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Reliability of DXA for the measurement of total and regional body composition in elite soccer players
No full textReliability of DXA for the measurement of total and regional body composition in elite soccer players
Fanchini M, Guido Rillo, Mattias Bruni, Carwyn Sharp
AS Roma Football Club, Roma, ITA
University of Verona, Faculty of Exercise and Sport Science, ITA;
INTRODUCTION
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is widely used for the assessment of total and regional body composition. Acquisition of the data can be done automatically with the in-built software however the software may under/overestimate regional parameters (i.e. legs). As such, the data may also be acquired by operator manual adjustment of the regions-of-interest (ROI) but the experience of the operator may influence the accuracy and reliability. In elite football monitoring leg muscle mass is relevant therefore operator adjustment may be required. The aim of this study was to examine the reliability of total and regional body composition when comparing automatic and manual ROI assessment performed by operators with different experience levels.
METHODS
Twenty-four elite soccer players (age 18 ± 1 yrs; height 179 ± 5 cm; body mass 72 ± 5 kg) from an Italian Serie-A team participated in a test-retest study. Tests were performed with Lunar iDXA (GE Healthcare Lunar, Madison, USA) and examined with in-built software (enCORE 17, GE Medical Systems Ultrasound & Primary Care Diagnostics, USA) on two different days. Total body fat mass (FM) and free fat mass (FFM) were examined as total body composition, and free fat mass of right and left legs (FFMR and FFML) were examined as regional body composition parameters. ROI were determined automatically (AROI) and by two operators with low and high experience (Low1 and High1). After two weeks, the operators were asked to do the analysis again (Low2 and High2) on the same images. Reliability was examined as Typical Error of Measurement (expressed as percentage, TEM) and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC).
RESULTS
The values were within the range 9.7-10.2 kg for FM, 58.8-59.5 kg for FFM, 10.3-12.8 kg for FFMR and 10.2-12.7 kg for FFML. The TEMs were within the range 2.0-2.4% for FM and 0.8-0.9% for FFM for all the assessment. The TEMs for FFMR were 1.4, 4.1, 1.2, 1.6, 1.3 % for AROI, Low1, High1, Low2 and High2 respectively. The TEMs for FFML were 2.0, 3.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.1 % for AROI, Low1, High1, Low2 and High2 respectively. Low1 showed higher values of TEM for FFMR and FFML.
The ICC were within the range 0.99-1.00 for FM, 0.82-0.98 for FFMR, 0.83-0.98 for FFML and 0.99 for FFM.
DISCUSSION
The reliability of total and regional body parameters found in the present group of elite soccer players was similar to the values reported in the literature (1, 2). No significant difference was found between reliability parameters in FM, FFM however the lowest reliability found in Low1 in FFMR and FFML suggested the low experience of the operator have influenced the DXA results in his first assessment. Even if operators are familiarized with ROI customization they need experience to provide reliable outcomes.
1. Hart NH, Nimphius S, Spiteri T, Cochrane JL, Newton RU. J Sports Sci Med, 2015, 14, 620-626
2. Bilsborough JC, Greenway K, Opar D, Livingstone S, Cordy J, Coutts AJ. J Sports Sci, 2014, 19, 1821-
SKY LUMINATOR Sharp International Design Contest | Light for Emotional Comfort
No full textFollowing the conversation with the staff from Sharp, we decided to highlight the integration of the proposed system with the Units shown during the meeting. We have therefore developed and detailed design of the large dome proposal in the first stage keeping in mind, however, that the Units may also be integrated in the devices of the suspensions and
of desk design. The choice of the dome is motivated by three considerations: one hand we have preferred, given the time available to investigate only one of the proposed topics; in terms of size and performance, the dome expresses the best, the complexity of the choices made; Units built in the last dome form a constellation of radial lights reminding
formal characteristics of known elements of lighting culture of the architectural and design. In the lighting culture exists in fact the Sky Simulator, which are lighting devices able to mimic changes in sunlight. These devices are used for the simulation of the solar radiation, received by the buildings reproduced in scale and placed underneath the simulator.
In the architectural reference, is that of “Ventana des Esterellas all’Alambra” of Cordoba, or luminous ceilings of buildings made of concrete-glass, while the design is reminiscent of the effect of light textured made by some Italian lamps successfully produced in the 90’s.These references refer to a Light Skype connecting the light source to the sky, to
the choreography of lights in it and, in reference to the Light Simulator, to changes in sunlight. Each single unit can play these variations both in brightness and in colour temperature, because the individual Unit are in fact interconnected by bus DMX and controlled by a central unit that can be driven even in remote or wireless. The variation of colour
temperature may be produced by both the identical and simultaneous variation of light in all units, or by the additive synthesis produced by summation of different lights produced by the individual units. In this case, the dome will be able to modify continuously the temperature from 2700K to 6500K, in this case the colour of the light emitted may be
variable and will follow the circadian rhythm. The variation of the brightness and colour temperature achieved in an indoor environment, and even if not consciously perceived, reproduces the changing of sunlight and gives a wellness and reduces the fatigue from the ennui fixed and constant lighting. The dome, as already said, will also issue colored
lights, when all the units simultaneously or to additive synthesis will produce a frequency 460 nm, said Blue Sky you will get a light capable of inhibiting the production of melatonin favouring the mental activities and the ‘attention. And ‘in fact a particular blue part of the spectrum of light that has a powerful effect and uplifting. Inside the eye, a family of
specialized cells are sensitive for ‘see’ the blue colour of the sky that has a frequency of 460nm. When these photo-receptors transposing the blue light,the nerve impulses of the brain detect, waking up, increasing attention and concentration.The dome will realize a complex system that will not only light but also will promote the well-being and physical
and mental activities of those who will be working, discussing and thinking in their luminous and iridescent protectio
[Graffiti at Kings Cross, Sydney, 1995] [picture] /
No full textCondition: good.; Title devised by cataloguer based on information from acquisition file number 204/20/00161.; Part of the collection of photographs about homeless people in Kings Cross by Roslyn Sharp. Kings Cross, Sydney. Graffiti on the wall in the underground dwellings at Kings Cross where the "homeless people" lived for two years. Photo taken 1995
[Used syringes and drug mixing spoons in Kings Cross, Sydney, 1995] [picture] /
No full textCondition: good.; Title devised by cataloguer based on information from acquisition file number 204/20/00161.; Part of the collection of photographs about homeless people in Kings Cross by Roslyn Sharp.; Exhibited: "In a New Light 2", National Library of Australia, 2 December 2004 - 28 March 2005. AuCNL. Kings Cross, Sydney. Used syringes and drug mixing spoons littered the ground at the entrance area of the underground dwelling. Photo taken 1995
[Homeless man in bed in Kings Cross, Sydney, 1995] [picture] /
No full textCondition: good.; Title devised by cataloguer based on information from acquisition file number 204/20/00161.; Part of the collection of photographs about homeless people in Kings Cross by Roslyn Sharp. Kings Cross, Sydney. "Homeless" man in bed. He uses a "sharps" bin for a bedside table. The graffiti is interesting as it lists the people who have been through the underground dwelling. Charcoal from the spent fires is used to write most of the graffiti
[The first room at the underground dwelling in Kings Cross, Sydney, 1995] [picture] /
No full textCondition: good.; Title devised by cataloguer based on information from acquisition file number 204/20/00161.; Part of the collection of photographs about homeless people in Kings Cross by Roslyn Sharp. Kings Cross, Sydney. The first room at the underground dwelling. Beside the empty bed is a "sharps" bin used as a table. The surrounding area is littered with food, clothes, empty flacons of alcohol and bedding. photo taken 1995
[Wally and Julie at the entrance of the underground dwelling in Kings Cross, Sydney, 1995] [picture] /
No full textCondition: good.; Title devised by cataloguer based on information from acquisition file number 204/20/00161.; Part of the collection of photographs about homeless people in Kings Cross by Roslyn Sharp. Kings Cross, Sydney. Wally and Julie at the entrance to the underground dwelling. Wally lived here permanently for 2 years, while Julie stayed the odd night as she was then living down "Nowra way" south of Sydney. Morning photo taken 1995
[The acupuncturist and herbalist, Anthony Hung Hoi, Kings Cross, Sydney, 2000] [picture] /
No full textCondition: good.; Title devised by cataloguer based on information from acquisition file number 204/20/00161.; Part of the collection of photographs about homeless people in Kings Cross by Roslyn Sharp. Kings Cross, Sydney. Acupuncturist and herbalist. Anthony Hung Hoi has lived and worked in Kings Cross for more than 20 years. He was the first Chairman of the Australian Traditional Chinese Medical Association, and a member of the Acupuncture Ethics and Standards Organisation. He is an accomplished Chinese Opera singer. Photo taken in 2000 in his consulting room
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