671 research outputs found
Author Reading: Amy Haddad, PhD
No full textDr. Haddad read from her poetry collection, An Otherwise Healthy Woman.
Dr. Haddad is a poet, nurse, and educator at Creighton University where she now holds the rank of Professor Emerita. Her poetry and short stories have been published in the American Journal of Nursing, Janus Head, Journal of Medical Humanities, Touch, Bellevue Literary Review, Pulse, Persimmon Tree, Annals of Internal Medicine, Aji Magazine, DASH, Oberon Poetry Magazine, and the anthologies Between the Heart Beats and Intensive Care: More Poetry and Prose by Nurses from University of Iowa Press, and Stories of Illness and Healing: Women Write Their Bodies from Kent State University Press. Her poetry chapbook, The Geography of Kitchens, was published by Finishing Line Press in 2021. The University of Nebraska Press is publishing her first poetry collection, An Otherwise Healthy Woman, in 2022. She is also an alumna of the University of Nebraska Medical Center’s College of Nursing.https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/mcgoogan_lectures/1003/thumbnail.jp
On the closed form of the covariance matrix and its inverse of the causal arma process
No full textDerivation of the theoretical autocovariance function of a causal autoregressive moving-average process of order (p, q), ARMA(p, q), when q ≥ 1 is considered. A recursive relationship is established between the covariance matrices of an ARMA(p, q) process and its associated ARMA(p, q-1) process. The obtained recursion is shown to produce the inverse of the covariance matrix and its determinant. Moreover, the introduced method can be easily implemented in any programming environment.ANDERSON TW, 1977, J MULTIVARIATE ANAL, V7, P584, DOI 10.1016-0047-259X(77)90069-0; Box GEP, 1976, TIME SERIES ANAL; Brockwell P. J., 1987, TIME SERIES THEORY M; Choi BS, 1992, ARMA MODEL IDENTIFIC; Durbin J., 1960, REV INT STATIST I, V28, P233, DOI DOI 10.2307-1401322; HADDAD JN, 1995, J TIME SER ANAL, V16, P551, DOI 10.1111-j.1467-9892.1995.tb00254.x; Haddad JN, 1998, COMMUN STAT-SIMUL C, V27, P617, DOI 10.1080-03610919808813499; VANDERLEEUW J, 1994, J ECONOMETRICS, V63, P397, DOI 10.1016-0304-4076(94)90032-9910
Redox and oxidant-mediated regulation of apoptosis signaling pathways: immuno-pharmaco-redox conception of oxidative siege versus cell death commitment
No full textThe mechanisms controlling apoptosis remain largely obscure. Because apoptosis is an integral part of the developmental program and is frequently the end-result of a temporal course of cellular events, it is referred to as programmed cell death. While there is considerable variation in the signals and requisite cellular metabolic events necessary to induce apoptosis in diverse cell types, the morphological features associated with apoptosis are highly conserved. Free radicals, particularly reactive oxygen species (ROS), have been proposed as common mediators for apoptosis. Many agents that induce apoptosis are either oxidants or stimulators of cellular oxidative metabolism. Conversely, many inhibitors of apoptosis have antioxidant activities or enhance cellular antioxidant defenses. Mammalian cells, therefore, exist in a state of oxidative siege in which survival requires an optimum balance of oxidants and antioxidants. The respiratory tract is subjected to a variety of environmental stresses, including oxidizing agents, particulates and airborne microorganisms that, together, may injure structural and functional lung components and thereby jeopardize the primary lung function of gas exchange. To cope with this challenge, the lung has developed elaborate defense mechanisms that include inflammatory-immune pathways as well as efficient antioxidant defense systems. In the absence of adequate antioxidant defenses, the damage produced is detected by the cell leading to the activation of genes responsible for the regulation of apoptosis, conceivably through stress-responsive transcription factors. Oxidative stress, in addition, may cause a shift in cellular redox state, which thereby modifies the nature of the stimulatory signal and which results in cell death as opposed to proliferation. ROS-redox modifications, therefore, may disrupt signal transduction pathways, can be perceived as abnormal and, under some conditions, may trigger apoptosis. © 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.Adams JM, 1998, SCIENCE, V281, P1322, DOI 10.1126-science.281.5381.1322; Anuradha CD, 2001, FREE RADICAL BIO MED, V31, P367, DOI 10.1016-S0891-5849(01)00591-3; Aoshiba K, 1999, AM J RESP CELL MOL, V21, P54; Bamford M, 2000, EXP CELL RES, V256, P1, DOI 10.1006-excr.2000.4837; Baran J, 1998, INT J MOL MED, V1, P573; Battistuzzi G, 2001, ANTIOXID REDOX SIGN, V3, P279, DOI 10.1089-152308601300185232; Bedi A, 1998, APOPTOSIS, V3, P237, DOI 10.1023-A:1009648824027; Blackstone NW, 1999, BIOESSAYS, V21, P84, DOI 10.1002-(SICI)1521-1878(199901)21:184::AID-BIES113.3.CO;2-S; Blatt NB, 2001, BIOORGAN MED CHEM, V9, P1371, DOI 10.1016-S0968-0896(01)00041-4; Boggs SE, 1998, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V247, P229, DOI 10.1006-bbrc.1998.8765; BUTTKE TM, 1994, IMMUNOL TODAY, V15, P7, DOI 10.1016-0167-5699(94)90018-3; Cai JY, 2000, FREE RADICAL BIO MED, V29, P334, DOI 10.1016-S0891-5849(00)00312-9; CAMPICHE MA, 1963, PEDIATRICS, V36, P976; Cappelletti G, 1998, CELL BIOL INT, V22, P671, DOI 10.1006-cbir.1998.0305; Carmody RJ, 2001, REDOX REP, V6, P77, DOI 10.1179-135100001101536085; Cohen GM, 1997, BIOCHEM J, V326, P1; Comhair SAA, 2001, FASEB J, V15, P70, DOI 10.1096-fj.00-0085com; De Flora S, 2001, CARCINOGENESIS, V22, P999, DOI 10.1093-carcin-22.7.999; DORSCHEID DR, 2001, AM J RESP CRIT CARE, V164, P139; Edwards YS, 2001, COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A, V129, P245, DOI 10.1016-S1095-6433(01)00321-X; Ellerby LM, 1996, J NEUROCHEM, V67, P1259; Evans MJ, 2001, EXP LUNG RES, V27, P401, DOI 10.1080-019021401300317125; Fehrenbach H, 2001, RESPIR RES, V2, P33, DOI 10.1186-rr36; FERNANDES RS, 1994, BIOCHEM PHARMACOL, V48, P675, DOI 10.1016-0006-2952(94)90044-2; Fine A, 2000, AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C, V279, pL423; Finkel T, 2000, FEBS LETT, V476, P52, DOI 10.1016-S0014-5793(00)01669-0; FISCHER S, 2000, AM J RESP CRIT CARE, V162, P132; Franek WR, 2001, J BIOL CHEM, V276, P569; Freeman BA, 1993, RES REP HLTH EFF I, V54, p[1, 31]; Gastman BR, 2001, HEAD NECK-J SCI SPEC, V23, P409, DOI 10.1002-hed.1052; Ghibelli L, 1998, FASEB J, V12, P479; Giles GI, 2001, FREE RADICAL BIO MED, V31, P1279, DOI 10.1016-S0891-5849(01)00710-9; Goossens V, 1999, ANTIOXID REDOX SIGN, V1, P285, DOI 10.1089-ars.1999.1.3-285; Haddad J J, 2001, Curr Opin Investig Drugs, V2, P1070; Haddad JJ, 2002, CELL SIGNAL, V14, P799; Haddad JJ, 2002, EUR CYTOKINE NETW, V13, P250; Haddad JJ, 2001, FEBS LETT, V505, P269, DOI 10.1016-S0014-5793(01)02833-2; Haddad JJ, 2003, CRIT CARE, V7, P47, DOI 10.1186-cc1840; Haddad JJ, 2002, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V293, P252, DOI 10.1016-S0006-291X(02)00213-9; Haddad JJ, 2002, BIOCHEM PHARMACOL, V63, P305, DOI 10.1016-S0006-2952(01)00870-X; Haddad JJ, 2002, CRIT CARE, V6, P481, DOI 10.1186-cc1839; Haddad JJ, 2003, CELL SIGNAL, V15, P255, DOI 10.1016-S0898-6568(02)00075-X; Haddad JJ, 2002, J NEUROIMMUNOL, V133, P1, DOI 10.1016-S0165-5728(02)00357-0; Haddad JJ, 2002, ANTIOXID REDOX SIGN, V4, P179, DOI 10.1089-152308602753625942; Haddad JJ, 2002, AM J RESP CELL MOL, V26, P114; Haddad JJ, 2002, CYTOKINE, V17, P301, DOI 10.1006-cyto.2002.1017; Haddad JJ, 2002, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V291, P1045, DOI 10.1006-bbrc.2002.6556; Haddad JJ, 2000, CYTOKINES CELL MOL T, V6, P177; Haddad JJ, 2002, INT IMMUNOPHARMACOL, V2, P1567, DOI 10.1016-S1567-5769(02)00117-0; HADDAD JJ, 2001, CYTOKINES CELL MOL T, V7, P1; Haddad JJE, 2001, CYTOKINE, V13, P138, DOI 10.1006-cyto.2000.0789; Haddad JJE, 2001, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V281, P311, DOI 10.1006-bbrc.2001.4350; Haddad JJE, 2001, J PHARMACOL EXP THER, V296, P996; Haddad JJE, 2001, BRIT J PHARMACOL, V133, P49, DOI 10.1038-sj.bjp.0704041; Haddad JJE, 2000, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V274, P500, DOI 10.1006-bbrc.2000.3155; Haddad JJE, 2000, J BIOL CHEM, V275, P21130, DOI 10.1074-jbc.M000737200; Haddad JJE, 2000, AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C, V278, pL492; Haddad JJE, 2000, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V271, P257, DOI 10.1006-bbrc.2000.2607; Haddad JJE, 2001, BIOCHEM J, V355, P29; Hall AG, 1999, EUR J CLIN INVEST, V29, P238; Hampton MB, 1998, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V854, P328, DOI 10.1111-j.1749-6632.1998.tb09913.x; Hancock JT, 2001, FREE RADICAL BIO MED, V31, P697, DOI 10.1016-S0891-5849(01)00646-3; Hayes JD, 1999, FREE RADICAL RES, V31, P273, DOI 10.1080-10715769900300851; HOCKENBERY DM, 1993, CELL, V75, P241, DOI 10.1016-0092-8674(93)80066-N; IGNARRO LJ, 1991, BIOCHEM PHARMACOL, V41, P485, DOI 10.1016-0006-2952(91)90618-F; Ilizarov AM, 2001, AM J RESP CELL MOL, V24, P436; Jyonouchi H, 1999, APOPTOSIS, V4, P407, DOI 10.1023-A:1009607607603; KANE DJ, 1993, SCIENCE, V262, P1274, DOI 10.1126-science.8235659; Kannan K, 2000, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, V7, P153, DOI DOI 10.1016-S0928-4680(00)00053-5; Kaufmann SH, 2001, TRENDS CELL BIOL, V11, P526, DOI 10.1016-S0962-8924(01)02173-0; Kazzaz JA, 1996, J BIOL CHEM, V271, P15182; Kehrer JP, 2000, TERATOLOGY, V62, P235, DOI 10.1002-1096-9926(200010)62:4235::AID-TERA113.0.CO;2-3; KERR JFR, 1972, BRIT J CANCER, V26, P239, DOI 10.1038-bjc.1972.33; KERR JFR, 1971, J PATHOL, V105, P13, DOI 10.1002-path.1711050103; Kidd VJ, 1998, ANNU REV PHYSIOL, V60, P533, DOI 10.1146-annurev.physiol.60.1.533; Kim PKM, 2001, INT IMMUNOPHARMACOL, V1, P1421, DOI 10.1016-S1567-5769(01)00088-1; KIRKLAND RA, 2001, J NEUROSCI, V21, P149; Kitamura Y, 2001, AM J RESP CRIT CARE, V163, P762; Kline JN, 1999, AM J RESP CRIT CARE, V160, P297; Kuwano K, 1996, AM J RESP CRIT CARE, V154, P477; Latham P, 2001, GUT, V49, P97, DOI 10.1136-gut.49.1.97; Li HL, 1999, CURR OPIN CELL BIOL, V11, P261; Lopaczynski W, 2001, NUTR RES, V21, P295, DOI 10.1016-S0271-5317(00)00288-8; MacNee W, 2001, TRENDS MOL MED, V7, P55, DOI 10.1016-S1471-4914(01)01912-8; MacNee W, 2001, EUR J PHARMACOL, V429, P195, DOI 10.1016-S0014-2999(01)01320-6; MACNEE W, 1999, J RESP CRIT CARE MED, V160, pS58; Mantell LL, 2000, MOL GENET METAB, V71, P359, DOI 10.1006-mgme.2000.3046; McGrath-Morrow SA, 2001, AM J RESP CELL MOL, V25, P150; Meplan C, 2000, BIOCHEM PHARMACOL, V59, P25, DOI 10.1016-S0006-2952(99)00297-X; Mignotte B, 1998, EUR J BIOCHEM, V252, P1, DOI 10.1046-j.1432-1327.1998.2520001.x; Mirkovic N, 1997, ONCOGENE, V15, P1461, DOI 10.1038-sj.onc.1201310; Muzykantov VR, 2001, ANTIOXID REDOX SIGN, V3, P39, DOI 10.1089-152308601750100489; Ohse T, 2001, J INORG BIOCHEM, V85, P201, DOI 10.1016-S0162-0134(01)00187-8; O'Reilly MA, 1998, AM J RESP CELL MOL, V19, P777; O'Reilly MA, 1998, AM J RESP CELL MOL, V18, P43; Otterbein LE, 1998, AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C, V275, pL14; Pacher P, 2001, EMBO J, V20, P4107, DOI 10.1093-emboj-20.15.4107; Pan ZH, 1999, CELL DEATH DIFFER, V6, P683, DOI 10.1038-sj.cdd.4400544; Piwocka K, 2001, FREE RADICAL BIO MED, V31, P670, DOI 10.1016-S0891-5849(01)00629-3; Rahman I, 2000, FREE RADICAL BIO MED, V28, P1405, DOI 10.1016-S0891-5849(00)00215-X; Rahman I, 2000, THORAX, V55, P189, DOI 10.1136-thorax.55.3.189; Rahman I, 1999, FREE RADICAL BIO MED, V27, P60, DOI 10.1016-S0891-5849(99)00035-0; Rahman I, 2000, EUR RESPIR J, V16, P534, DOI 10.1034-j.1399-3003.2000.016003534.x; Rahman I, 2001, BIOCHEM PHARMACOL, V62, P787, DOI 10.1016-S0006-2952(01)00702-X; Rahman I, 1999, AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C, V277, pL1067; ROSE MS, 1974, NATURE, V252, P314, DOI 10.1038-252314b0; Saikumar P, 1999, AM J MED, V107, P489, DOI 10.1016-S0002-9343(99)00259-4; Saitoh M, 1998, EMBO J, V17, P2596, DOI 10.1093-emboj-17.9.2596; Sastre J, 2000, IUBMB LIFE, V49, P427; Schafer FQ, 2001, FREE RADICAL BIO MED, V30, P1191, DOI 10.1016-S0891-5849(01)00480-4; SCRAPELLI EM, 1998, ANAT REC, V251, P491; Sen CK, 2001, ENVIRON TOXICOL PHAR, V10, P215, DOI 10.1016-S1382-6689(01)00085-0; Sies H, 1999, FREE RADICAL BIO MED, V27, P916, DOI 10.1016-S0891-5849(99)00177-X; Simon HU, 2000, APOPTOSIS, V5, P415, DOI 10.1023-A:1009616228304; Sinibaldi F, 2001, EUR J BIOCHEM, V268, P4537, DOI 10.1046-j.1432-1327.2001.02373.x; SIONI Y, 2001, CLIN CANCER RES, V7, P1750; Skulachev VP, 2000, IUBMB LIFE, V49, P365, DOI 10.1080-152165400410209; Soltaninassab SR, 2000, J CELL PHYSIOL, V182, P163, DOI 10.1002-(SICI)1097-4652(200002)182:2163::AID-JCP43.0.CO;2-1; Strasser A, 2000, ANNU REV BIOCHEM, V69, P217, DOI 10.1146-annurev.biochem.69.1.217; Sutherland LM, 2001, COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A, V129, P267, DOI 10.1016-S1095-6433(01)00323-3; Szibor M, 2001, ANTIOXID REDOX SIGN, V3, P515, DOI 10.1089-15230860152409149; Tan SL, 1998, J CELL BIOL, V141, P1423, DOI 10.1083-jcb.141.6.1423; Thannickal VJ, 2000, AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C, V279, pL1005; TSUJIMOTO Y, 1984, SCIENCE, V226, P1097, DOI 10.1126-science.6093263; Ueda S, 1998, J IMMUNOL, V161, P6689; van der Vliet A, 2000, AM J MED, V109, P398, DOI 10.1016-S0002-9343(00)00479-4; VAUX DL, 1988, NATURE, V335, P440, DOI 10.1038-335440a0; VEIS DJ, 1993, CELL, V75, P229, DOI 10.1016-0092-8674(93)80065-M; Voehringer DW, 1998, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V95, P2956, DOI 10.1073-pnas.95.6.2956; Voehringer DW, 1999, FREE RADICAL BIO MED, V27, P945, DOI 10.1016-S0891-5849(99)00174-4; Voehringer DW, 2000, ANTIOXID REDOX SIGN, V2, P537, DOI 10.1089-15230860050192314; Voehringer DW, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P2680, DOI 10.1073-pnas.97.6.2680; Ward C, 2000, BIOCHEM PHARMACOL, V59, P305, DOI 10.1016-S0006-2952(99)00329-9; Wessler I, 1999, TRENDS PHARMACOL SCI, V20, P52, DOI 10.1016-S0165-6147(99)01315-2; Wu KI, 1998, AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C, V275, pL780; Wyllie A H, 1980, Int Rev Cytol, V68, P251; Yang J, 1997, SCIENCE, V275, P1129, DOI 10.1126-science.275.5303.112982898
Hydatid Disease of the Central Nervous System
No full textAlthough hydatid disease is rare, it may come to the attention of neurosurgeons in nonendemic areas either by Internet consultations or by patients traveling to advanced centers for further management. Thus all neurosurgeons should be well informed about this condition. We reviewed our experience and consulted literature to come up with a consensus concerning the pathogenesis, the pathology, diagnosis, and management of hydatid disease of the central nervous system. We provide a comparison of this disease in the brain and the spine. In the brain, it is a disease of childhood and in the spine, of adulthood. The diagnosis in both locations is best made by being aware of the possibility of their occurrence and by imagery. The route of spread to the brain is different from that in the spine. The management of hydatid of the brain may be curative if the principles of management are well applied and adhered to. In the spine, the condition is a very protracted one and may require several surgeries.ABADA M, 1977, NEUROCHIRURGIE, V23, P195; ABOU-DAOUD K T, 1965, J Med Liban, V18, P159; ACQUAVIV.R, 1964, NEURO-CHIR, V10, P649; ALVAREZ F, 1982, SURG NEUROL, V17, P163, DOI 10.1016-0090-3019(82)90267-1; APT WL, 1976, J NEUROSURG, V44, P72, DOI 10.3171-jns.1976.44.1.0072; ARAJ GF, 1977, Z PARASITENKD, V52, P31, DOI 10.1007-BF00380556; ARASIL E, 1978, SURG NEUROL, V9, P9; BAASSIRI A, 1984, AM J NEURORADIOL, V5, P474; BETTAIEB A, 1978, NEUROCHIRURGIE, V24, P205; Boudawara MZ, 1999, NEUROCHIRURGIE, V45, P321; Dew H.R., 1928, HYDATID DIS ITS PATH; ELKHAMLICHI A, 1990, NEUROCHIRURGIE, V36, P312; ERSAHIN Y, 1995, CLIN NEUROL NEUROSUR, V97, P321, DOI 10.1016-0303-8467(95)00052-L; Evliyaoglu C, 1998, NEURORADIOLOGY, V40, P387; FAHL M, 1994, CLIN IMAG, V18, P179, DOI 10.1016-0899-7071(94)90078-7; FRAYHA GJ, 1981, T ROY SOC TROP MED H, V75, P447, DOI 10.1016-0035-9203(81)90118-8; GRISEL P, 1929, REV CHIR ORTHOP REPA, V67, P376; HADDAD FS, 2003, PAN ARAB J NEUROSURG, V7, P33; HADDAD FS, 1997, PAN ARAB J NEUROSURG, V1, P46; HADDAD FS, 1957, ARCH INT HYDATID, V16, P445; HADDAD GF, 2000, CONT NEUROSURG, V22, P1; HERNIGOU P, 1992, REV RHUM, V59, P131; KALAITZOGLOU I, 1997, AM J NEURORADIOL, V18, P1586; KAOUTZANIS M, 1989, ACTA NEUROCHIR WIEN, V98, P660; KARRAY S, 1990, J BONE JOINT SURG BR, V72, P84; KIDDELL RJ, 1969, PATHOLOGY, V11, P129; MICHELI F, 1987, EUR NEUROL, V27, P1, DOI 10.1159-000116120; MILLS TJ, 1956, J BONE JOINT SURG BR, V38, P884; MORSHED AA, 1977, NEUROCHIRURGIA, V20, P211; MURRAY RO, 1959, J BONE JOINT SURG BR, V41, P499; NURCHI G, 1992, NEUROSURGERY, V30, P436; OZEK MM, 1994, PEDIATR NEUROSURG, V20, P84, DOI 10.1159-000120770; PAU A, 1987, SURG NEUROL, V27, P365, DOI 10.1016-0090-3019(87)90014-0; PETER JC, 1994, PEDIATR NEUROSURG, V20, P78, DOI 10.1159-000120769; PORAT S, 1984, SPINE, V9, P648, DOI 10.1097-00007632-198409000-00018; RAO S, 1991, CLIN ORTHOP RELAT R, P164; RAYPORT M, 1964, J NEUROSURG, V21, P647, DOI 10.3171-jns.1964.21.8.0647; RONG SH, 1985, CLIN RADIOL, V36, P301; SCHROEDER AH, 1952, J NERV MENT DIS, V116, P1025, DOI 10.1097-00005053-195212000-00050; Sener RN, 1996, COMPUT MED IMAG GRAP, V20, P395, DOI 10.1016-S0895-6111(96)00055-9; SLIM MS, 1971, J PEDIATR SURG, V6, P440, DOI 10.1016-S0022-3468(71)80005-2; Tizniti S, 2000, J NEURORADIOLOGY, V27, P200; Turgut M, 1997, J NEUROSURG, V86, P714, DOI 10.3171-jns.1997.86.4.071444
Pseudopapillary Granulosa Cell Tumor: A Case of This Rare Subtype
No full textBackground: The pseudopapillary pattern of granulosa cell tumor is rare.
Case:We describe a the case of a 35-year-old woman who presented with an initial diagnosis of papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma
Results: Evaluation, including immunohistochemistry, led to the diagnosis of pseudopapillary granulosa cell tumor.
Conclusion: The pseudopapillary pattern of granulosa cell tumor is rare, and must be suspected in order to utilize appropriate immunohistochemistry and reach the correct diagnosis. Inhibin positivity is particularly helpful.Peer reviewe
L-γ-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine (glutathione; GSH) and GSH-related enzymes in the regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines: A signaling transcriptional scenario for redox(y) immunologic sensor(s)?
No full textOf the antioxidant-prooxidant mechanisms mediating the regulation of inflammatory mediators, particularly cytokines, oxidative stress-related pathways remain a cornerstone. It is conspicuous that there is a strong association between free radical accumulation (ROS-RNS; oxidative stress) and the evolution of inflammation and inflammatory-related responses. The scenario that upholds a consensus on the aforementioned is still evolving to unravel, from an immunologic perspective, the molecular mechanisms associated with ROS-RNS-dependent inflammation. Cytokines are keynote players when it comes to defining an intimate relationship among reduction-oxidation (redox) signals, oxidative stress and inflammation. How close we are to identifying the molecular basis of this intricate association should be weighed against the involvement of specific signaling molecules and, potentially, transcription factors. l-γ-Glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine, or glutathione (GSH), an antioxidant thiol, has shaped, and still is refining, the face of oxidative signaling in terms of regulating the milieu of inflammatory mediators, ostensibly via the modulation (expression-repression) of oxygen- and redox-responsive transcription factors, hence termed redox(y)-sensitive cofactors. When it comes to the arena of oxygen sensing, oxidative stress and inflammation, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) are key players that determine antioxidant-prooxidant responses with oxidative challenge. It is the theme therein to underlie current understanding of the molecular association hanging between oxidative stress and the evolution of inflammation, walked through an elaborate discussion on the role of transcription factors and cofactors. Would that classify glutathione and other redox signaling cofactors as potential anti-inflammatory molecules emphatically remains of particular interest, especially in the light of identifying upstream and downstream molecular pathways for conceiving therapeutic, alleviating strategy for oxidant-mediated, inflammatory-related disease conditions. © 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.Acker T, 2002, J MOL MED-JMM, V80, P562, DOI 10.1007-s00109-002-0355-1; AILLET F, 1994, AIDS RES HUM RETROV, V10, P405, DOI 10.1089-aid.1994.10.405; Akgul C, 2003, CELL MOL LIFE SCI, V60, P2402, DOI 10.1007-s00018-003-3110-z; Albina JE, 2001, AM J PHYSIOL-CELL PH, V281, pC1971; Amano K, 2004, J MOL CELL CARDIOL, V36, P469, DOI 10.1016-j.yjmcc.2004.01.006; Antonicelli F, 2004, AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C, V286, pL1319, DOI 10.1152-ajplung.00329.2003; Antonicelli F, 2002, FREE RADICAL BIO MED, V32, P492, DOI 10.1016-S0891-5849(01)00820-6; Aprelikova O, 2004, J CELL BIOCHEM, V92, P491, DOI 10.1002-jcb.20067; Awasthi S, 2003, INT J CANCER, V106, P635, DOI 10.1002-ijc.11260; Azevedo-Martins AK, 2003, DIABETES, V52, P93, DOI 10.2337-diabetes.52.1.93; Baby SM, 2003, HISTOCHEM CELL BIOL, V120, P343, DOI 10.1007-s00418-003-0588-2; Bacon NCM, 1998, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V249, P811, DOI 10.1006-bbrc.1998.9234; Balamurugan K, 2002, FREE RADICAL BIO MED, V33, P1622, DOI 10.1016-S0891-5849(02)01115-2; Barbieri SS, 2004, FREE RADICAL BIO MED, V37, P156, DOI 10.1016-j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.020; Barrett EG, 1999, TOXICOL APPL PHARM, V158, P211, DOI 10.1006-taap.1999.8716; Bazan NG, 2002, MOL NEUROBIOL, V26, P283, DOI 10.1385-MN:26:2-3:283; Belvisi MG, 2000, EUR RESPIR J, V15, P579, DOI 10.1034-j.1399-3003.2000.15.25.x; Berger AP, 2003, PROSTATE, V57, P57, DOI 10.1002-pros.10279; BERNARD GR, 1991, AM J MED S3C, V91, P54; Berra E, 2003, EMBO J, V22, P4082, DOI 10.1093-emboj-cdg392; Berra E, 2001, EMBO REP, V2, P615, DOI 10.1093-embo-reports-kve130; Berra E, 2001, FEBS LETT, V491, P85, DOI 10.1016-S0014-5793(01)02159-7; Blanchard JA, 2001, DIGEST DIS SCI, V46, P2768; Bogatcheva NV, 2003, J INVEST MED, V51, P341, DOI 10.2310-6650.2003.8947; Bracken CP, 2003, CELL MOL LIFE SCI, V60, P1376, DOI 10.1007-s00018-003-2370-y; Brennan P, 1996, BIOCHEM J, V320, P975; Brigelius-Flohe R, 2004, ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS, V423, P66, DOI 10.1016-j.abb.2003.12.008; BrigeliusFlohe R, 1997, BIOCHEM J, V328, P199; BUNNELL E, 1993, AM REV RESPIR DIS, V148, P174; Cai ZQ, 2003, CIRCULATION, V108, P79, DOI 10.1161-01.CIR.0000078635.89229.8A; Caldwell CC, 2001, J IMMUNOL, V167, P6140; CANTIN AM, 1989, AM REV RESPIR DIS, V139, P370; Carlsen H, 2004, MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M, V551, P199, DOI 10.1016-j.mrfmmm.2004.02.024; Chandrasekar B, 2000, FREE RADICAL BIO MED, V28, P1579, DOI 10.1016-S0891-5849(00)00273-2; Chapman-Smith A, 2004, J BIOL CHEM, V279, P5353, DOI 10.1074-jbc.M310041200; Chapple ILC, 1997, J CLIN PERIODONTOL, V24, P287, DOI 10.1111-j.1600-051X.1997.tb00760.x; Chen CY, 1998, ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS, V356, P127, DOI 10.1006-abbi.1998.0761; Cherbonnier C, 2003, BRIT J CANCER, V89, P1108, DOI 10.1038-sj.bjc.6601223; Chiu H, 2003, AM J PHYSIOL-GASTR L, V285, pG959, DOI 10.1152-ajpgi.00219.2003; Cho S, 1998, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V253, P104, DOI 10.1006-bbrc.1998.9697; Coles BF, 2003, BIOFACTORS, V17, P115; Cramer Thorsten, 2003, Cell Cycle, V2, P192; Csala M, 2003, BIOFACTORS, V17, P27; Czyzyk-Krzeska MF, 2004, TRENDS MOL MED, V10, P146, DOI 10.1016-j.molmed.2004.02.004; Dafre AL, 2003, NEUROSCI LETT, V345, P65, DOI 10.1016-S0304-3940(03)00510-X; Dalle-Donne I, 2003, FREE RADICAL BIO MED, V35, P1185, DOI 10.1016-S0891-5849(03)00504-5; D'Angelo G, 2003, J BIOL CHEM, V278, P38183, DOI 10.1074-jbc.M302244200; D'Angelo G, 2003, J BIOL CHEM, V278, P15406, DOI 10.1074-jbc.M211293200; De C. R., 1995, J CLIN INVEST, V96, P60; Dekhuijzen PNR, 2004, EUR RESPIR J, V23, P629, DOI 10.1183-09031936.04.00016804; Del Corso A, 2002, ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS, V397, P392, DOI 10.1006-abbi.2001.2678; deMello MAR, 1996, BIOCHEM PHARMACOL, V52, P1703, DOI 10.1016-S0006-2952(96)00520-5; Desai A, 1999, LAB INVEST, V79, P837; Desmarquest P, 1998, RESP MED, V92, P951, DOI 10.1016-S0954-6111(98)90195-0; Dickinson DA, 2002, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V973, P488; Dinarello CA, 2002, CLIN EXP RHEUMATOL, V20, pS1; Distler JHW, 2004, ARTHRITIS RHEUM, V50, P10, DOI 10.1002-art.11425; Dong Z, 2001, J BIOL CHEM, V276, P18702, DOI 10.1074-jbc.M011774200; Dopp JM, 2002, NEUROCHEM RES, V27, P1535, DOI 10.1023-A:1021608724117; DOUGLAS KT, 1987, ADV ENZYMOL RAMB, V59, P103; Dringen R, 2003, BIOL CHEM, V384, P505, DOI 10.1515-BC.2003.059; Droge W, 2003, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V543, P191; DROGE W, 1994, FASEB J, V8, P1131; El Awad B, 2000, KIDNEY INT, V58, P43, DOI 10.1046-j.1523-1755.2000.00139.x; Elkins JM, 2003, J BIOL CHEM, V278, P1802, DOI 10.1074-jbc.C200644200; Fakhrzadeh L, 2004, AM J RESP CELL MOL, V30, P280, DOI 10.1165-rcmb.2003-0044OC; Faruqi RM, 1997, AM J PHYSIOL-HEART C, V273, pH817; Fedele Anthony O, 2002, Mol Interv, V2, P229, DOI 10.1124-mi.2.4.229; Fernandez-Checa JC, 2003, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V304, P471, DOI 10.1016-S0006-291X(03)00619-3; Ferrari R, 2004, CURR PHARM DESIGN, V10, P1699, DOI 10.2174-1381612043384718; Fishman M, 2001, EXPERT OPIN INV DRUG, V10, P1033; Flora G, 2002, NEUROMOL MED, V2, P71; Forman HJ, 2003, BIOFACTORS, V17, P1; Fortenberry JD, 2001, INFLAMM RES, V50, P89; Fox ES, 1998, J LEUKOCYTE BIOL, V63, P509; Freeburg PB, 2003, J AM SOC NEPHROL, V14, P2723, DOI 10.1097-01.ASN.0000092794.37534.01; Fujii T, 2003, J OCUL PHARMACOL TH, V19, P361, DOI 10.1089-108076803322279417; Fung Man-Lung, 2003, Current Drug Targets - Cardiovascular and Haematological Disorders, V3, P254, DOI 10.2174-1568006033481447; Gartner R, 2002, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V87, P1687, DOI 10.1210-jc.87.4.1687; Gomez LD, 2004, J EXP BOT, V55, P1851, DOI 10.1093-jxb-erh202; Gordeuk VR, 2004, BLOOD, V103, P3924, DOI 10.1182-blood-2003-07-2535; Goss JR, 1997, EXP NEUROL, V146, P291, DOI 10.1006-exnr.1997.6515; Gosset P, 1999, EUR RESPIR J, V14, P98, DOI 10.1034-j.1399-3003.1999.14a17.x; Gough JD, 2003, BIOCHEMISTRY-US, V42, P11787, DOI 10.1021-bi034305c; Griffith OW, 1999, FREE RADICAL BIO MED, V27, P922, DOI 10.1016-S0891-5849(99)00176-8; GRIFFITH OW, 1979, J BIOL CHEM, V254, P7558; Gringhuis SI, 2000, J IMMUNOL, V164, P2170; Gringhuis SI, 2002, MOL CELL BIOL, V22, P400, DOI 10.1128-MCB.22.2.400-411.2002; Grove DS, 1996, EXP CELL RES, V225, P162, DOI 10.1006-excr.1996.0167; Haddad EB, 2002, J IMMUNOL, V169, P974; Haddad J J, 2001, Curr Opin Investig Drugs, V2, P1070; Haddad JJ, 2002, CELL SIGNAL, V14, P799; Haddad JJ, 2002, EUR CYTOKINE NETW, V13, P250; Haddad JJ, 2002, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V297, P163, DOI 10.1016-S0006-291X(02)02094-6; Haddad JJ, 2001, FEBS LETT, V505, P269, DOI 10.1016-S0014-5793(01)02833-2; Haddad JJ, 2004, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V322, P355, DOI 10.1016-j.bbrc.2004.07.138; Haddad JJ, 2004, INT IMMUNOPHARMACOL, V4, P475, DOI 10.1016-j.intimp.2004.02.002; Haddad JJ, 2003, CRIT CARE, V7, P47, DOI 10.1186-cc1840; Haddad JJ, 2004, INT IMMUNOPHARMACOL, V4, P1249, DOI 10.1016-j.intimp.2004.06.006; Haddad JJ, 2002, J PHARMACOL EXP THER, V300, P559, DOI 10.1124-jpet.300.2.559; Haddad JJ, 2002, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V293, P252, DOI 10.1016-S0006-291X(02)00213-9; Haddad JJ, 2002, BIOCHEM PHARMACOL, V63, P305, DOI 10.1016-S0006-2952(01)00870-X; Haddad JJ, 2004, PROG NEUROBIOL, V73, P359, DOI 10.1016-j.pneurobio.2004.06.002; Haddad JJ, 2002, FREE RADICAL BIO MED, V33, P907, DOI 10.1016-S0891-5849(02)00985-1; Haddad JJ, 2001, EUR CYTOKINE NETW, V12, P614; Haddad JJ, 2002, CRIT CARE, V6, P481, DOI 10.1186-cc1839; Haddad JJ, 2003, CELL SIGNAL, V15, P255, DOI 10.1016-S0898-6568(02)00075-X; Haddad JJ, 2002, J NEUROIMMUNOL, V133, P1, DOI 10.1016-S0165-5728(02)00357-0; Haddad JJ, 2004, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V316, P969, DOI 10.1016-j.bbrc.2004.02.162; Haddad JJ, 2002, CYTOKINES CELL MOL T, V7, P1, DOI 10.1080-13684730216401; Haddad JJ, 2001, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V285, P267, DOI 10.1006-bbrc.2001.5172; Haddad JJ, 2002, CELL SIGNAL, V14, P879, DOI 10.1016-S0898-6568(02)00053-0; Haddad JJ, 2002, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V296, P847, DOI 10.1016-S0006-291X(02)00947-6; Haddad JJ, 2002, ANTIOXID REDOX SIGN, V4, P179, DOI 10.1089-152308602753625942; Haddad JJ, 2002, AM J RESP CELL MOL, V26, P114; Haddad JJ, 2002, BRIT J PHARMACOL, V135, P520, DOI 10.1038-sj.bjp.0704467; Haddad JJ, 2002, CYTOKINE, V17, P301, DOI 10.1006-cyto.2002.1017; Haddad JJ, 2002, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V297, P700, DOI 10.1016-S0006-291X(02)02287-8; Haddad JJ, 2002, CELL SIGNAL, V14, P211, DOI 10.1016-S0898-6568(01)00233-9; Haddad JJ, 2002, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V291, P1045, DOI 10.1006-bbrc.2002.6556; Haddad JJ, 2000, CYTOKINES CELL MOL T, V6, P177; Haddad JJ, 2004, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V323, P361, DOI 10.1016-j.bbrc.2004.08.119; Haddad JJ, 2002, INT IMMUNOPHARMACOL, V2, P1567, DOI 10.1016-S1567-5769(02)00117-0; Haddad JJ, 2002, J PHARMACOL EXP THER, V300, P567, DOI 10.1124-jpet.300.2.567; Haddad JJE, 2001, CYTOKINE, V13, P138, DOI 10.1006-cyto.2000.0789; Haddad JJE, 2001, J PHARMACOL EXP THER, V296, P996; Haddad JJE, 2000, J BIOL CHEM, V275, P21130, DOI 10.1074-jbc.M000737200; Haddad JJE, 2000, AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C, V278, pL492; Haddad JJE, 2000, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V271, P257, DOI 10.1006-bbrc.2000.2607; Hall JL, 2001, CIRC RES, V88, P1247, DOI 10.1161-hh1201.091796; Hanada T, 2002, CYTOKINE GROWTH F R, V13, P413, DOI 10.1016-S1359-6101(02)00026-6; Hancock JT, 2003, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V1010, P446, DOI 10.1196-annals.1299.081; Harper R, 2001, AM J RESP CELL MOL, V25, P178; Hashimoto S, 2001, BRIT J PHARMACOL, V132, P270, DOI 10.1038-sj.bjp.0703787; Hashimoto S, 2000, ALLERGY, V55, P463, DOI 10.1034-j.1398-9995.2000.00455.x; Hashimoto S, 2001, CLIN EXP ALLERGY, V31, P144, DOI 10.1046-j.1365-2222.2001.00967.x; Hayes JD, 1999, FREE RADICAL RES, V31, P273, DOI 10.1080-10715769900300851; Hehlgans T, 2001, J INTERF CYTOK RES, V21, P757, DOI 10.1089-107999001753124480; Hehner SP, 2000, J IMMUNOL, V165, P4319; Hellwig-Burgel T, 1999, BLOOD, V94, P1561; Hermoso M, 2003, IUBMB LIFE, V55, P497, DOI 10.1080-15216540310001642072; Hess DC, 1996, NEUROSCI LETT, V213, P37, DOI 10.1016-0304-3940(96)12837-8; Hirani N, 2001, MOL MED, V7, P685; Hofman Paul, 2004, Current Drug Targets - Inflammation and Allergy, V3, P1, DOI 10.2174-1568010043483935; Hopfl G, 2003, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V543, P89; Hopfl G, 2004, AM J PHYSIOL-REG I, V286, pR608, DOI 10.1152-ajpregu.00538.2003; Hu CJ, 2003, MOL CELL BIOL, V23, P9361, DOI 10.1128-MCB.23.24.9361-9374.2003; Iimuro Y, 2000, HEPATOLOGY, V31, P391, DOI 10.1002-hep.510310219; Isaacs JS, 2004, J BIOL CHEM, V279, P16128, DOI 10.1074-jbc.M313342200; Ishibashi N, 2002, J IMMUNOL, V168, P1926; ISRAEL N, 1992, J IMMUNOL, V149, P3386; Ivan M, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P13459, DOI 10.1073-pnas.192342099; Iwasaki Y, 2004, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V89, P3449, DOI 10.1210-jc.2003-031441; JABBAR SAB, 1994, LEUKEMIA RES, V18, P523, DOI 10.1016-0145-2126(94)90090-6; Jafari B, 2004, RESPIROLOGY, V9, P43, DOI 10.1111-j.1440-1843.2003.00527.x; Janaky R, 1999, J NEUROCHEM, V73, P889, DOI 10.1046-j.1471-4159.1999.0730889.x; Jardine H, 2002, J BIOL CHEM, V277, P21158, DOI 10.1074-jbc.M112145200; Jaruga B, 2003, J IMMUNOL, V171, P3233; Jean JC, 2003, BIOFACTORS, V17, P161; JEANNIN P, 1995, J EXP MED, V182, P1785, DOI 10.1084-jem.182.6.1785; Jeong HJ, 2003, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V306, P805, DOI 10.1016-S0006-291X(03)01073-8; Jiang MZ, 2004, LIFE SCI, V75, P1159, DOI 10.1016-j.lfs.2004.01.031; Jones DP, 2004, FASEB J, V18, P1246, DOI 10.1096-fj.03-0971fje; Jones JJ, 1999, HEPATOLOGY, V30, P714, DOI 10.1002-hep.510300324; Jung YJ, 2003, FASEB J, V17, P2115, DOI 10.1096-fj.03-0329fje; Kageyama Y, 2004, FASEB J, V18, P1028, DOI 10.1096-fj.03-1233fje; Kang HS, 2001, CELL IMMUNOL, V213, P34, DOI 10.1006-cimm.2001.1861; Kewley RJ, 2004, INT J BIOCHEM CELL B, V36, P189, DOI 10.1016-S1357-2725(03)00211-5; Kim H, 2001, SCAND J GASTROENTERO, V36, P706, DOI 10.1080-003655201300191969; Kim W, 2003, CURR OPIN GENET DEV, V13, P55, DOI 10.1016-S0959-437X(02)00010-2; Kim YM, 1997, J BIOL CHEM, V272, P1402; Koivunen P, 2004, J BIOL CHEM, V279, P9899, DOI 10.1074-jbc.M312254200; Kojima H, 2003, CURR PHARM DESIGN, V9, P1827, DOI 10.2174-1381612033454388; Komatsu DE, 2004, BONE, V34, P680, DOI 10.1016-j.bone.2003.12.024; Komatsu H, 2003, FREE RADICAL RES, V37, P293, DOI 10.1080-1071576021000046613; Kong TQ, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P10440, DOI 10.1073-pnas.0401339101; KretzRemy C, 1996, J CELL BIOL, V133, P1083, DOI 10.1083-jcb.133.5.1083; Krunkosky TM, 2003, FREE RADICAL BIO MED, V35, P1158, DOI 10.1016-S0891-5849(03)00498-2; Kuniyasu H, 2002, PATHOBIOLOGY, V70, P348, DOI 10.1159-000071275; Kuznetsova AV, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P2706, DOI 10.1073-pnas.0436037100; LASH LH, 1985, ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS, V240, P583, DOI 10.1016-0003-9861(85)90065-7; Lavista-Llanos S, 2002, MOL CELL BIOL, V22, P6842, DOI 10.1128-MCB.22.19.6842-6853.2002; Lee JM, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P9751, DOI 10.1073-pnas.0403620101; Lee JW, 2004, EXP MOL MED, V36, P1; Lee YW, 2001, J NEUROSCI RES, V66, P583, DOI 10.1002-jnr.1248; Leonoudakis D, 2004, J BIOL CHEM, V279, P22331, DOI 10.1074-jbc.M400285200; LI T, 1997, ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS, V342, P126; Li YG, 1999, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V96, P1042, DOI 10.1073-pnas.96.3.1042; Li ZB, 2003, EMBO J, V22, P1857, DOI 10.1093-emboj-cdg173; Liddell JR, 2004, NEUROSCI LETT, V364, P164, DOI 10.1016-j.neulet.2004.04.042; Liu Q, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P4302, DOI 10.1073-pnas.0300265101; Lockwood TD, 2003, ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS, V417, P183, DOI 10.1016-S0003-9861(03)00367-9; Loftis LL, 2000, AM J PHYSIOL-REG I, V279, pR99; LoGrasso PV, 1997, BIOCHEMISTRY-US, V36, P10422, DOI 10.1021-bi9706778; Lu G, 1997, NEUROCHEM INT, V30, P401, DOI 10.1016-S0197-0186(96)00075-7; Lu SC, 2000, CURR TOP CELL REGUL, V36, P95; Manna SK, 1999, ONCOGENE, V18, P4371, DOI 10.1038-sj.onc.1202811; Mareque AMM, 2004, REDOX REP, V9, P81, DOI 10.1179-13510000422500788; Marx J, 2004, SCIENCE, V303, P1454, DOI 10.1126-science.303.5663.1454; Marxsen JH, 2004, BIOCHEM J, V381, P761, DOI 10.1042-BJ20040620; Masson N, 2003, J CELL SCI, V116, P3041, DOI 10.1242-jcs.00655; Matuschak GM, 2004, AM J PHYSIOL-REG I, V287, pR437, DOI 10.1152-ajpregu.00404.2003; Maxwell P, 2004, CANCER BIOL THER, V3, P29, DOI 10.4161-cbt.3.1.547; Maxwell PH, 2004, CELL CYCLE, V3, P156; Maxwell PH, 2002, SEMIN CELL DEV BIOL, V13, P29, DOI 10.1006-scdb.2001.0287; Maynard MA, 2003, J BIOL CHEM, V278, P11032, DOI 10.1074-jbc.M208681200; McMahon M, 2004, J BIOL CHEM, V279, P31556, DOI 10.1074-jbc.M403061200; MEISTER A, 1988, J BIOL CHEM, V263, P17205; Mekhail K, 2004, NAT CELL BIOL, V6, P642, DOI 10.1038-ncb1144; Mendez C, 1996, SHOCK, V6, P157, DOI 10.1097-00024382-199609010-00001; Meroni SB, 2000, J ANDROL, V21, P855; Metzen E, 2003, MOL BIOL CELL, V14, P3470, DOI 10.1091-mbc.E02-12-0791; Michiels C, 2002, FREE RADICAL BIO MED, V33, P1231, DOI 10.1016-S0891-5849(02)01045-6; Miyamoto S, 2003, LIPIDS, V38, P641, DOI 10.1007-s11745-003-1109-6; Monick MM, 2003, J IMMUNOL, V171, P5107; Morales A, 1997, J BIOL CHEM, V272, P30371, DOI 10.1074-jbc.272.48.30371; Moreno-Manzano V, 2000, J BIOL CHEM, V275, P12684, DOI 10.1074-jbc.275.17.12684; Mukhopadhyay D, 2004, SEMIN CANCER BIOL, V14, P123, DOI 10.1016-j.semcancer.2003.09.019; Mukhopadhyay S, 2004, FEBS LETT, V567, P275, DOI 10.1016-j.febslet.2004.04.081; Nagai H, 2002, HEPATOLOGY, V36, P55, DOI 10.1053-jhep.2002.33995; NEUSCHWANDERTETRI, 1996, BIOCHEM J 3, V320, P1005; Nioi P, 2003, BIOCHEM J, V374, P337, DOI 10.1042-BJ20030754; Noctor G, 2002, J EXP BOT, V53, P1283, DOI 10.1093-jexbot-53.372.1283; NUSSLER AK, 1992, J EXP MED, V176, P261, DOI 10.1084-jem.176.1.261; Ohga E, 2000, Nihon Rinsho, V58, P1587; O'Malley YQ, 2004, AM J PHYSIOL-LUNG C, V287, pL94, DOI 10.1152-ajplung.00025.2004; Ostergaard H, 2004, J CELL BIOL, V166, P337, DOI 10.1083-jcb.200402120; Ozturk O, 2004, LIFE SCI, V75, P1551, DOI 10.1016-j.lfs.2004.03.020; Park JW, 2004, J PHARMACOL SCI, V94, P221, DOI 10.1254-jphs.94.221; Parmentier M, 2000, EUR RESPIR J, V16, P933, DOI 10.1183-09031936.00.16593300; Pastore A, 2003, CLIN CHIM ACTA, V333, P19, DOI 10.1016-S0009-8981(03)00200-6; Patel PS, 2002, J CANCER RES CLIN, V128, P461, DOI 10.1007-s00432-002-0368-8; Pawate S, 2004, J NEUROSCI RES, V77, P540, DOI 10.1002-jnr.20180; Pena LR, 1999, JPEN-PARENTER ENTER, V23, P1, DOI 10.1177-014860719902300101; Pereira B, 1995, BIOCHEM PHARMACOL, V50, P2093, DOI 10.1016-0006-2952(95)02116-7; Pessah M, 2002, J BIOL CHEM, V277, P29094, DOI 10.1074-jbc.M202831200; Peyssonnaux C, 2004, CELL CYCLE, V3, P168; Pierce RH, 2000, AM J PATHOL, V157, P221, DOI 10.1016-S0002-9440(10)64533-6; Poon HF, 2004, J GERONTOL A-BIOL, V59, P478; Pugh CW, 2003, SEMIN CANCER BIOL, V13, P83, DOI 10.1016-S1044-579X(02)00103-7; Qian D, 2004, BIOL REPROD, V70, P1822, DOI 10.1095-biolreprod.103.025031; Rahman I, 2003, J BIOCHEM MOL BIOL, V36, P95; Rahman I, 2004, EUR RESPIR J, V23, P183, DOI 10.1183-09031936.04.00131604; Rahman I, 2003, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V302, P860, DOI 10.1016-S0006-291X(03)00224-9; Rahman Irfan, 2002, Current Drug Targets - Inflammation and Allergy, V1, P291, DOI 10.2174-1568010023344607; Rahman I, 1999, ANTIOXID REDOX SIGN, V1, P425, DOI 10.1089-ars.1999.1.4-425; Rahman I, 2000, FREE RADICAL BIO MED, V28, P1405, DOI 10.1016-S0891-5849(00)00215-X; Rahman I, 2000, BIOCHEM PHARMACOL, V60, P1041, DOI 10.1016-S0006-2952(00)00392-0; Rahman I, 2002, CLIN EXP ALLERGY, V32, P486, DOI 10.1046-j.0954-7894.2002.01368.x; Rahman I, 1999, J BIOL CHEM, V274, P5088, DOI 10.1074-jbc.274.8.5088; Rahman I, 2000, EUR RESPIR J, V16, P534, DOI 10.1034-j.1399-3003.2000.016003534.x; Rahman Q, 1999, CRIT REV TOXICOL, V29, P543, DOI 10.1080-10408449991349276; Ralph GS, 2004, J CEREBR BLOOD F MET, V24, P245, DOI 10.1097-01.WCB.0000110532.48786.46; Rana S. V. S., 2002, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, V40, P706; Rebrin I, 2004, BIOCHEM J, V382, P131; Reimund JM, 1998, EUR J CLIN INVEST, V28, P145; Renard P, 1997, BIOCHEM PHARMACOL, V53, P149, DOI 10.1016-S0006-2952(96)00645-4; Renard P, 2001, ANTIOXID REDOX SIGN, V3, P329, DOI 10.1089-152308601300185269; Rogers RJ, 2001, J BIOL CHEM, V276, P20419, DOI 10.1074-jbc.M008915200; Rojas E, 2003, BIOFACTORS, V17, P13; Rosenberger C, 2003, KIDNEY INT, V64, P874, DOI 10.1046-j.1523-1755.2003.00159.x; ROUM JH, 1993, J APPL PHYSIOL, V75, P2419; Rovin BH, 1997, CYTOKINE, V9, P178, DOI 10.1006-cyto.1996.0152; Rudd CE, 2003, AM J TRANSPLANT, V3, P1204, DOI 10.1046-j.1600-6143.2003.00230.x; Ruiz-Deya G, 2002, J ENDOUROL, V16, P611, DOI 10.1089-089277902320913323; Saklatvala J, 2004, CURR OPIN PHARMACOL, V4, P372, DOI 10.1016-j.coph.2004.03.009; Saklatvala J, 2003, BIOCHEM SOC SYMP, V70, P95; Saldeen J, 2004, EUR CYTOKINE NETW, V15, P47; Sandau KB, 2001, J BIOL CHEM, V276, P39805, DOI 10.1074-jbc.M107689200; Santangelo F, 2003, CURR MED CHEM, V10, P2599, DOI 10.2174-0929867033456567; Santangelo F, 2002, AMINO ACIDS, V23, P359, DOI 10.1007-s00726-002-0206-y; Saugstad OD, 1997, ACTA PAEDIATR, V86, P1277, DOI 10.1111-j.1651-2227.1997.tb14897.x; Schafer FQ, 2001, FREE RADICAL BIO MED, V30, P1191, DOI 10.1016-S0891-5849(01)00480-4; SCHEINMAN RI, 1995, MOL CELL BIOL, V15, P943; Schnell PO, 2003, J NEUROCHEM, V85, P483, DOI 10.1046-j.1471-4159.2003.01696.x; Schumacker PT, 2003, ADV EXP MED BIOL, V543, P57; Semenza G L, 2000, Respir Res, V1, P159, DOI 10.1186-rr27; Semenza GL, 1997, KIDNEY INT, V51, P553, DOI 10.1038-ki.1997.77; Semenza GL, 2004, J APPL PHYSIOL, V96, P1173, DOI 10.1152-japplphysiol.00770.2003; Semenza GL, 2000, J APPL PHYSIOL, V88, P1474; Semenza GL, 2003, ANNU REV MED, V54, P17, DOI 10.1146-annurev.med.54.101601.152418; Semenza GL, 2002, TRENDS MOL MED, V8, pS62, DOI 10.1016-S1471-4914(02)02317-1; Sen CK, 2000, CURR TOP CELL REGUL, V36, P1; Sen CK, 1996, BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO, V218, P148, DOI 10.1006-bbrc.1996.0026; Sen CK, 1998, BIOCHEM PHARMACOL, V55, P1747, DOI 10.1016-S0006-2952(97)00672-2; Sen CK, 1997, BIOCHEM BIO
Vendaphaea lajuma Haddad 2009, sp. n.
No full textVendaphaea lajuma sp. n. Figs 1–27 Etymology: The species name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Description: Male. Measurements: CL 3.40–3.45, CW 2.73–2.80, AL 3.18–3.50, AW 2.05–2.55, TL 6.03– 6.68, FL 0.37–0.39, SL 1.39–1.43, SW 1.30–1.36. Distances between eyes:AME–AME 0.11, AME–ALE 0.07, ALE–ALE 0.56, PME–PME 0.06, PME–PLE 0.19, PLE–PLE 0.79. MOQAW 0.43, MOQPW 0.41, MOQL 0.51, PERW 1.02. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I 2.48+1.25+2.35+ 2.05+0.60=8.73; II 2.25+1.17+1.85+1.85+0.58=7.70; III 1.73+0.98+1.25+1.35+0.55= 5.86; IV 2.40+1.05+1.93+2.20+0.71=8.29. General appearance as in Fig. 1. Carapace somewhat flattened, elevating slightly from eye region, highest at 3/4 carapace length; eye region distinctly narrowed and bulging; surface covered in short straight white setae medially and short black setae laterally; fovea long, distinct, at 2/3 carapace length; carapace uniform deep red, with slightly darker striae radiating from fovea (Fig. 1). All eyes with brown rings, lateral eyes on slightly raised tubercles;AER procurved, laterals slightly larger than medians;AME separated by distance slightly larger than their diameter;AME separated from ALE by 2/3AME diameter; clypeus height equal to 1.5×AME diameter; PER slightly procurved, nearly straight, medians slightly larger than laterals; PME separated by distance equal to 2/3 their diameter; PME separated from PLE by distance approximately equal to 1.5× PME diameter; CW:PERW = 2.75:1. Chelicerae orange-red, with scattered long black setae on anterior surface; three teeth on promargin, proximal tooth smallest, median tooth largest; median and distal teeth closer to each other than to proximal tooth; retromargin with two widely separated teeth, distal tooth close to fang base, slightly smaller than proximal tooth; endites rounded on anterior prolateral margin, straight laterally and truncated posteriorly; labium 1.5 times broader than long; sternum shield-shaped, narrowed anteriorly, as broad as long, dark orange-red, brown along lateral margins. Legs stoutly built, particularly anterior pairs; all legs densely covered in short straight grey setae, particularly dorsum of patellae, tibiae and metatarsi; anterior tibiae and metatarsi strongly spined ventrally; coxae brown; femora I uniform dark red-orange, slightly darker distally; femora II dark orange-red, with grey distal band; femora III and IV yellow-orange, with narrow proximal and broad distal bands; patellae orange, with grey bands medially; tibiae I and II dark orange dorsally, grey ventrally; tibiae III and IV orange with grey markings dorsally and ventrally; metatarsi I–III orange dorsally with grey distal band; metatarsi IV yellow-orange dorsally with median and distal grey bands, grey ventrally; all tarsi dark brown; leg spination: femora: I plv 2 rlv 2; patellae: spineless; tibiae: I plv 8– 9 rlv 7–8, II plv 7–8 rlv 6, IV rl 1 plv 1 vt 1; metatarsi: I plv 5 rlv 5, II plv 5 rlv 5, III pl 2 plv 1 rlv 1 vt 2, IV plv 2 vt 3. Abdomen oval, dorsal scutum absent; dorsum grey-brown, densely covered with short straight black and grey setae; five short paired black chevron markings slightly lateral of midline in posterior half of abdomen, each ending in small cream spot; single median cream spot above spinnerets; venter unsclerotised, pale grey with darker grey mottling, densely covered in short straight grey setae. Male palp bright orange, without spines; cymbium broad, with dense setal mat medially and modified clavate setae along prolateral and distal margins (Figs 18, 19, 22, 25); palpal tibiae with rounded ventral-retrolateral bump, curved dorsal-retrolateral apophysis (proximal position, at approximately 60° to dorsal position), directed dorsally, and dorsal lobe (Figs 22, 25); tip of apophysis with three distinctive denticles (Figs 18, 23, 25); tegulum broad, pale orange, with thick embolus originating prolaterally, curving anticlockwise towards distal margin, with translucent conductor situated retrolaterally of embolus (Fig. 23); median apophysis spike-like, situated medially on tegulum within membranous section with a proximallydirected lobe (Figs 20, 22–24). Female. Measurements: CL 3.35–3.73, CW 2.60–2.83, AL 4.05–4.80, AW 3.10–3.90, TL 6.85– 7.85, FL 0.35–0.45, SL 1.38–1.50, SW 1.30–1.45. Distances between eyes:AME–AME 0.11, AME–ALE 0.06, ALE–ALE 0.59, PME–PME 0.10, PME–PLE 0.19, PLE–PLE 0.84. MOQAW 0.48, MOQPW 0.44, MOQL 0.59, PERW 1.08. Length of leg segments (sequence from femur to tarsus, and total): I 2.63+1.39+2.44+ 2.15+0.60=9.21; II 2.35+1.25+1.90+1.88+0.57=6.95; III 1.82+1.08+1.30+1.44+0.55= 6.19; IV 2.45+1.30+2.20+2.40+0.70=9.05. General appearance, morphology, colouration and markings as for male (Fig. 2); anterior eye row procurved, laterals very slightly larger than medians;AME separated by distance slightly larger than their diameter; AME separated from ALE by 3/4 AME diameter; clypeus height slightly larger than AME diameter; PER slightly procurved, nearly straight, medians slightly larger than laterals; PME separated by distance equal to 2/3 their diameter; PME separated from PLE by distance approximately equal to 1.5× PME diameter; CW:PERW = 2.62:1. Chelicerae with three teeth on promargin, proximal tooth smallest, median tooth largest; median and distal teeth closer to each other than to proximal tooth; retromargin with two subequal teeth, distal tooth close to fang base. Leg spination: femora: I plv 2 rlv 2; patellae: spineless; tibiae: I plv 9 rlv 8–9, II plv 7–8 rlv 6–7; metatarsi: I plv 5 rlv 5, II plv 4–5 rlv 5, III pl 2 plv 1 rlv 1 vt 2, IV plv 3 rlv 1 vt 2. Epigyne with broad posterior lobe, with diamond-shaped median septum; copulatory openings situated laterally of septum (Fig. 26); spermathecae curved, projecting into body (Fig. 27), distinctly visible through integument (Fig. 26). Holotype: ơ SOUTH AFRICA: Limpopo: Soutpansberg Mountains, Lajuma Mountain Retreat, Woodland, 23°02.528'S: 29°26.866'E, 3.xi.2004, M. Mafadza, sifting leaf litter (NCA 2008/562). Paratypes: all from the same locality as holotype: Island 2, 23°01.921'S: 29°26.193'E, 23.xi.2004, M. Mafadza, active searching, 2ơ (NCA 2005/2016), 1ơ 2^(NCA 2008/563); Island 3, 23°01.890'S: 29°26.167'E, 23.xi.2004, M. Mafadza, active searching,1ơ 1^(NCA 2005/2015);Grassland patch, 23°02.414'S: 29°26.687'E, 6.ii.2008, C. Haddad, base of grass tussocks, 1ơ 7^(NCA 2008/514); same locality, 3–11.ii.2008, C. Haddad, base of grass tussocks, 2^(MPEG 15441). Distribution:Apparently endemic to the western Soutpansberg Mountains in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. It was not collected during published surveys of the Kruger National Park (Dippenaar-Schoeman & Leroy 2003), Makalali Game Reserve (Whitmore et al. 2001), Nylsvley Nature Reserve (Dippenaar-Schoeman et al. 2009), Polokwane Nature Reserve (Dippenaar et al. 2008), or the Sovenga Hill inselberg near Polokwane (Modiba et al. 2005); all of these conserved areas fall within the Limpopo Province. It was also not collected at any of ten sites sampled as part of the South African National Survey of Arachnida in the Limpopo Province (S. Foord & A.S. Dippenaar-Schoeman, pers. comm): Bewaarkloof, Blouberg, Entabeni, Lekgalameetse, Leopard Creek Private Conservation Reserve, Marakele, Mogalakwena, Pafuri, Tshulu, and Wonderkop. This strongly suggests that V. lajuma sp. n. is a Soutpansberg endemic. Habitat preferences: V. lajuma sp. n. was initially collected by Foord et al. (2008) from leaf litter of mixed woodland habitats in the Soutpansberg, where subsequent samples were also collected from montane savannah. The material collected by the author (NCA 2008/514), including 20 additional specimens that were sent to various colleagues for morphological and genetic studies, were all collected from the bases of grass tussocks in montane savannah.Published as part of Haddad, Charles R., 2009, Vendaphaea, a new dark sac spider genus apparently endemic to the Soutpansberg Mountains, South Africa (Araneae: Corinnidae), pp. 269 in African Invertebrates 50 (2) on pages 272-275, DOI: 10.5733/afin.050.0204, http://zenodo.org/record/791047
The distortionary effects of tariff exemptions in Argentina
No full textTariff exemptions for exporters are widely used by many countries as aninstrument for providing export incentives. This author argues that when tariff exemptions are granted as a means of industrial regional promotion to an industry independently of its export performance, the tariff exemptions lose their potential as an export promotion instrument. The case of Argentina is of interest because it exemplifies the practice of many developing countries. A simple model is used to show that the indiscriminate use of duty exemptions has several undesirable effects : 1) duty exemptions deprive the government of revenues; 2) the more widespread the exemption, the less effective they become as an instrument for export promotion; 3) exemptions widen the variability of effective protection rates of industries in relation to their capital intensity; and 4) exemptions increase the demand for imports more than an export subsidy does, because output in the competing input industry contracts.Environmental Economics&Policies,TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT,Economic Theory&Research,Consumption,Export Competitiveness
Writings of Western Reserve Women
No full textGladys Haddad explores the status of women in Ohio’s Western Reserve through a collection of letters and journal entries. The author focuses on the “nineteenth century definition of the female role”, women’s perception of this role, and the sense of accomplishment they felt within this defined place. Conference paper; originally published in Western Reserve Studies Symposium (2nd:1987 : Cleveland, Ohio
- …
