97 research outputs found
The combined incidence of taxes and public expenditures in the Philippines
Get PDFIncidence studies of fiscal policy in developing countries typically examine either the distribution of tax burdens or the incidence of public expenditures. But the central issue for policymakers is the combined or net incidence of fiscal activities. One reason that combined incidence studies are so rare is that they require detailed data on both taxation and public spending. The authors show that the net incidence of fiscal policy in a country with average data - the Philippines - can be estimated using a variety of data sources and tools, using simplifying assumptions. For 20 years, the Philippine economy has experienced a series of balance of payments crises triggered by fiscal crises. It has had an unsatisfactory record of poverty alleviation. The authors examine net fiscal incidence to find out how poverty will be affected by the rise in taxes and the cut in spending. They found that: 1) the incidence pattern of taxes is basically neutral. Contrary to expectations, indirect taxes are only slightly regressive; and 2) it is the pattern of expenditures that drives the combined incidence, which is progressive.Public Sector Economics&Finance,Environmental Economics&Policies,Health Systems Development&Reform,Economic Theory&Research,Health Economics&Finance,Environmental Economics&Policies,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Economic Theory&Research,Health Economics&Finance,Banks&Banking Reform
Study on Extraction of Oil from Copra and Evaluation of its Quality Characteristics
No full textThis Dissertation / Report is the outcome of investigation carried out by the creator(s) / author(s) at the department/division of Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore mentioned below in this page
The coordinated reform of tariffs and domestic indirect taxes
Get PDFTariffs on imports protect domestic producers and raise public revenue. The World Development Report 1987 finds that effective rates of protection to manufacturing in developing countries typically exceed 40 percent; while the World Development Report 1988 estimates that the importance of import taxes in tax revenue is over 20 percent in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and in the Middle East and North Africa, compared to 2 percent in the industrial countries. These figures clearly show that tariff reform, which is intended to reduce anti-export bias and promote an outward-oriented development strategy, can be viable only if alternative and administratively collectible sources of revenue can be found to offset potential revenue losses. The tradeoff between liberalization and fiscal imperatives is thus frequently central to tariff reform. This paper argues that tariff reform must be seen as part of a broader program of tax reform. The need to adopt such a public finance perspective is argued with reference to selective reviews of country experience with trade liberalization and tax reform, protection and revenue objectives in developing countries and the instruments available to further those policy goals.Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Trade and Regional Integration
Lecture Notes on Configuration Aerodynamics
Get PDFPractical applications of aerodynamic theory are critically important for aerodynamic design of aircraft configurations, but are often omitted from aerospace engineering curricula. Lecture Notes on Configuration Aerodynamics is an incredible resource for educating the next generation of aerospace engineering students who aspire to engage in
the aerodynamic design of aircraft configurations. It shows how aerodynamic theory is applied in practice, giving students insight into what a career in aerodynamics entails. This textbook offers a design-oriented perspective of the development and analysis of aircraft aerodynamics.
Based on his academic experience as a professor and his industrial experience at Grumman, Mason presents decades of relevant knowledge and wisdom of a large number of exceptional researchers and practicing engineers. Extensive references throughout the book encourage further study of configuration aerodynamics.
This open textbook encompasses the aerodynamic design of flight vehicles with emphasis on flow fields and configuration concepts. Mason covers methodologies for aerodynamic analysis and design for flows ranging from low speed to high speed and includes case studies of classic configurations.
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How to access this book
The open textbook is freely available online in multiple formats, including: PDF, EPUB, and Pressbooks.
A paperback print version (in color) is available for order here.
This page may include links to supplementary resources. The permanent URL for this page is: https://hdl.handle.net/10919/139932.
The publisher's page for this book is: https://doi.org/10.21061/configurationaerodynamics.
ISBNs
ISBN (PDF): 978-1-962841-52-8
ISBN (Pressbooks): 978-1-962841-53-5
ISBN (EPUB): 978-1-962841-51-1
ISBN (print): 978-1-962841-50-4
Table of contents
1. Introduction to Configuration Aerodynamics
2. Foundations of Fluid Mechanics: Governing Equations
3. Fundamentals of Aerodynamic Drag
4. Configuration Aerodynamic Design: Use of Computational Aerodynamics
5. Subsonic Aerodynamics: Airfoils and Wings
6. Transonic Aerodynamics: Airfoils and Wings
7. High-Lift Aerodynamics
8. High-Angle-of-Attack (High-α) Aerodynamics
9. Supersonic Aerodynamics
10. Hypersonic Aerodynamics
11. End Note
Appendix A: Geometry for Aerodynamicists
Appendix B: Fifteen Minutes of Stealth in Aircraft Design
Appendix C: Government Regulations Affecting Configuration Aerodynamics
Appendix D: Examples of Aerodynamic Design
Appendix E: Software for Aerodynamic Analysis and Aircraft Design
Appendix F: Configuration Aerodynamics Reading List
Appendix G: The Configuration Aerodynamicist’s Bookshelf
About the author and editor
William H. Mason, author
William H. Mason (1947–2019) developed a deep passion for airplanes quite early in his life. Growing up in Southwest Virginia, he spent countless hours building and flying model airplanes as a teenager. When he was an undergraduate student at Virginia Tech, he seized upon opportunities to gain practical experience, working summers at McDonnell Douglas in St. Louis, Missouri, where he was involved with various F-4 aircraft projects, including the swing-wing F-4, and at the Edwards Air Force Base, California, working on US Army Huey Cobra helicopters. In 1974, he began his fifteen-year professional aerospace engineering career with Grumman, where he made valuable contributions to many high-profile projects, such as: (i) the X-29, an experimental aircraft with a forward-swept wing and canard; (ii) the NASA/Grumman Research Fighter Configuration with supercruise and maneuvering capabilities; and (iii) the SC3 Wing Concept, which set a record for low drag at high-lift supersonic performance. From 1989 until his passing in 2019, he was a dedicated educator at Virginia Tech. Right after returning to VT in 1989, he devoted himself to sharing his knowledge and insights with students and colleagues. His legacy lives on with a large number of students who either took the courses he offered in aircraft design, applied computational aerodynamics, and configuration aerodynamics or performed research in aerospace systems design and multidisciplinary optimization. He co-authored Applied Computational Aerodynamics: A Modern Engineering Approach—one of the first textbooks on this topic for undergraduates—published by Cambridge University Press in 2015. He also authored or co-authored more than 100 technical papers and reports. He was a lifelong Hokie, having earned his BS degree in 1971, a MS in 1972, and a PhD in 1975, all in aerospace engineering from Virginia Tech. Mason was an Associate Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA).
Pradeep Raj, editor
Pradeep Raj is a Collegiate Professor Emeritus at Virginia Tech and spent twelve years serving as a faculty advisor of student capstone aircraft design teams and conducting collaborative research in simulation driven design to enable development of quality affordable aerial vehicles. He joined VT in 2012 after thirty-two years (1979–2011) with Lockheed Martin, a premier aerospace and defense corporation. For the first twenty years there, he held key technical leadership positions and made noteworthy contributions to advancing the effectiveness of computational simulation capabilities for meeting aircraft design needs. For the next twelve years, he held executive leadership and management positions before retiring from the Advanced Development Programs organization commonly known as the Skunk Works®, which is world renowned for creating breakthrough technologies and landmark aircraft. He is a Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and of the Royal Aeronautical Society (RAeS). He earned a PhD in aerospace engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology in 1976 after earning a master’s degree in aeronautical engineering and a bachelor’s in electrical technology, both from the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, India.
Project support
This project was made possible in part through financial support from the University Libraries’ Open Education Initiative and the Kevin T. Crofton Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering.
Suggested citation
William H. Mason and Pradeep Raj, Lecture Notes on Configuration Aerodynamics (2026). CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. https://doi.org/10.21061/configurationaerodynamics.
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Addressing the education puzzle : the distribution of education and economic reform
Get PDFNo country has achieved sustained economic development without substantially investing in human capital. Previous studies have shown the handsome returns to various forms of basic education, research, training, learning-by-doing, and capacity-building. But education by itself does not guarantee successful development, as history has shown in the former Soviet bloc, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, and the Indian states of Kerala and West Bengal. The question is, when and how does education bring high payoffs? Although theory has suggested a strong causal link between education and growth, the empirical evidence has not been unanimous and conclusive. The authors examine two explanatory factors. First, who gets educated matters a good deal, but the distribution of education is complex and not much has been written about it. They construct an asset allocation model that elucidates the importance of the distribution of education to economic development. Second, how education affects growth is greatly affected by the economic policy environment. Policies determine what people can do with their education. Reform of trade, investment, and labor policies can increase the returns from education. Using panel data from 12 Asian and Latin American countries for 1970-94, they investigate the relationship between education, policy reform, and economic growth. Their empirical results are promising. First, the distribution of education matters. Unequal distribution of education tends to have a negative impact on per capita income in most countries. Moreover, controlling for human capital distribution and the use of appropriate functional form specifications consistent with the asset allocation model makes a difference for the effect of average schooling on per capita income. Controlling for education distribution leads to positive and significant effects of average schooling on per capita income, while failure to do so leads to insignificant, even negative effects, of average education. Second, the policy environment matters a great deal. Our results indicate that economic policies that suppress market forces tend to dramatically reduce the impact of human capital on economic growth. Investment in human capital can have little impact on growth unless people can use education in competitive and open markets. The larger and more competitive these markets are, the greater are the prospects for using education and skills.Curriculum&Instruction,Economic Theory&Research,Decentralization,Public Health Promotion,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Teaching and Learning,Curriculum&Instruction,Economic Theory&Research,Gender and Education
Tax systems in transition
Get PDFHow have tax systems, whose primary role is to raise resources to finance public expenditures, evolved in the transition countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union? The authors find that: (1) the ratio of tax revenue-to-GDP decreased largely due to a fall in revenue from corporate income tax; (2) the fall in revenue from the corporate income tax led to a decline in the importance of income taxes, notwithstanding a rise in the share of individual income tax; (3) social security contributions together with payroll taxes became less important in the Commonwealth of Independent States; and (4) domestic indirect taxes gained in importancein overall tax revenues. Apart from the increased role of personal income taxation, these developments go in a direction opposite to those observed in poor countries as they get richer. They show a key aspect of transition, namely a movement from a system where the government exercised a preeminent claim on output and income before citizens had access to the remainder, to one with a greatly diminished role for the public sector, as reflected in a lower ratio of public expenditure to GDP, where the government needs to collect revenue in order to spend. Can expected levels of public expenditure be financed by the basic instruments of a modern tax system without creating significant distortions in the private sector? The authors suggest that transition countries, depending on their stage of development, should aim for a tax revenue-to-GDP ratio in the range of 22 to 31 percent, comprising value-added tax (6 to 7 percent), excises (2 to 3 percent), income tax (6 to 9 percent), social security contribution together with payroll tax (6 to 10 percent), and other taxes such as on trade and on property (2 percent). The authors'analysis also sheds light on the links between tax policy, tax administration, and the investment climate in transition countries.Municipal Financial Management,Environmental Economics&Policies,Banks&Banking Reform,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Economic Theory&Research,Banks&Banking Reform,Municipal Financial Management
Optimization Of Conditions For Natural Fermentation Of Fish Processing Waste Using Sugar Cane Molasses As Sugar Source
No full textThis Dissertation / Report is the outcome of investigation carried out by the creator(s) / author(s) at the department/division of Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore mentioned below in this page
Information, accounting, and the regulation of concessioned infrastructure monopolies
Get PDFEconomists often characterize the regulation of monopolies as a"game"(between the regulator and the service provider) in which the two players do not share the same information. The regulator is assumed to have poorer information than the service provider about the scope of future efficiency gains and the size and timing of future investment plans. Over time, the regulator must increase its information base so that regulatory targets become more realistic - but this is a costly process. The authors examine the ways such information can and should be generated, especially throughthe accounting requirements a regulator can impose on private operators of infrastructure concessions. (They view concessioning and regulation as complementary, not substitute, activities.) Concessionaires should provide regulators with the information they need to: 1) Compare outcomes with expectations. 2) Evaluate the cost of adverse shocks that may warrant relaxed regulations. 3) Evaluate whether lower costs than expected are the result of better performance or diminished output. 4) Properly evaluate the asset base and charge for the consumption of capital. Information that regulators get from private operators of infrastructure monopolies should be used to make both regulators and concessionaires accountable. In Chile, for example, the privatization of monopolies led to significant efficiency gains, but it took a long time for these gains to be passed on to users because neither the firms nor the regulators were held accountable - until Congress expressed reluctance to endorse further privatization because earlier waves of privatization had not benefited consumers. In other words, information should be used to make regulatory decisions more transparent and to reduce the risk of the private providers"capturing"the regulators.Labor Policies,International Terrorism&Counterterrorism,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Decentralization,Financial Intermediation,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,International Terrorism&Counterterrorism,Banks&Banking Reform
Tax systems in the reforming socialist economies of Europe
Get PDFAs socialist countries move toward market systems, fiscal policy is an important part of their reform agenda. First, they need to reorient public spending to focus more on the provision of"public"goods. Second, they need to adopt more selective, predictable, and nondiscretionary means to finance such spending. The goal of this paper is to lay out some of the broad trends and issues now emerging as socialist economies attempt to reform their systems of taxation. The primary focus is on Eastern Europe, although many of the same trends and issues arise in the reforming socialized countries of Asia and Africa. Particular attention is paid to Hungary and Poland, which are most advanced in the tax reform process. The experiences they have had and the problems they are facing provide valuable lessons for those countries just starting on the reform process.Public Sector Economics&Finance,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Banks&Banking Reform,Municipal Financial Management
Comparison of dry sliding wear and friction behavior of Al6061/SiC PMMC with Al6061 alloy
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