8 research outputs found
BMC Public Health
No full textBackgroundAntibiotics are essential to treat for many childhood bacterial infections; however inappropriate antibiotic use contributes to antimicrobial resistance. For childhood diarrhea, empiric antibiotic use is recommended for dysentery (bloody diarrhea) for which first-line therapy is ciprofloxacin. We assessed inappropriate antibiotic prescription for childhood diarrhea in two primary healthcare facilities in Kenya.MethodsWe analyzed data from the Kenya Population Based Infectious Disease Surveillance system in Asembo (rural, malaria-endemic) and Kibera (urban slum, non-malaria-endemic). We examined records of children aged 2\u201359\u2009months with diarrhea ( 653 loose stools in 24\u2009h) presenting for care from August 21, 2009 to May 3, 2016, excluding visits with non-diarrheal indications for antibiotics. We examined the frequency of antibiotic over-prescription (antibiotic prescription for non-dysentery), under-prescription (no antibiotic prescription for dysentery), and inappropriate antibiotic selection (non-recommended antibiotic). We examined factors associated with over-prescription and under-prescription using multivariate logistic regression with generalized estimating equations.ResultsOf 2808 clinic visits with diarrhea in Asembo, 2685 (95.6%) were non-dysentery visits and antibiotic over-prescription occurred in 52.5%. Of 4697 clinic visits with diarrhea in Kibera, 4518 (96.2%) were non-dysentery and antibiotic over-prescription occurred in 20.0%. Antibiotic under-prescription was noted in 26.8 and 73.7% of dysentery cases in Asembo and Kibera, respectively. Ciprofloxacin was used for 11% of dysentery visits in Asembo and 0% in Kibera. Factors associated with over- and under-prescription varied by site. In Asembo a discharge diagnosis of gastroenteritis was associated with over-prescription (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]:8.23, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 3.68\u201318.4), while malaria diagnosis was negatively associated with antibiotic over-prescription (aOR 0.37, 95%CI: 0.25\u20130.54) but positively associated with antibiotic under-prescription (aOR: 1.82, 95%CI: 1.05\u20133.13). In Kibera, over-prescription was more common among visits with concurrent signs of respiratory infection (difficulty breathing; aOR: 3.97, 95%CI: 1.28\u201312.30, cough: aOR: 1.42, 95%CI: 1.06\u20131.90) and less common among children aged <\u20091\u2009year (aOR: 0.82, 95%CI: 0.71\u20130.94).ConclusionsInappropriate antibiotic prescription was common in childhood diarrhea management and efforts are needed to promote rational antibiotic use. Interventions to improve antibiotic use for diarrhea should consider the influence of malaria diagnosis on clinical decision-making and address both over-prescription, under-prescription, and inappropriate antibiotic selection.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-019-6771-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users
PLoS One
No full textThere is a theoretical risk of adverse events following immunization with a preservative-free, 2-dose vial formulation of 10-valent-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10). We set out to measure this risk. Four population-based surveillance sites in Kenya (total annual birth cohort of 11,500 infants) were used to conduct a 2-year post-introduction vaccine safety study of PCV10. Injection-site abscesses occurring within 7 days following vaccine administration were clinically diagnosed in all study sites (passive facility-based surveillance) and, also, detected by caregiver-reported symptoms of swelling plus discharge in two sites (active household-based surveillance). Abscess risk was expressed as the number of abscesses per 100,000 injections and was compared for the second vs first vial dose of PCV10 and for PCV10 vs pentavalent vaccine (comparator). A total of 58,288 PCV10 injections were recorded, including 24,054 and 19,702 identified as first and second vial doses, respectively (14,532 unknown vial dose). The risk ratio for abscess following injection with the second (41 per 100,000) vs first (33 per 100,000) vial dose of PCV10 was 1.22 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37-4.06). The comparator vaccine was changed from a 2-dose to 10-dose presentation midway through the study. The matched odds ratios for abscess following PCV10 were 1.00 (95% CI 0.12-8.56) and 0.27 (95% CI 0.14-0.54) when compared to the 2-dose and 10-dose pentavalent vaccine presentations, respectively. In Kenya immunization with PCV10 was not associated with an increased risk of injection site abscess, providing confidence that the vaccine may be safely used in Africa. The relatively higher risk of abscess following the 10-dose presentation of pentavalent vaccine merits further study
Inappropriate use of antibiotics for childhood diarrhea case management — Kenya, 2009–2016
No full textAbstract Background Antibiotics are essential to treat for many childhood bacterial infections; however inappropriate antibiotic use contributes to antimicrobial resistance. For childhood diarrhea, empiric antibiotic use is recommended for dysentery (bloody diarrhea) for which first-line therapy is ciprofloxacin. We assessed inappropriate antibiotic prescription for childhood diarrhea in two primary healthcare facilities in Kenya. Methods We analyzed data from the Kenya Population Based Infectious Disease Surveillance system in Asembo (rural, malaria-endemic) and Kibera (urban slum, non-malaria-endemic). We examined records of children aged 2–59 months with diarrhea (≥3 loose stools in 24 h) presenting for care from August 21, 2009 to May 3, 2016, excluding visits with non-diarrheal indications for antibiotics. We examined the frequency of antibiotic over-prescription (antibiotic prescription for non-dysentery), under-prescription (no antibiotic prescription for dysentery), and inappropriate antibiotic selection (non-recommended antibiotic). We examined factors associated with over-prescription and under-prescription using multivariate logistic regression with generalized estimating equations. Results Of 2808 clinic visits with diarrhea in Asembo, 2685 (95.6%) were non-dysentery visits and antibiotic over-prescription occurred in 52.5%. Of 4697 clinic visits with diarrhea in Kibera, 4518 (96.2%) were non-dysentery and antibiotic over-prescription occurred in 20.0%. Antibiotic under-prescription was noted in 26.8 and 73.7% of dysentery cases in Asembo and Kibera, respectively. Ciprofloxacin was used for 11% of dysentery visits in Asembo and 0% in Kibera. Factors associated with over- and under-prescription varied by site. In Asembo a discharge diagnosis of gastroenteritis was associated with over-prescription (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]:8.23, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 3.68–18.4), while malaria diagnosis was negatively associated with antibiotic over-prescription (aOR 0.37, 95%CI: 0.25–0.54) but positively associated with antibiotic under-prescription (aOR: 1.82, 95%CI: 1.05–3.13). In Kibera, over-prescription was more common among visits with concurrent signs of respiratory infection (difficulty breathing; aOR: 3.97, 95%CI: 1.28–12.30, cough: aOR: 1.42, 95%CI: 1.06–1.90) and less common among children aged < 1 year (aOR: 0.82, 95%CI: 0.71–0.94). Conclusions Inappropriate antibiotic prescription was common in childhood diarrhea management and efforts are needed to promote rational antibiotic use. Interventions to improve antibiotic use for diarrhea should consider the influence of malaria diagnosis on clinical decision-making and address both over-prescription, under-prescription, and inappropriate antibiotic selection
Additional file 1: of Inappropriate use of antibiotics for childhood diarrhea case management — Kenya, 2009–2016
No full textTable S1. and Table S2. Symptoms and signs used to define each non-diarrheal indications for antibiotics among children aged 2–59 months per Integrated Management for Childhood Illness (IMCI) guidelines are shown on Table S1. Data on multivariate analysis for factors associated with antibiotic over-prescription among diarrheal children under 5 years old without dysentery in Western Kenya, Asembo are shown on Table S2. (DOCX 17 kb
Risk of Injection-Site Abscess among Infants Receiving a Preservative-Free, Two-Dose Vial Formulation of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Kenya.
No full textThere is a theoretical risk of adverse events following immunization with a preservative-free, 2-dose vial formulation of 10-valent-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10). We set out to measure this risk. Four population-based surveillance sites in Kenya (total annual birth cohort of 11,500 infants) were used to conduct a 2-year post-introduction vaccine safety study of PCV10. Injection-site abscesses occurring within 7 days following vaccine administration were clinically diagnosed in all study sites (passive facility-based surveillance) and, also, detected by caregiver-reported symptoms of swelling plus discharge in two sites (active household-based surveillance). Abscess risk was expressed as the number of abscesses per 100,000 injections and was compared for the second vs first vial dose of PCV10 and for PCV10 vs pentavalent vaccine (comparator). A total of 58,288 PCV10 injections were recorded, including 24,054 and 19,702 identified as first and second vial doses, respectively (14,532 unknown vial dose). The risk ratio for abscess following injection with the second (41 per 100,000) vs first (33 per 100,000) vial dose of PCV10 was 1.22 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37-4.06). The comparator vaccine was changed from a 2-dose to 10-dose presentation midway through the study. The matched odds ratios for abscess following PCV10 were 1.00 (95% CI 0.12-8.56) and 0.27 (95% CI 0.14-0.54) when compared to the 2-dose and 10-dose pentavalent vaccine presentations, respectively. In Kenya immunization with PCV10 was not associated with an increased risk of injection site abscess, providing confidence that the vaccine may be safely used in Africa. The relatively higher risk of abscess following the 10-dose presentation of pentavalent vaccine merits further study
Risk factors for death among children aged 5–14 years hospitalised with pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study in Kenya
No full textIntroduction There were almost 1 million deaths in children aged between 5 and 14 years in 2017, and pneumonia accounted for 11%. However, there are no validated guidelines for pneumonia management in older children and data to support their development are limited. We sought to understand risk factors for mortality among children aged 5–14 years hospitalised with pneumonia in district-level health facilities in Kenya.Methods We did a retrospective cohort study using data collected from an established clinical information network of 13 hospitals. We reviewed records for children aged 5–14 years admitted with pneumonia between 1 March 2014 and 28 February 2018. Individual clinical signs were examined for association with inpatient mortality using logistic regression. We used existing WHO criteria (intended for under 5s) to define levels of severity and examined their performance in identifying those at increased risk of death.Results 1832 children were diagnosed with pneumonia and 145 (7.9%) died. Severe pallor was strongly associated with mortality (adjusted OR (aOR) 8.06, 95% CI 4.72 to 13.75) as were reduced consciousness, mild/moderate pallor, central cyanosis and older age (>9 years) (aOR >2). Comorbidities HIV and severe acute malnutrition were also associated with death (aOR 2.31, 95% CI 1.39 to 3.84 and aOR 1.89, 95% CI 1.12 to 3.21, respectively). The presence of clinical characteristics used by WHO to define severe pneumonia was associated with death in univariate analysis (OR 2.69). However, this combination of clinical characteristics was poor in discriminating those at risk of death (sensitivity: 0.56, specificity: 0.68, and area under the curve: 0.62).Conclusion Children >5 years have high inpatient pneumonia mortality. These findings also suggest that the WHO criteria for classification of severity for children under 5 years do not appear to be a valid tool for risk assessment in this older age group, indicating the urgent need for evidence-based clinical guidelines for this neglected population
Vaccine Adverse Events in Kenya (VAEIK) study sites.
No full text<p>Map of Kenya showing VAEIK study sites (red circles). Abbreviations: CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; HDSS, Health and Demographic Surveillance System; PBIDS, Population-based Infectious Disease Surveillance Site; KEMRI, Kenya Medical Research Institute. Reprinted from original artist under a CC BY license, with permission from Alan Rubin, original copyright 2013.</p
Pandinurus (Pandipalpus) viatoris, n. sp.
No full textPandinurus (Pandipalpus) viatoris (Pocock, 1890) Scorpio viatoris Pocock, 1890: 100, 101, pl. I, fig. 1. Pandinurus (Pandipalpus) bartolozii Rossi, 2015a: 10, 11, 22–26, 28, 37, 40, 42, 55, 65, table 2, figs. 46–56, 125, syn. nov. Pandinurus (Pandipalpus) flagellicauda Rossi, 2015a: 10, 11, 22–25, 28, 29, 34, 37, 39, 41, 56, 65, table 2, figs. 57–66, 125, syn. nov. Pandinurus (Pandipalpus) lorenzoi Rossi, 2015a: 10, 11, 13, 23, 25, 26, 29, 37, 40, 42, 58, 65, table 2, figs. 74–80, 125, syn. nov. Pandinurus (Pandipalpus) pantinii Rossi, 2015a: 10, 11, 26, 27, 37, 39, 41, 60, 65, table 2, figs. 90–98, 125, syn. nov. Pandinurus (Pandipalpus) pygmaeus Rossi, 2015a: 10, 11, 26, 28, 29, 36, 39, 41, 61, 65, table 1, figs. 99–105, 125, syn. nov. TYPE MATERIAL: Scorpio viatoris: Holotype ♂ (BMNH 1890.4.15.1) [examined], “East Africa” [probably Malawi or Zambia]. Pandinurus (Pandipalpus) bartolozii: Holotype ♂ (MZUF 1059), allotype ♀ (MZUF 1456), Kolwezi, Shaba, Democratic Republic of the Congo (D. R.C.), ii.1990, D. Mosca. Pandinurus (Pandipalpus) flagellicauda: Holotype ♂ (MZUF 1457), allotype ♀, 4 ♀ paratypes (MZUF 1458), 1 ♂, 1 ♀ paratypes (ARPC 0251, 0252 ex MZUF), Kolwezi, Shaba, D. R.C., ii.1990, D. Mosca. Pandinurus (Pandipalpus) lorenzoi: Holotype ♂ (ARPC 0024), Morogoro, Kigulunyembe, Mt. Uluguru, Tanzania, 18-31.iii.2008. Pandinurus (Pandipalpus) pantinii: Holotype ♂ (MSNB), Balaka, Malawi, xii.2004, E. Ferrario. Pandinurus (Pandipalpus) pygmaeus: Holotype ♀ [subad.] (MSNB), Likasi, S.-E. Shaba, D. R.C., ii.1986, K. Tshikamba. The type locality of P. viatoris is unknown, but the holotype described by Pocock (1888) probably originated from former British colonial territory, either Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) or Nyasaland (now Malawi), rather than former German colonial territory (Tanganyika, now Tanzania) as suggested by Rossi (2015a: 65, fig. 125). There are at present no confirmed records of P. viatoris from Kenya (former British East Africa). DISTRIBUTION: Prendini et al. (2003: 234) discussed putative records of P. viatoris from Zimbabwe, demonstrated that these records actually occur in Zambia, and noted that there are no credible records of Pandinus south of the Zambezi River. Kovařík (2012: 19, fig. 64) did not cite Prendini et al. (2003) and erroneously plotted three points for P. viatoris south of the Zambezi River, one in the extreme north of Zimbabwe (presumably, the specimen erroneously labelled “ Mashonaland ” [ZMB 35310]) and two in Mozambique, corresponding to the approximate locations of Tete and Beira, where this species does not appear to occur based on surveys by the author. Rossi (2015a: 29) discussed the reliability of Kovařík’s (2012) Zimbabwean record, but apparently missed the point about the Zambezi River, as he did not mention the other two localities, and went on to describe a new Pandinurus species allegedly from Messina, in the Limpopo Province of South Africa (see above). REMARKS: Rossi (2015a) described five new species in a new subgenus Pandipalpus, three based on singletons, among them an immature specimen, two from the same locality in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and one from a locality nearby. With one exception, the meristic data (total body length, pedipalp trichobothrial counts, pectinal tooth counts and counts of spiniform macrosetae in the pro- and retroventral rows of the telotarsi) listed as diagnostic for the five species by Rossi (2015a: 23–25, 27, 28, 36, 37, table 1, 2) overlap entirely with one another and with the ranges given for P.viatoris (reproduced here in table 6) with which they are evidently conspecific. The putatively diagnostic difference in total body length between P. pygmaeus and the other species may be dismissed on account of the immaturity of the holotype of the former. As with P. janae, discussed above, Rossi (2015a: 29) mistakenly regarded the holotype of P. pygmaeus to be adult and this assumption formed the basis of his justification for its recognition as a new species: “ Pandinurus (Pandipalpus subgen. n.) pygmaeus n. sp. ha dimensioni minori, 83 mm, contro 100– 125 mm.” It is, however, clear from Rossi’s (2015a: 28, 36, 61, table 1) meristic data and figures 99–105 that the holotype of P. pygmaeus is immature and that it is conspecific with P.viatoris. The holotypes of P. bartolozii and P. flagellicauda, originally part of the same series of specimens, were previously examined by F. Kovařík (in 1997), considered conspecific, and identified as P. viatoris (Kovařík and Whitman, 2005: 114; Kovařík, 2012: 21). Curiously, Rossi (2015a: 25) appears to have regarded the sympatric occurrence of these specimens as evidence for their distinctiveness, despite the lack of data supporting any possible ecological difference: Pandinurus (Pandipalpus subgen. n.) flagellicauda n. sp. vive in simpatria con la specie Pandinurus (Pandipalpus subgen. n.) bartolozzii n. sp. dalla quale differisce in modo netto. Purtroppo il raccoglitore non ha allegato informazioni ecologiche ai campioni raccolti per cui possiamo solo ipotizzare che le due specie condividano lo stesso ambiente della foresta pluviale. In view of the evidence, the following new synonyms are presented: Pandinurus (Pandipalpus) bartolozii Rossi, 2015 = Pandinurus (Pandipalpus) viatoris (Pocock, 1890), syn. nov.; Pandinurus (Pandipalpus) flagellicauda Rossi, 2015 = Pandinurus (Pandipalpus) viatoris (Pocock, 1890), syn. nov.; Pandinurus (Pandipalpus) lorenzoi Rossi, 2015 = Pandinurus (Pandipalpus) viatoris (Pocock, 1890), syn. nov.; Pandinurus (Pandipalpus) pantinii Rossi, 2015 = Pandinurus (Pandipalpus) viatoris (Pocock, 1890), syn. nov.; Pandinurus (Pandipalpus) pyg- maeus Rossi, 2015 = Pandinurus (Pandipalpus) viatoris (Pocock, 1890), syn. nov. Ongoing research has revealed low levels of genetic divergence between populations of P. viatoris in Malawi and Tanzania, further supporting the conclusion that P. viatoris is a single, panmictic species (L. Prendini, unpublished data). ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED: 1 subad. ♀ (AMNH). DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: Haut-Katanga Prov.: Lukafu, 10°31′S 027°33′E, 1930, G.F. de Witte, 1 ♀ (MRAC 61.608 old 23.806), 6–22.xii.1930, G.F. de Witte, 3 juv. ♀ (MRAC 23.970–972), 1 juv. ♂, 2 juv. ♀ (MRAC 23.973–975); Monasterie N.O. de Béthanie [04°24′S 019°19′E], Katanga, 10°00′S 027°00′E, 1947, R. R. Soeurs, 1 ♂ (MRAC 57.722). Haut-Lomami Prov.: Bukama, 09°12′S 025°51′E, 1937, P. Brien, 1 ex. (MRAC 168.782); Kabongo, 07°20′S 025°35′E, 1952, Dierkx, 1 ♀ (MRAC 73.615); Kamina [08°44′S 024°59′E], Luabo [09°03′S 024°47′E], 1949, Ecole Normale, 1 ♀ (MRAC 65.801); Kisanga [06°51′S 024°10′E], Kele [06°55′S 023°10′E], Katanga, 1959, R.F.A. van Oost, 5 ex. (MRAC 207.425). Lualaba Prov.: Muema, 10°25′S 024°49′E, 1927, A. Bayet, 3 ♂, 2 juv. (MRAC 130.812), 3 ex. (MRAC 130.813). Zilo [10°30′S 025°28′E], Shaba, v.1991, 1 ♂ (NHRM [JF, 57]). Maniema Prov.: Misosa [?Musasa, 03°53′S 026°49′E], vii.1939, H.J. Bredo, 13 ex. (MRAC 57.597–610), 19 ex. (MRAC 57.611–630), 19 ex. (MRAC 57.631–650). North Kivu Prov.: Beni, 00°29′N 029°28′E, Lisfrane, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (MRAC 57.743). Tanganyika Prov.: Tanganika, J. Hecq, 1 ♂ (MRAC 130.814); Baudouinville [Kirungu], 07°02′S 029°47′E, iii.1954, H. Bomans, 1 juv. (MRAC 78.968). KENYA: Rifl Valley Prov.: Narok Distr.: S Guaso Nejiro, Toita plains, 1 subad. ♀ (USNM). MALAWI: Southern (Blantyre) Region: Mangochi Distr.: Fort Johnston [Mangochi, 14°29′S 035°16′E], Sir Alfred, 1 ♂ (TM 17462 ex AM 2179); Mangochi [14°28′S 035°16′E], Rift Valley 1 ♂ (AMNH); Monkey Bay [14°03′S 034°55′E], 14.vii.1975, D. Eccles, 1 ♀ (AMNH [AH 204]), 3 juv. ♂ (AMNH [AH 191, 192, 230]), 2 juv. ♀ (AMNH [AH 229, 231]), 19.vi.1975, D. Eccles, found in burrow with mother, 1 juv. ♂, 1 juv. ♀ (AMNH), 23.xii.1993, C. R. Owen, 1 juv. ♂, 1 juv. ♀ (NHRM [JF 140]); Monkey Bay, ca. 1 km S on road S128 to Mangochi, 14°06′25″S 034°55′01″E, 13.xii.2007, L. Prendini & W. R. Schmidt, 485 m, mesic savanna (Miombo Woodland) on flat plain with low granite/dolerite koppies (plains in between), coarse sandy-loam soils, UV light detection on warm, dark (overcast), humid night after rain, sitting motionless on soil surface near base of tree, 1 ♂ (AMNH), [leg] (AMCC [LP 8025]). Zomba Distr.: Chinsewu Village, 20.5 km W Zomba on Namadidi Road, 15°19′20″S 35°11′28″E, 11–14. xii.2007, L. Prendini, W. R. Schmidt & R. Mbaya, 584 m, mesic savanna (Miombo Woodland) remnants on flat plain in old lands (subsistence agriculture/hoed fields of maize) in between freshly-hoed lands, well-drained sandy/clayey-loam soil, excavated from burrows in open ground and at base of bushes, burrows often multi-entranced, with several individuals (mixed sex and age) occupying same burrow, 13 ♂, 14 ♀, 6 subad. ♂, 9 subad. ♀, 21 juv. ♂, 20 juv. ♀ (AMNH), 2 juv. ♀ (AMCC [LP 8026]). MOZAMBIQUE: Chifurubasi, iv–v.1905, W. Tiesler, 1 ♂ (ZMB 1092/05). Nampula Prov.: Nampula Distr.: Nampula Mountain [Nampula, 15°07′S 39°16′E, iii.1976, K. Groseh, 1 ♀ (NM 10984). Zambézia Prov.: Gurué Distr.: Lioma [15°10′S 036°48′E], 22.ii.2001, C. R. Owen, 1 ♀ (NHRM [JF 110]), 1 subad. ♂ (NHRM [JF 112]), 28.ii.2001, C. R. Owen, 1 ♀ (NHRM [JF 111]). TANZANIA: Imported for pet trade, probably Serengeti area, 1994, ex M. Scharmach, 2 ♂, 1 subad. ♀, 1 juv. ♂ (AMNH [LP 332]), 2 ♂ (AMNH [LP 337]), 1 ♂ (AMCC 101704 [LP 1557]). Arusha Prov.: Karatu Distr.: Karatu, 03°21.177′S 035°48.871′E, 6.viii.2015, M. Roppo, 1264 m, 1 juv. [leg] (AMCC [LP 13453]). Dodoma Prov.: Kondoa Distr.: Kath Mission, Kwa Mtoro [05°14′S 035°26′E], Ussandawi, i–ii.1912, Dr. E. Obst, 1 ♂, 2 ♀, 1 subad. ♀ (ZMH). Lindi Prov.: Kilwa Distr.: Mbarawala Plateaux, 09°02.374′S 039°07.206′E, 29.ii–4.iii.2008, P. Hawkes, 270 m, 1 ♂ (AMNH). Liwale Distr.: Liwale [09°08′S 038°17′E], iv.1948, C.P.J. Iomides, 1 ♂ (NMK 295). Mara Prov.: Serengeti Distr.: Serengeti, 1 ♀ (NMK 298), x.1949, 1 ♂ (NMK 296), ii.1959, 1 juv. ♂ (NMK 297 old 42). Seren- geti National Park, Wandamu Kopjes, 02°29.441′S 034°55.367′E, 1.viii.2015, M. Roppo, 1523 m, 1 juv. [leg] (AMCC [LP 13452]). Rukwa Prov.: Mpanda Distr.: Lake Tanganyika, Smithsonian Institution African Expedition, 1 ♂ (USNM 156/396); Mpanda town, 06°30′S 031°30′E, xii.1980, K.M. Howell, 1 ♀ (MRAC 159.310). Singida Prov.: Singida Distr.: Mangasini [04°53′S 034°09′E], 14.xii.1929, A. Loveridge, 2 ♂, 1 ♀ (MCZ 15573); Usandawi, 1929–1930, Fliegner, 1 ♀ (ZMB 146D/33); Usandawi, Mangasini [04°53′S 034°09′E], 13.xii.1929, A. Loveridge, 1 juv. ♀ (MCZ 15572). ZAMBIA: Eastern Prov.: Chipata Distr.: Chief Sayiri area, 30 mi. from Fort Jameson [Chipata, 13°38′S 032°39′E], 6–18.i.1965, V.J. Wilson, 2 ♂, 2 subad. ♂, 2 subad. ♀, 1 juv. ♂ (NM 9090); Fort Jameson, V.L. Wilson, 2 ♂, 2 ♀ (NM 18772), i.1965, V.J. Wilson, 1 ♂ (TM 17461). Northern Prov.: Mpulungu Distr.: Mpulungu, 08°46′S 031°08′E, 1994, P.D. Plisnier, 1 ♂ (MRAC 209.525). ERRONEOUS RECORD: Mashonaland [Zimbabwe], 1893, R. Bartels, 1 ex. (ZMB 35310 old 1247/1911).Published as part of Prendini, Lorenzo, 2016, Redefinition And Systematic Revision Of The East African Scorpion Genus Pandinoides (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae) With Critique Of The Taxonomy Of Pandinus, Sensu Lato, pp. 1-66 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2016 (407) on pages 59-62, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090-407.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/461273
