281 research outputs found
Editorial: The utilization of plants in vaccine research
No full textIn the framework of active immunization, plants provide a valuable platform that can serve as bio-factory for producing virus-like particles (VLPs) or subunit vaccines and they can also facilitate the direct delivery of these molecules through oral administration. Leveraging plants in vaccine development presents numerous benefits, as they enable the cost-effective production of substantial quantities of target antigens. Additionally, the robust cell walls of these hosts provide protection against proteases in the gastrointestinal tract, rendering plants advantageous for implementing oral vaccination strategies. Plant-derived antigens are safer compared to methods using mammalian cells/tissues which may contain viruses or prions. Additionally, genetic engineering of plants is relatively easy, and they possess the machinery for the post-translational modification of proteins
It's Okay: To Reach Out For Help
No full textCorona Virus has brought the whole world to a standstill. Months of lockdown has taken a toll on both economic and psychological well-being of people. Even if we are able to overcome the economic losses with our efforts over a period of time, psychological effects if not treated on time, can prove to be devastating.
It’s Okay to Reach Out for Help deals with several self care measures that can be employed to help oneself in dealing with this global Pandemic, making use of India's own indigenous and time-tested methods with ample illustrations from our own backyard. The author promises, things will get better soon. We need to hold out for a little longer. Some reading, with some help may make us see light in a tunnel that seems all dark
The Description Of Main Characters in The Drama It’s Okay to Not be Okay
No full textThe objective of this research is to describe the main character in the drama It's
Okay to Not be Okay. This drama tells about how humans cannot live alone.
Someone needs other people to be able to share and complement each other. This
paper uses Nurgiyantoro's theory. The main characters discussed in this paper are
Moon Gang Tae and Ko Moon Young. The research method used by the author in
this paper is a qualitative descriptive method. The data source of this research was
obtained from the drama film It's Okay to Not be Okay. The main characters in
this drama are described based on the conversational techniques in the drama,
depicted through the behavioral techniques performed by the characters, and the
techniques of thoughts and feelings experienced by the characters in the drama.
Changes in attitude and behavior experienced by the two main characters, namely
Moon Gang Tae and Ko Moon Young, occurs when they meet and love each other
so that they can rise up and heal each other's inner wounds due to a bad past56 HalamanKertas Karya Diplom
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Various Segments of the Population in Turkey: A Literature Review
No full textVaccine hesitancy, which refers to the reluctance to be vaccinated, poses a major risk to public health in preventing infectious diseases. This hesitancy has been evident for many years, especially regarding childhood vaccines. The main factors contributing to this hesitancy include religious or personal beliefs, concerns about safety and efficacy, and desire to receive more information from healthcare providers. This literature review examines hesitancy regarding COVID-19 vaccines in different population segments in Turkey. Hesitancy rates and reasons in the general population and specific groups such as pregnant women, parents, healthcare workers and students were presented based on published research articles. Approximately half of the Turkish population declared their hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccines. A negative correlation was found between vaccine hesitancy and health literacy. The relationship between COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and religiosity was also investigated. Age is another factor affecting this vaccine hesitancy. Older age was shown to be correlated with positive attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination. Moreover, participants with positive attitudes towards other vaccines, those with chronic diseases and those with a personal history of COVID-19 were more likely to have positive perceptions of COVID-19 vaccines. Higher life satisfaction and non-smoking status were associated with a higher likelihood of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Increased scientific data on the efficacy and side effects of COVID-19 vaccines and more information from healthcare professionals would likely reduce the hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccines
The Localization Hypothesis and Machines
No full textIn a recent article in 'Artificial Life', Chu and Ho suggested that Rosen's central result about the simulability of living systems might be flawed. This argument was later declared ''null and void'' by Louie. In this article the validity of Louie's objections are examined
Mycobacterium bovis Antijenlerinin Escherichia coli’de Rekombinant DNA Teknolojisi ile Üretimi ve Alt Birim Aşı Geliştirilmesi
No full textDuzenli, O.F., Production of Mycobacterium bovis Antigens in Escherichia coli by
Recombinant DNA Technology and Subunit Vaccine Development, Hacettepe
University Graduate School of Health Sciences Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Programme PhD Thesis, Ankara, 2021. Tuberculosis is one of the most common
infectious diseases that has not been prevented for many years. BCG vaccine is the
only vaccine approved for use in humans to prevent spread of the disease. However,
the searches continue to solve problems such as protection of BCG vaccine variations
between individuals, and inability to prevent infection. In this context, evaluatation
of the effects of AhpC and LprG proteins playing an important role in the virulence of
M. tuberculosis and M. bovis, on the humoral and cellular immune responses, alone
or as a booster vaccine antigen after BCG prime vaccination was aimed in this thesis
study. In order to achieve this goal, the ahpC and the lprG genes encoding the AhpC
and the LprG proteins, respectively were amplified from the M. bovis genome by
polymerase chain reaction, cloned into the bacterial expression vector, and
recombinantly produced in E.coli. The recombinant proteins were purified by affinity
chromatography and characterized by electrophoresis and immunoblotting methods.
Subsequently, recombinant AhpC and LprG proteins were formulated with
Montanide ISA 61VG, an oil-based emulsion adjuvant. The humoral and cellular
immune responses were investigated by using ELISA method. Evaluation of humoral
response based on IgG measurement and cellular response based on IL-12
measurement in mice sera showed that both proteins are effective as vaccine
antigens. It was concluded that AhpC vaccine can be a good booster vaccine
candidate, and LprG vaccine may be more effective when administered alone.Düzenli, Ö.F., Mycobacterium bovis Antijenlerinin Escherichia coli’de Rekombinant
DNA Teknolojisi ile Üretimi ve Alt Birim Aşı Geliştirilmesi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi
Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Farmasötik Biyoteknoloji Programı Doktora Tezi, Ankara,
2021. Tüberküloz, uzun yıllardan beri hala önlenememiş en yaygın bulaşıcı
hastalıklardan birisidir. Hastalığın yayılmasının önlenmesi amacıyla insanlarda
kullanımı onaylanmış tek aşı BCG aşısıdır. Ancak BCG aşısının koruyuculuğunun kişiler
arasında değişkenlik göstermesi, enfeksiyonu önleyememesi gibi sorunları çözmek
üzere arayışlar devam etmektedir. Bu bağlamda bu tez çalışmasında M. tuberculosis
ve M. bovis’in virülansında önemli rol oynayan AhpC ve LprG proteinlerinin hem kendi
başlarına hem de BCG ile prime aşılamanın ardından booster aşı antijeni olarak
uygulanmaları ile hümoral ve hücresel bağışıklık yanıt üzerindeki etkilerinin
değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla AhpC proteinini kodlayan ahpC ve LprG
proteinlerini kodlayan lprG geni M. bovis genomundan polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu ile
çoğaltılmış, bakteriyel ifadeleme vektörüne klonlanmış ve E.coli’de rekombinant
olarak üretilmiştir. Rekombinant proteinler afinite kromatografisi ile saflaştırılmış,
elektroforez ve immünoblotlama yöntemleriyle karakterize edilmiştir. Ardından,
rekombinant AhpC ve LprG proteinlerinin yağ bazlı emülsiyon yapıda bir adjuvan olan
Montanide ISA 61VG ile formülasyonları hazırlanmıştır. Aşılar farelere uygulandıktan
sonra gelişen hümoral ve hücresel bağışıklık yanıtları ELISA yöntemine dayanan
deneylerle araştırılmıştır. Fare serumlarında IgG ölçümüne dayanan hümoral yanıt ve
IL-12 ölçümüne dayanan hücresel yanıt değerlendirmeleri her iki proteinin de aşı
antijeni olarak etkili olduğunu göstermiştir. AhpC aşısının iyi bir booster aşı adayı
olabileceği, LprG aşısının ise tek başına daha etkili olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır
Pasteurella multocida A:3'e ait PlpEve OmpH'den oluşan rekombinant aşıların geliştirilmesi.
No full textPasteurella multocida serotype A:3 is a gram-negative bacterial pathogen which is one of the causative agents of shipping fever in cattle. In this study, ompH and two fragments of plpE gene (plpEN and plpEC) were cloned from the genomic DNA of P. multocida P-1062 (ATCC 15743, serotype A:3) and plpEN-ompH and plpEC-ompH fusions were constructed. In vitro expression of the genes was shown in HEK-293 cells. Later, full-length plpE gene was cloned and the recombinant proteins were expressed in E. coli and purified. Three DNA vaccine formulations, namely pCMV-ompH, pCMV-plpEN-ompH and pCMV-plpEC-ompH and five recombinant protein based vaccines, PlpEN-OmpH, PlpEC-OmpH, OmpH, PlpEC and PlpE were generated. Recombinant proteins were formulated with at least one of the adjuvants: alum, CpG, alum-CpG, oil based and oil based-CpG. BALB/c mice were immunized with these vaccine formulations and their sera were used for the evaluation of antibody and serum IFN-γ titers. Protective capacities of the vaccines were also evaluated via challenge of mice with 10 LD50 of P. multocida A:3. DNA vaccines induced immune responses, but did not provide protection. All protein vaccine formulations increased antibody levels and CpG containing formulations enhanced serum IFN-γ titers. 100 µg of PlpEC-OmpH protein adsorbed on alum adjuvant conferred 40% protection while no protection was obtained with PlpEN-OmpH. Next, the effects of CpG, or its alum and oil based combinations as adjuvants were investigated on PlpEC-OmpH mediated protection. The vaccine formulation composed of PlpEC-OmpH and oil based-CpG adjuvant conferred 100% protection. Finally, the mice were vaccinated with recombinant OmpH, PlpEC and PlpE formulated with oil based-CpG adjuvant. OmpH, PlpEC and PlpE formulations provided 50%, 60% and 100% protection, respectively. These findings implicated that recombinant PlpE and PlpEC-OmpH fusion proteins when formulated with oil based-CpG adjuvant are potent acellular vaccine formulation candidates against shipping fever.Ph.D. - Doctoral Progra
Involvement of retroelements in the autoimmune response in humans
No full textRetroelements are mobile genomic components requiring an RNA intermediate which is reverse-transcribed into complementary DNA for transposition. Human genome contains a vast amount of retroelements including retrotransposons and endogenous retroviruses. These elements are categorized according to presence or absence of long terminal repeats, LTRs or non-LTRs, as well as autonomous and non-autonomous according to involvement of reverse transcriptase. The retroelements have been accumulated in mammalian genomes over all evolutionary times through vertical transmission, and many of them were inactivated through accumulation of mutations. However, the retroelements entered into genome within the last 200,000 years are mostly functional. Some of the active retroelements are associated with varying autoimmune diseases because anti-retroelement antibodies might cross-react with other proteins in the human body. For instance, autoimmunity and inflammation could be stimulated by increased expression of long interspersed element 1 (LINE-1 or L1) or decreased L1 degradation. Different regulation of L1 expression might be related to the genetic and sex-related variations or environmental factors. Activation of retroelements is also controlled by epigenetic silencing mechanisms such as histone modification. Elevated levels of L1 retroelements could trigger the production of type I interferon, a crucial innate defense mechanism in mammals against viruses, and systemic autoimmune response is induced. Loss-of-function in some deoxyribonucleases (DNases) such as three prime repair exonuclease 1 that degrades reverse-transcribed DNA is also related to autoimmune diseases. Additionally, human endogenous retroviruses also play a role in autoimmune diseases. Involvement of retroelements in autoimmune disorders is exemplified with three diseases, i.e. systemic lupus erythematosus, Aicardi–Goutières syndrome, and multiple sclerosis.</jats:p
Cloning of chitinase a gene (chiA) from Serratia marcescens BN10 and its expression in coleoptera-specific Bacillus thuringiensis
No full textChitinases have been shown to be potential agents for biological control of the plant diseases caused by various phytopathogenic fungi and insect pests, because fungal cell walls and insect exoskeletons contain chitin as a major structural component. Chitinase has also been found to increase the efficacy and potency of Bacillus thuringiensis crystal (Cry) proteins toxic to larvae of insect pests. The reason of this synergy is the presence of chitin in the structure of the outer membrane of larval midgut. In this study, the gene encoding chitinase A (chiA) from Serratia marcescens Bn10, a local isolate of Trabzon province was amplified by PCR and cloned into the E.coli/Bacillus shuttle vectors, pNW33N and pHT315. For the expression in B. thuringiensis, the promoter region of cry3Aa11 gene of B. thuringiensis Mm2 was placed at the upstream of chiA. The vectors carrying both chiA and promoter site of cry3Aa11 was first introduced into E. coli and then into Bacillus subtilis 168 which were used as intermediate hosts in this study. pHT315PC carying chiA was then introduced into Coleoptera-specific B. thuringiensis cells (strain 3023) and the specific chitinase activity of the recombinant B. thuringiensis was measured as 5056 U/min/mg which was 6.3 fold higher than that of the parental strain. The specific activity corresponded to about one third of that produced by S. marcescens Bn10. The chiA gene was next sequenced and characterized. The sequence was submitted to GeneBank (Accession No. DQ165083). Chitinase A of S. marcescens Bn10 was found to be a 563 residue protein with a calculated molecular mass of 60.9 kDa. The mean G+C content of the gene is 58.75%. The deduced amino acid sequence was 99.3ا91.5% identical to those of known chitinases from S. marcescens, Burkholderia cepacia and Enterobacter sp. It was found that the chitinase of S. marcescens Bn10 has six amin
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