19 research outputs found
'Rien à ajouter':The League of Nations and the Rif War (1921-1926)
No full textDespite the fact that the Rif War (Morocco, 1921-1926) and its international repercussions have been frequently explored by historians, not much attention has been devoted to the stance of the League of Nations during the conflict, probably because the League simply declared its lack of authority to intervene in the matter when its intervention was suggested. The aim of this article is to provide a more detailed analysis of the reasons given by the League of Nations to justify its role in the conflict. It will argue that the League of Nations acted in accordance with international legislation of the time when it declined to become involved in the Rif War without being explicitly requested to do so either by the Sultan of Morocco or by the protecting powers (France, Spain). However, it will also highlight the tenuousness of these arguments and the contradictory stances the League took at certain stages of the conflict, especially during the period when the Spanish army was publicly accused of using chemical warfare in Morocco. The article concludes by showing how the complex, multifaceted conflict in the Rif encapsulated many of the problems and difficulties of the post-war colonial system, and forced the League of Nations to deal with a series of dilemmas which foreshadowed the difficult circumstances which it would be faced with in the 1930s. © The Author(s) 2011.</p
Author Correction: Comprehensive analysis of chromothripsis in 2,658 human cancers using whole-genome sequencing
No full textauthor correctio
‘Abid al-Bukhari: ¿Esclavos “subsaharianos” o una élite “negra” en el Marruecos de Moulay Ismail (1672-1727)?
No full textEsta disertación, encuadrada en el ámbito de los Estudios Africanos, concretamente, en el campo de la
Historia de África, es un estudio de caso sobre un acontecimiento concreto que marcó la historia de
Marruecos: la formación del cuerpo militar de los Abid al-Bukhari bajo el sultanato de Moulay Ismail
(1672-1727). Lo que se pretendía era arrojar luz sobre su naturaleza, interpretada, por norma general,
como un ejército de soldados negros “subsaharianos” esclavizados por el sultán. La intención era
verificar si las fuentes son fielmente interpretadas, pues la narrativa consolidada sobre este asunto parece
tener un impacto real en el racismo actual en Marruecos. Tras una profunda revisión, tanto de las fuentes,
como de la literatura existente, tanto europea como marroquí, hemos constatado divergencias y
contradicciones en el retrato histórico construido. Evidenciamos, también, que existe una problemática
generalizada a la hora de abordar asuntos como la “raza” o “racialización” de los actores implicados,
tanto de los soldados supuestamente “esclavizados”, como de la población marroquí en general,
especialmente alrededor de la difusa línea que divide los “blancos” de los “negros”. Existe, además, otra
problemática respecto a la interpretación del concepto “esclavitud” en el contexto marroquí,
normalmente interpretado a través de la lente occidental. A partir de la información que aportan las
fuentes, y ante la existencia de contradicciones en muchos de los estudios, consideramos que hay
evidencias suficientes para afirmar que no se trataba de un ejército de esclavos, que no fueron
esclavizados y que los Bukharis no eran “subsaharianos”. (Autor: Paulo Akam).Esta dissertação, inserida no campo dos Estudos Africanos, especificamente, no campo da História
Africana, é um estudo de caso sobre um acontecimento específico que marcou a história de Marrocos:
a formação do corpo militar dos Abid al-Bukhari sob o sultanato de Mulei Ismail (1672-1727). O que se
pretendia era esclarecer sua natureza, interpretada, como regra geral, como a de um exército de soldados
negros “subsaarianos” escravizados pelo sultão. A intenção era verificar se as fontes foram interpretadas
fielmente, uma vez que a narrativa consolidada sobre o assunto parece ter um impacto real no racismo
atual no Marrocos. Após uma profunda revisão, tanto das fontes, como da literatura existente, tanto
europeia como marroquina, verificamos divergências e contradições no retrato histórico construído.
Evidenciámos também que existe um problema geral quanto a abordagem de questões como a “raça”
ou “racialização” dos atores envolvidos, tanto os soldados supostamente “escravizados” quanto a
população marroquina em geral, especialmente em torno da linha difusa que separa os “brancos” dos
“negros”. Há também outra problemática no que respeita à interpretação do conceito de “escravidão”
no contexto marroquino, normalmente interpretado através da lente ocidental. Com base nas
informações fornecidas pelas fontes, e dada a existência de contradições em muitos dos estudos,
consideramos que existem evidências suficientes para afirmar que o Abid al-Bukhari não era um exército
de escravos, que eles não foram escravizados e que os Bukharis não eram “subsaarianos”. (Autor: Paulo
Akam).This dissertation, framed in the field of African Studies, specifically, in the field of African History, is
a case study on a specific event that marked the history of Morocco: the formation of the army of the
Abid al-Bukhari under the sultanate of Moulay Ismail (1672-1727). What was intended was to shed light
on its nature, interpreted, as a general rule, as an army of “sub-saharan” black soldiers enslaved by the
sultan. The intention was to verify if the sources were faithfully interpreted, since the consolidated
narrative on this matter seems to have a real impact on current racism in Morocco. After a deep review,
both of the sources, and of the existing literature, both European and Moroccan, we have verified
divergences and contradictions in the constructed historical portrait. We also show that there is a general
problem when it comes to addressing issues such as the “race” or “racialization” of the actors involved,
both the supposedly “enslaved” soldiers and the Moroccan population in general, especially around the
diffuse line that divides the “whites” from the “blacks”. There is also another problem regarding the
interpretation of the concept "slavery" in the Moroccan context, normally interpreted through the
Western lens. Based on the information provided by the sources, and given the existence of
contradictions in many of the studies, we consider that there is sufficient evidence to affirm that it was
not an army of slaves, that they were not enslaved and that the Bukharis were not “sub-saharans”.
(Author: Paulo Akam)
‘Abid al-Bukhari: ¿Esclavos “subsaharianos” o una élite “negra” en el Marruecos de Moulay Ismail (1672-1727)?
No full textEsta disertación, encuadrada en el ámbito de los Estudios Africanos, concretamente, en el campo de la
Historia de África, es un estudio de caso sobre un acontecimiento concreto que marcó la historia de
Marruecos: la formación del cuerpo militar de los Abid al-Bukhari bajo el sultanato de Moulay Ismail
(1672-1727). Lo que se pretendía era arrojar luz sobre su naturaleza, interpretada, por norma general,
como un ejército de soldados negros “subsaharianos” esclavizados por el sultán. La intención era
verificar si las fuentes son fielmente interpretadas, pues la narrativa consolidada sobre este asunto parece
tener un impacto real en el racismo actual en Marruecos. Tras una profunda revisión, tanto de las fuentes,
como de la literatura existente, tanto europea como marroquí, hemos constatado divergencias y
contradicciones en el retrato histórico construido. Evidenciamos, también, que existe una problemática
generalizada a la hora de abordar asuntos como la “raza” o “racialización” de los actores implicados,
tanto de los soldados supuestamente “esclavizados”, como de la población marroquí en general,
especialmente alrededor de la difusa línea que divide los “blancos” de los “negros”. Existe, además, otra
problemática respecto a la interpretación del concepto “esclavitud” en el contexto marroquí,
normalmente interpretado a través de la lente occidental. A partir de la información que aportan las
fuentes, y ante la existencia de contradicciones en muchos de los estudios, consideramos que hay
evidencias suficientes para afirmar que no se trataba de un ejército de esclavos, que no fueron
esclavizados y que los Bukharis no eran “subsaharianos”. (Autor: Paulo Akam).Esta dissertação, inserida no campo dos Estudos Africanos, especificamente, no campo da História
Africana, é um estudo de caso sobre um acontecimento específico que marcou a história de Marrocos:
a formação do corpo militar dos Abid al-Bukhari sob o sultanato de Mulei Ismail (1672-1727). O que se
pretendia era esclarecer sua natureza, interpretada, como regra geral, como a de um exército de soldados
negros “subsaarianos” escravizados pelo sultão. A intenção era verificar se as fontes foram interpretadas
fielmente, uma vez que a narrativa consolidada sobre o assunto parece ter um impacto real no racismo
atual no Marrocos. Após uma profunda revisão, tanto das fontes, como da literatura existente, tanto
europeia como marroquina, verificamos divergências e contradições no retrato histórico construído.
Evidenciámos também que existe um problema geral quanto a abordagem de questões como a “raça”
ou “racialização” dos atores envolvidos, tanto os soldados supostamente “escravizados” quanto a
população marroquina em geral, especialmente em torno da linha difusa que separa os “brancos” dos
“negros”. Há também outra problemática no que respeita à interpretação do conceito de “escravidão”
no contexto marroquino, normalmente interpretado através da lente ocidental. Com base nas
informações fornecidas pelas fontes, e dada a existência de contradições em muitos dos estudos,
consideramos que existem evidências suficientes para afirmar que o Abid al-Bukhari não era um exército
de escravos, que eles não foram escravizados e que os Bukharis não eram “subsaarianos”. (Autor: Paulo
Akam).This dissertation, framed in the field of African Studies, specifically, in the field of African History, is
a case study on a specific event that marked the history of Morocco: the formation of the army of the
Abid al-Bukhari under the sultanate of Moulay Ismail (1672-1727). What was intended was to shed light
on its nature, interpreted, as a general rule, as an army of “sub-saharan” black soldiers enslaved by the
sultan. The intention was to verify if the sources were faithfully interpreted, since the consolidated
narrative on this matter seems to have a real impact on current racism in Morocco. After a deep review,
both of the sources, and of the existing literature, both European and Moroccan, we have verified
divergences and contradictions in the constructed historical portrait. We also show that there is a general
problem when it comes to addressing issues such as the “race” or “racialization” of the actors involved,
both the supposedly “enslaved” soldiers and the Moroccan population in general, especially around the
diffuse line that divides the “whites” from the “blacks”. There is also another problem regarding the
interpretation of the concept "slavery" in the Moroccan context, normally interpreted through the
Western lens. Based on the information provided by the sources, and given the existence of
contradictions in many of the studies, we consider that there is sufficient evidence to affirm that it was
not an army of slaves, that they were not enslaved and that the Bukharis were not “sub-saharans”.
(Author: Paulo Akam)
Pembuatan Situs Web Profil untuk Penyebaran Informasi di GMIT Pengharapan Dendeng
No full textInovasi teknologi telah menjadi bagian integral dari kehidupan modern, termasuk dalam konteks gereja dan pelayanannya. GMIT Pengharapan Dendeng dipilih sebagai bagian dari upaya pemanfaatan teknologi untuk memperluas jangkauannya. Pembuatan situs web profil GMIT Pengharapan Dendeng dilakukan tidak hanya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan mitra, namun juga untuk memberikan informasi yang beragam dan komprehensif. Situs web profil yang dibuat mencakup visi dan misi gereja, informasi sejarah, pengumuman, dokumentasi visual kegiatan gereja, informasi kepengurusan, formulir pendaftaran jemaat baru, serta fasilitas cara menghubungi kami. Evaluasi kepuasan partner terhadap situs web profil ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode pengujian kegunaan, yang mencakup empat aspek utama: tingkat kemudahan penggunaan, kemampuan untuk disesuaikan, waktu tunggu saat mengunduh konten, serta kelengkapan dan variasi konten yang tersedia. Hasilnya menunjukkan rata-rata penilaian mencapai 91%. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa mitra pengabdian sangat puas terhadap situs web profil yang dibuat
Liberal theory and Islam: (re)imagining the interaction of religion, law, state and society in Muslim contexts
No full textWithin the global phenomenon of the (re)emergence of religion into issues of public debate, one of the most salient issues confronting contemporary Muslim societies is how to relate the legal and political heritage that developed in pre-modern Islamic polities to the political order of the modern states in which Muslims now live.
This study seeks to develop a framework for addressing this issue by drawing upon two sources. The first is an interpretative understanding of the history of Muslim contexts emphasising, in particular, the diversity of views about what Islam mandates that have always been a part of Muslim experience and the distinction between political and religio-legal authority that developed in practice in these environments. The second source is a variety of contemporary liberal theory which this study develops and calls ‘justice as discourse’.
The central argument is that liberal theory, and justice as discourse in particular, though it may have emerged in a different social and cultural milieu, can be normatively useful in Muslim contexts for relating, religion, law, state and society. It is argued first, that Muslim contexts are facing issues similar to those out of which liberal theory emerged. Additionally, it is argued that both Muslim contexts and liberal theory are dynamic and continually developing and that this shared dynamism means that there may be space for convergence of the two. Just as Muslim contexts have developed historically (and continue to develop today) the same is the case with the requisites of liberal theory and this may allow for liberal choices to be made in a manner that is not a renunciation of Muslim heritage
Author Correction: Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes
No full textCell adhesion molecules are ubiquitous in multicellular organisms, specifying precise cell-cell interactions in processes as diverse as tissue development, immune cell trafficking and the wiring of the nervous system(1-4). Here we show that a wide array of synthetic cell adhesion molecules can be generated by combining orthogonal extracellular interactions with intracellular domains from native adhesion molecules, such as cadherins and integrins. The resulting molecules yield customized cell-cell interactions with adhesion properties that are similar to native interactions. The identity of the intracellular domain of the synthetic cell adhesion molecules specifies interface morphology and mechanics, whereas diverse homotypic or heterotypic extracellular interaction domains independently specify the connectivity between cells. This toolkit of orthogonal adhesion molecules enables the rationally programmed assembly of multicellular architectures, as well as systematic remodelling of native tissues. The modularity of synthetic cell adhesion molecules provides fundamental insights into how distinct classes of cell-cell interfaces may have evolved. Overall, these tools offer powerful abilities for cell and tissue engineering and for systematically studying multicellular organization. Synthetic cell adhesion molecules yield customized cell-cell interactions with adhesion properties that are similar to native interactions, and offer abilities for cell and tissue engineering and for systematically studying multicellular organization
A critical review of the current research mainstreams and the influencing factors of green total factor productivity
No full text[EN] The current world economy needs to undergo a green transformation. Green total factor productivity provides the basis for judging whether a country or region can attain long-term sustainable development. However, there is little research into the factors that influence green total factor productivity and this has become an obstacle in the transition to a greener economy. On filtering relevant articles and interviews data collected from 2009 to 2019, open decoding, spindle decoding, and selective decoding are carried out to classify research conducted into green total factor productivity. From this analysis, cutting-edge research and knowledge gaps in green total factor productivity are identified. Also, an influencing factor model of green total factor productivity is built. Findings suggest that technical, economic, and government are the three main research streams involved in this transformation process. In particular, technology plays a decisive role, economy plays a guaranteeing role, and government plays a regulatory role. Moreover, the impact of these factors cannot be isolated, as each influence and mediate the other two. Results from this study will help further popularize green total factor productivity and provide a new starting point for reducing energy consumption and environmental pollution.This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 71301013) and Major Projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.71942006-4), and this support is gratefully acknowledged. The fourth author acknowledges the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for his Ramon y Cajal contract (RYC-2017-22222) co-funded by the European Social Fund.Zhang, J.; Lu, G.; Skitmore, M.; Ballesteros-Pérez, P. (2021). A critical review of the current research mainstreams and the influencing factors of green total factor productivity. 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Author Correction: Retrospective evaluation of whole exome and genome mutation calls in 746 cancer samples
No full text: Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20128-w
