in X–XIII, small seminal vesicles, and stalked accessory glands (Chen 1933). A. wuhumontis is smaller (65–134 mm in total length and 2.69–4.08 mm in width), and has papillae in presetal VIII–IX, three pairs of hearts in XI–XIII, large seminal vesicles, and sessile accessory glands. Furthermore, the ventral distance between paired spermathecal pores is wider in A. leucocircus (about 1 / 3 body circumference) than that in A. wuhumontis (0.19–0.25 body circumference). The soil pH (H 2 O) values of the localities where the specimens of A. wuhumontis were collected were 4.9–6.48 (unpublished data).Published as part of Shen, Huei-Ping, Chang, Chih-Han, Li, Chi-Lun, Chih, Wen-Jay & Chen, Jiun-Hong, 2013, Four new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Kinmen, Taiwan, pp. 471-482 in Zootaxa 3599 (5) on pages 475-477, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3599.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/21866
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