157 research outputs found
A Critique of Saudi M&A Laws
No full textThis dissertation aims to elucidate Saudi Arabia’s mergers and acquisitions (M&A) laws. The dissertation studies and analyzes current Saudi M&A laws with reference to comparative models from different countries and provides recommendations to improve the transparency and efficiency of Saudi Arabia’s M&A laws. Such improvements may help companies attempting to conduct M&A activity in Saudi Arabia address certain barriers and difficulties, which may in turn help to stimulate the Saudi Arabian economy.
Saudi Arabia is considered one of the world’s foremost emerging markets. Since Saudi Arabia joined the World Trade Organization, its stock market has been growing quickly, including rapid growth in M&A transactions. The author of this paper argues that Saudi has a significant need for M&A activity and notes that despite the sharp growth in M&A activity in Saudi in recent years, most of Saudi’s M&A laws are not modern or sophisticated enough to handle the large, complex M&A transactions that are beginning to occur in the Kingdom. Certain M&A transactions attempted in Saudi, such as the Sahara-Sipchem deal, have been unsuccessful due to the absence of a legal framework capable of reinforcing and protecting M&A transactions and boosting M&A activities. This paper offers a critique and analysis of Saudi Arabia’s M&A laws.
The author argues that most of Saudi’s current M&A laws discourage corporations from engaging in M&A activity and/or cause M&A transactions to fail due to their (the laws’) deficits. This dissertation identifies loopholes in the Saudi legislation that governs M&A transactions. It covers antitrust law, corporate law, securities law and tax law and provides recommendations supported by models from different jurisdictions as to how M&A laws in Saudi can be made more efficient and brought in line with modern economic principles
A Critique of Saudi M&A Laws
No full textThis dissertation aims to elucidate Saudi Arabia’s mergers and acquisitions (M&A) laws. The dissertation studies and analyzes current Saudi M&A laws with reference to comparative models from different countries and provides recommendations to improve the transparency and efficiency of Saudi Arabia’s M&A laws. Such improvements may help companies attempting to conduct M&A activity in Saudi Arabia address certain barriers and difficulties, which may in turn help to stimulate the Saudi Arabian economy.
Saudi Arabia is considered one of the world’s foremost emerging markets. Since Saudi Arabia joined the World Trade Organization, its stock market has been growing quickly, including rapid growth in M&A transactions. The author of this paper argues that Saudi has a significant need for M&A activity and notes that despite the sharp growth in M&A activity in Saudi in recent years, most of Saudi’s M&A laws are not modern or sophisticated enough to handle the large, complex M&A transactions that are beginning to occur in the Kingdom. Certain M&A transactions attempted in Saudi, such as the Sahara-Sipchem deal, have been unsuccessful due to the absence of a legal framework capable of reinforcing and protecting M&A transactions and boosting M&A activities. This paper offers a critique and analysis of Saudi Arabia’s M&A laws.
The author argues that most of Saudi’s current M&A laws discourage corporations from engaging in M&A activity and/or cause M&A transactions to fail due to their (the laws’) deficits. This dissertation identifies loopholes in the Saudi legislation that governs M&A transactions. It covers antitrust law, corporate law, securities law and tax law and provides recommendations supported by models from different jurisdictions as to how M&A laws in Saudi can be made more efficient and brought in line with modern economic principles
Effect of confinement of bond strength between steel bars and concrete
No full textThe local bond aspect between steel bars and concrete confined with ordinary transverse steel is experimentally investigated. The test parameters included diameter of reinforcing bar, ratio of concrete cover to bar diameter db, and area of transverse reinforcement. The results were compared with the results of similar specimens for concrete confined either internally using steel fiber reinforcement or externally using fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets. Based on these comparisons, a unified expression for the local bond strength of confined concrete is derived and a general model for the local bond stress-slip response is proposed and used to conduct an analytical evaluation of the effect of confinement on development-splice strength. Results predicted by the analysis were in good agreement with experimental results. For small development-splice lengths corresponding to local bond conditions, confining the concrete only slightly increases the local bond resistance but leads to considerable improvement in the ductility of bond failure. The corresponding ductility at the local level allows, for the practical range of development-splice lengths, more bar lugs to participate in resisting the applied bar force resulting in a more uniform bond stress distribution along the development-splice length and, consequently, a sizable increase in the average bond strength at bond failure as compared with plain unconfined concrete. The bond strength due to FRP confinement increases in proportion to the modulus of elasticity of the FRP material. For the same area of transverse reinforcement per unit length along the splice, taking into account the relative modulus of elasticity of the confining materials, external confinement of concrete using FRP sheets is more effective in increasing the development-splice strength than internal confinement with ordinary transverse steel. A general design expression is proposed to estimate the development-splice length of steel bars embedded in concrete confined with ordinary transverse steel, FRP, or steel-fiber reinforcement. © 2004.*ACI COMM 408, 1990, 4081R90 ACI; Darwin D, 1996, ACI STRUCT J, V93, P347; Eligehausen R, 1983, UCBEERC8323 U CAL; Esfahani MR, 1998, ACI STRUCT J, V95, P272; Filippou F, 1983, UCBEERC8319; HAMAD BS, 2002, IN PRESS ACI STRUCTU; Harajli M, 2002, J MATER CIVIL ENG, V14, P503, DOI 10.1061-(ASCE)0899-1561(2002)14:6(503); HARAJLI M, 2002, BOND CONCRETE RES ST, P570; HARAJLI MH, 2004, J MAT CIVIL ENG ASCE, V16; HARAJLI MH, 1995, ACI MATER J, V92, P343; Harajli MH, 2002, ACI STRUCT J, V99, P509; Orangun C, 1975, 1543F U TEX AUST CTR; Orangun C. O., 1977, ACI J, V74, P114; Zuo J, 2000, ACI STRUCT J, V97, P63039343
Blended Learning System for Further and Higher Education Mechanical Engineering Courses in Bahrain
No full textTeaching and learning processes that are being followed globally by education providers consist of conventional face-to-face approach. Various socio-economic indicators have increased the pressure on Engineering Education in Bahrain in order to equip the students with both cognitive and psychomotor skills that are required by the labour market. The globalisation, along with the interdependence of various economies, has resulted in creating an extra dimension to the higher order of skills requirements. Hence, there is a need to develop new teaching and learning (T & L) methodologies that can comply with the ever increasing demands of the industry, regarding the skills of engineering students. In this study, the author has presented a comparison between various teaching and learning methodologies being implemented on the students of Higher National Diploma at Sheikh Khalifa Institute (SKI), Kingdom of Bahrain.
The author reviewed the effectiveness of the conventional teaching and learning methodology by comparing the pre-results with post-results. The same has been carried out on two novel T & L methodologies developed in these study i.e. computer-assisted instructions (CAI) and Blended Learning method, on imparting higher order of cognitive and psychomotor skills to engineering students. The study has been conducted on various groups of Higher National Diploma (HND) students at SKI. The study makes use of various questionnaires design especially for both the students and the teachers about their views on different T & L methodologies being implemented. It has been observed that computer-assisted instructions, when used with the conventional T & L methodology, perform superiorly than blended e-learning method or the conventional method alone. Hence, it has been recommended that this novel T & L method be used in the future to Higher National Diploma students at SKI.
Further to the development of a novel T & L methodology that performs better than the conventional T & L method, novel mathematical models have been developed for T & L methodology for both the cognitive and psychomotor domains. These mathematical models are based on the findings of the present study. These mathematical models explain the learning process of the students at microscopic level, in contrast to the conventional macroscopic evaluation method where only the marks obtained by the students indicate the quantitative learning. Furthermore, a novel Blended Learning package (containing tutorials for various Mechanical Engineering modules) has been developed based on the students-centred learning, considering institutional, pedagogical and technological contexts of service and product implementation. In this perspective, the novel Blended Learning package has been designed and developed in order to minimise/close the gaps between higher education at SKI and the requirements of the labour market
Chronique d'un coup de force à Zanzibar. Résistance non violente et répression post-électorale
No full textMaïlys Chauvin, Docteure en géographie, chercheure associée à LAM. ((Contact the author for an english version of the paper.)) Après Washington, New-York et Toronto, le candidat aux élections présidentielles à Zanzibar Seif Shariff Hamad (Civic United Front, CUF) est cette semaine à Londres dans le cadre d'une campagne d'information sur la crise démocratique qui frappe Zanzibar après l'annulation du scrutin insulaire le 28 octobre 2015 ((Voir M. CHAUVIN The nullification of the elections in Z..
The Arab Gulf countries and the Arab- Israeli conflict;: the linkages and dynamics (1970-2000)
No full textThis thesis examines the changing linkages and dynamics of the relationship between the Arab Gulf countries and the Arab-Israeli conflict through the period of 1970-2000. The Arab Gulf countries' level of involvement in supporting the Arabs and Palestinians in the Arab-Israeli conflict diminished throughout the period of study. The thesis explains this diminishing role by discussing the impact of the developments of international struggle for influence in the Gulf as well as the Israeli ambitions and relations to the Gulf region, largely expressed through the Israeli relationship with Iran under the Shah. The thesis shows that the years 1973, 1979 and 1990 formed important turning points for international influence in the region. These turning points influenced on the level of the Arab Gulf countries' involvement in the Arab-Israeli conflict. Throughout the seventies, the Arab Gulf countries played an active role in supporting the Arab side in the Arab-Israeli conflict. The clearest expression of this support was the implementation of the oil embargo against the West during the October 1973 War. The eighties witnessed the birth of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), the formation of which symbolized the emerging security challenges within the Gulf region. These security challenges represented by the Iranian Revolution, the Iran-Iraq war and the Soviet invasion and occupation of Afghanistan exhausted most of the capabilities and efforts of the Arab Gulf countries. Their focus and attention shifted away from the Arab-Israeli conflict, in spite of the serious and dramatic developments in that conflict. The repercussions of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990 resulted in a further diminishment of the role of the Arab Gulf countries in backing the Palestinians in the Arab-Israeli conflict. Only after September 2000 and the beginning of the Second Palestinian Intifada did the Arab Gulf countries again play a vital role, by means of financial, political and media support. The thesis explains the linkages between security in the Gulf and the Arab- Israeli conflict. It examines the hypothesis that a reciprocal relationship explaining the level and type of Arab Gulf countries involvement in the Arab-Israeli conflict has existed throughout the period of the study
Discrete-time survival trees and forests with time-varying covariates: Application to bankruptcy data
No full textThe aim of this paper is to propose a new survival tree method for discrete-time survival data with time-varying covariates. This method can accommodate simultaneously time-varying covariates and time-varying effects. The method is then used for bankruptcy analysis of US firms that conducted an Initial Public Offerings between 1990 and 1999 using accounting and financial ratios. © SAGE Publications.ALTMAN EI, 1968, J FINANC, V23, P589, DOI 10.2307-2978933; Bacchetti P, 1995, Lifetime Data Anal, V1, P35, DOI 10.1007-BF00985256; Beaver W., 1966, J ACCOUNT RES, V5, P71; Bellovary J., 2007, J FINANCIAL ED, V33, P1; Bou-Hamad I, 2009, CAN J STAT, V37, P17; Breiman L, 1996, MACH LEARN, V24, P123, DOI 10.1023-A:1018054314350; Breiman L., 1984, CLASSIFICATION REGRE; Breiman L, 2001, MACH LEARN, V45, P5, DOI 10.1023-A:1010933404324; CIAMPI A, 1986, COMPUT STAT DATA AN, V4, P185, DOI 10.1016-0167-9473(86)90033-2; DAVIS RB, 1989, STAT MED, V8, P947, DOI 10.1002-sim.4780080806; De Leonardis D, 2008, APPL STOCH MODEL BUS, V24, P291, DOI 10.1002-asmb.705; Doornik J.A., 2002, OBJECT ORIENTED MATR; Fan JJ, 2006, J AM STAT ASSOC, V101, P959, DOI 10.1198-016214506000000438; Fanning K. M., 1994, International Journal of Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management, V3; Freeman E, 2007, PRESENCEABSENCE R PA; FRYDMAN H, 1985, J FINANC, V40, P269, DOI 10.2307-2328060; Gao F, 2004, COMPUT STAT DATA AN, V45, P813, DOI 10.1016-S0167-9473(03)00089-6; GORDON L, 1985, CANCER TREAT REP, V69, P1065; Hamza M, 2005, J STAT COMPUT SIM, V75, P629, DOI 10.1080-00949650410001729472; Hastie T., 2009, ELEMENTS STAT LEARNI; Hothorn T, 2004, STAT MED, V23, P77, DOI 10.1002-sim.1593; Hothorn T, 2006, BIOSTATISTICS, V7, P355, DOI 10.1093-biostatistics-kxj011; Huang X, 1998, BIOMETRICS, V54, P1420, DOI 10.2307-2533668; Ishwaran H, 2008, ANN APPL STAT, V2, P841, DOI 10.1214-08-AOAS169; Jin H, 2004, MED DECIS MAKING, V24, P670, DOI 10.1177-0272989X04271048; LEBLANC M, 1993, J AM STAT ASSOC, V88, P457, DOI 10.2307-2290325; LEBLANC M, 1992, BIOMETRICS, V48, P411, DOI 10.2307-2532300; Liaw A., 2002, R NEWS, V2, P18, DOI DOI 10.1016-J.MEMSCI.2010.02.036; Molinaro AM, 2004, J MULTIVARIATE ANAL, V90, P154, DOI 10.1016-j.jmva.2004.02.003; MORGAN JN, 1963, J AM STAT ASSOC, V58, P415, DOI 10.2307-2283276; Nam CW, 2008, J FORECASTING, V27, P493, DOI 10.1002-for.985; OHLSON JA, 1980, J ACCOUNTING RES, V18, P109, DOI 10.2307-2490395; MEYER PA, 1970, J FINANC, V25, P853, DOI 10.2307-2325421; R Development Core Team, 2009, R LANG ENV STAT COMP; Ross S, 2002, FUNDAMENTALS CORPORA; SEGAL MR, 1992, J AM STAT ASSOC, V87, P407, DOI 10.2307-2290271; SEGAL MR, 1988, BIOMETRICS, V44, P35, DOI 10.2307-2531894; Shumway T, 2001, J BUS, V74, P101, DOI 10.1086-209665; SINGER JD, 1993, J EDUC STAT, V18, P155, DOI 10.3102-10769986018002155; Su XG, 2004, BIOMETRICS, V60, P93, DOI 10.1111-j.0006-341X.2004.00139.x; Su XG, 2005, BIOSTATISTICS, V6, P486, DOI 10.1093-biostatistics-kxi024; THERNEAU TM, 2009, R PORT B RIPLEY RPAR; Wood SN, 2008, J ROY STAT SOC B, V70, P495, DOI 10.1111-j.1467-9868.2007.00646.x; Xu RH, 2002, BIOMETRICS, V58, P305, DOI 10.1111-j.0006-341X.2002.00305.x; ZMIJEWSKI ME, 1984, J ACCOUNTING RES, V22, P59, DOI 10.2307-249085910
Lopinavir pharmacokinetic profiles in HIV-infected patients during rifabutin-based anti-mycobacterial therapy
No full textObjectives: To evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of ritonavir-boosted lopinavir in HIV-infected patients during rifabutin-based anti-mycobacterial therapy. Patients and methods: A longitudinal, cross-over pharmacokinetic evaluation of lopinavir with and without rifabutin in HIV-infected subjects with mycobacterial disease was done. All received lopinavir/ritonavir (400/100 mg twice a day) + an adjusted rifabutin dose of 150 mg every other day. Twelve-hour lopinavir pharmacokinetic sampling occurred at 2 weeks (T1) and 6 weeks (T2) after starting combined therapy and 10 weeks after completion of adjusted rifabutin (T3). Plasma was assayed using an HPLC method; lopinavir plasma concentration-time data were analysed using non-compartmental methods. Results: In 10 patients with complete lopinavir curves at T1, T2 and T3 pharmacokinetic values were, respectively: AUC0-12, 187.5, 161.8 and 121.1 μg h/mL; Ctrough, 13.2, 10.0 and 7.7 μg/mL; Cmax, 18.7, 15.9 and 13.3 μg/mL; and apparent oral clearance (CL/F), 0.035, 0.037 and 0.045 L/h/kg. Lopinavir Ctrough and AUC0-12 were significantly higher at T1 compared with T3 while CL/F remained unchanged throughout. Combined treatment was well tolerated and none of the patients experienced moderate to severe lopinavir-related adverse events. Conclusions: Lopinavir serum concentrations are not reduced when the drug is administered together with an adjusted dose of 150 mg of rifabutin every other day. © The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved
The Impact of Dietary Components on Regulatory T Cells and Disease
No full textThe rise in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases in developed societies has been associated with a change in lifestyle patterns. Among other factors, increased consumption of certain dietary components, such as table salt and fatty acids and excessive caloric intake has been associated with defective immunological tolerance. Dietary nutrients have shown to modulate the immune response by a direct effect on the function of immune cells or, indirectly, by acting on the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract. FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress immune responses and are critical for maintaining peripheral tolerance and immune homeostasis, modulating chronic tissue inflammation and autoimmune disease. It is now well-recognized that Tregs show certain degree of plasticity and can gain effector functions to adapt their regulatory function to different physiological situations during an immune response. However, plasticity of Tregs might also result in conversion into effector T cells that may contribute to autoimmune pathogenesis. Yet, which environmental cues regulate Treg plasticity and function is currently poorly understood, but it is of significant importance for therapeutic purposes. Here we review the current understanding on the effect of certain dietary nutrients that characterize Western diets in Treg metabolism, stability, and function. Moreover, we will discuss the role of Tregs linking diet and autoimmunity and the potential of dietary-based interventions to modulate Treg function in disease.MK was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (640116), by a SALK-grant from the government of Flanders, Belgium and by an Odysseus-grant of the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Belgium.Kleinewietfeld, M (reprint author), Univ Hasselt, VIB Lab Translat Immunomodulat, VIB Ctr Inflammat Res IRC, Hasselt, Belgium.
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Emerging therapeutic strategies for targeting chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells
No full textChronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder. Current targeted therapies designed to inhibit the tyrosine kinase activity of the BCR-ABL oncoprotein have made a significant breakthrough in the treatment of CML patients. However, CML remains a chronic disease that a patient must manage for life. Although tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) therapy has completely transformed the prognosis of CML, it has made the therapeutic management more complex. The interruption of TKI treatment results in early disease progression because it does not eliminate quiescent CML stem cells which remain a potential reservoir for disease relapse. This highlights the need to develop new therapeutic strategies for CML to achieve a permanent cure, and to allow TKI interruption. This review summarizes recent research done on alternative targeted therapies with a particular focus on some important signaling pathways (such as Alox5, Hedgehog, Wnt-b-catenin, autophagy, and PML) that have the potential to target CML stem cells and potentially provide cure for CML. © 2013 Ahmad Hamad et al.Assouline S, 2011, CURR ONCOL, V18, pE71; Babashah S, 2013, INT J CANCER, V133, P579, DOI 10.1002-ijc.28043; Baccarani M, 2009, J CLIN ONCOL, V27, P6041, DOI 10.1200-JCO.2009.25.0779; Bellodi C, 2009, J CLIN INVEST, V119, P1109, DOI 10.1172-JCI35660; Bixby D., 2009, ASH ED PROGRAM BOOK, P461; Brixey AG, 2010, CURR OPIN PULM MED, V16, P351, DOI 10.1097-MCP.0b013e328338c486; Calabretta B, 2011, LEUKEMIA LYMPHOMA, V52, P54, DOI 10.3109-10428194.2010.546913; Calabretta B, 2004, BLOOD, V103, P4010, DOI 10.1182-blood-2003-12-4111; Castagnetti F, 2009, BLOOD, V113, P3428, DOI 10.1182-blood-2007-08-103499; Chen Y, 2010, LEUKEMIA, V24, P1545, DOI 10.1038-leu.2010.143; Chen YY, 2009, NAT GENET, V41, P783, DOI 10.1038-ng.389; 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