144 research outputs found
Diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology of thyroid and evaluation of discordant cases
No full textAbstractIntroductionThe main role of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) lies in differentiating between a malignant and benign thyroid nodule. It greatly influences the treatment decision. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the cytology–histopathology correlation and to analyze the cause of diagnostic errors with an eventual aim to improve diagnostic accuracy.Materials and MethodsThis is a retrospective study comparing cytology and corresponding histopathology report in 724 thyroid cases. The statistical analysis included false positive rate, false negative rate, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy.ResultsOn cytological examination, 635/724 were reported as benign, 68 malignant and 21 suspicious. On histopathological examination, 626/635 cases were confirmed as benign but there were 9 discordant cases. Among the other cases histopathology diagnosis of malignancy matched in 66/68 and 11/21 cases. Diagnosis correlated in 703/724 cases (97%) [p<0.001].False positive and false negative rates were 1.9% and 10.5%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity were 89.5% and 98%, respectively. The positive predictive value was 84.6% and negative predictive value was 98.6%. Accuracy of FNA was 97%.ConclusionIn spite of high accuracy of FNAC in differentiating between a benign and malignant lesion, certain pitfalls should be kept in mind. The common false negative diagnoses were follicular pattern cases which constitute a ‘gray zone’, cystic papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and papillary microcarcinoma. The reason for false positive diagnoses was the occurrence of nuclear features characteristic of PTC in other thyroid lesions. Awareness of pathologist regarding these pitfalls can minimize false negative/positive diagnoses
Budhan Stories S2E4: Corona, Snakes and Vaccine
No full textEpisode 4 of Season 2 - Corona, Snakes and Vaccine episode explores traditional snake charmer communities; who lives in small hamlets in forest area. The Madari tribe is a nomadic tribe and they normally follow their own traditional medicines and are reluctant to use allopathic medicines. Madari tribe people were very reluctant to take vaccination because they believed that it is a way to reduce the population and people would die after the vaccination. So such a wonderful people, clever but extremely traditional faced Corona in their own ways.Created (Author) by: Chetna Rathid. Participants: Budhan Theatre, Dakxin Chhara, Atish Indrekar, Ruchika Kodekar, Chetna Rathod, Kushal Batunge, Keyur Bajrange, Anish Garange, Siddharth Garange, Alice Tilche, Akshay Khanna, Yashodara Udupa, Anshul Agrawal, Ankita Jain, Babunath Madari, Sonaben Madari, Nainnath Madari.Supplementary materials include short clips, photographs, poster and subtitles.</p
An analysis of trends of incidence and cytohistological correlation of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland with evaluation of discordant cases
No full textBackground: The role of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in thyroid nodules has been well-studied but there is a paucity of studies solely involving papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The diagnostic criteria for PTC are established but still there is a worrisome possibility of false positive and false-negative results, which can have a serious impact on patient care. This article correlates the cytological and histological diagnosis of PTC with an eventual aim of analyzing the cause of false positive and false negative results in order to prevent misdiagnosis. An increase in the incidence of PTC in the younger population has been noted.
Aims: To analyze the epidemiological trends and cytohistological correlation of PTC and evaluate the discordant cases and pitfalls of FNAC.
Materials and Methods: Seventy-two cases who had undergone both FNAC and histopathological examination (HPE) of the thyroid gland were selected. Age and sex distribution as well as cytohistological correlation were done for all the cases.
Results: Cytohistological correlation was 81.94%. False positives were 5.56% and the false negative rate was 13.2%. Sensitivity was 86.7% and the positive predictive value was 93.6%. The peak age was 31-40 years among females and 41-60 years among males. Seven of our patients were <20 years of age (10%).
Conclusion: FNAC is an indispensible tool for the early diagnosis of PTC. However, certain conditions of the thyroid gland can cause diagnostic dilemma. Awareness of pathologists regarding these pitfalls can prevent misdiagnosis and provide better patient care. Increasing the incidence of PTC with a more striking increase in the younger population makes early diagnosis all the more important owing to better prognosis in this age group
Optimization and Performance Analysis of Linear Dispersive STBC Codes with Different Estimators
No full textM.E. (ECED)The Linear Dispersion Codes, a type of STBC, have been of great importance nowadays, as they subsume the important characteristics of the STBC codes and have decoding simplicity of VBLAST codes. These codes perform well in case of both Ergodic capacity and the error probability. The salient advantage of the code is its ability to get designed for any configuration of transmit and receive antennas, codeword lengths and rate. It is for this reason that we extend our work on the optimization of these codes in the thesis work.
We considered a flat fading, open loop MIMO communication scheme where the transmitter having multiple antennas encodes the desired message signal into codeword matrix using an Optimized Linear Dispersion encoder. The designing and optimization of the encoder has been inspired from the different design methods. Non vanishing determinant property has been employ-yed to check whether it obtains an optimal diversity trade-off. The codes designed have been verified to satisfy NVD property. Further, Rank and determinant criteria has been obtained for the Integer Forcing receiver and used to optimize the encoder matrix.
The performance of the optimized Linear dispersive Encoder has been evaluated using the Sphere Decoder and has been compared with different estimators such as Zero Forcing, MMSE receivers. A new decoding scheme, Integer forcing equalization scheme has been combined with the Encoder to efficiently estimate the codeword matrix. Monte Carlo simulations were used to compare its performance with other linear estimators and decoders, in terms of bit error probability. It has been observed that the designed model achieves better performance as compared to conventional linear receivers and have lower complexity than that of the Sphere Decoder.Electronics and Communication Engineering, Thapar University, Patial
To study the linear and nonlinear optical properties of Se-Te-Bi-Sn/PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) nanocomposites
No full textForeign Body Management in The Maxillary Central Incisor of a Teenage Girl: A Case Report
No full textFinding a foreign body lodged in the tooth structure of a tooth is quite uncommon occurrence and requires skill to remove the same. Its extraction requires a detailed case history followed by clinical, and radiographic examination to ascertain the size, position, and nature of the embedded objects so that the difficulty involved in its retrieval can be assessed. At times due to fear, a child hesitates from informing the parent regarding the lodgement and may only do so when one experiences pain. There is a great possibility that the foreign objects may act as a potential source of infection and lead to undesirable consequences. This case report will discuss the lodgement, retrieval and management of foreign object (tip of lead pencil) in the maxillary left central incisor of female teenager aged 16 years
Zirconium(IV)-modified silica gel: Preparation, characterization and catalytic activity in the synthesis of some biologically important molecules
No full textOxidative bromination reaction using Cu2+-perfluorophthalocyanine-immobilized silica gel catalyst under mild reaction conditions
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