100 research outputs found
Carl Gustav Carus and the science of the unconscious
No full textCarus’ place in intellectual history “The key to understanding the conscious life of the soul lies in the realm of the unconscious.” In its explicitness, straightforwardness, perhaps even bravery, this sentence demands our attention. It was published in 1846, the opening sentence of a book, Psyche: On the Developmental History of the Soul (Psyche: Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Seele), whose author, Carl Gustav Carus (1789–1869), has a strong claim to be considered the first proper theorist of the unconscious. Carus' achievement was to present an explicit and systematic theory of the unconscious and to make this theory the foundation and the centerpiece of his theory of mind. Earlier philosophers developed theories of the unconscious: Plato and Aristotle perhaps, certainly Plotinus (204/5–270 CE), and in the modern period Marsilio Ficino (1433–99), Ralph Cudworth (1617–88), Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716), Christian Wolff (1679–1754), Friedrich Schelling (1775–1854), and Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860). Yet these theories were only ever adjuncts or by-products of more general theories of mind. No one before Carus makes the unconscious central to a theory of mind. Historically then, and as far as the range of this volume is concerned, with Carus we reach a tipping point. From this point onwards the unconscious becomes an unavoidable issue in German psychological theory. Yet it is tempting to say that Carus is the forgotten man of the history of German psychological theory. Carus' psychology is seldom read today.</p
The Nature of Things: A Didactic Poem. Vol. 1
No full textTranslated from Latin; English and Latin on facing pages, with extensive commentar
THE PHENOMENON OF “SIMULACRUM” IN THE WORKS OF TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS
No full textPurpose. We are going to analyze the understanding of simulacra in the works of the ancient philosopher Titus Lucretius Carus, to determine the features of the phenomenon of "simulacrum" in his paper "On the Nature of Things". Results and discussion. The results of the study were that the simulacrum of Lucretius was complexity and diversity. It was illustrated by the author of article, that the poetic work "On the Nature of Things", not just a poetry, but also deep philosophy and naturalistic system. Scientific innovation. It was discovered that the understanding of the simulacrum of Lucretius is a little explored field. The basis work for this research was “Lucretius and naturalism” G. Deleuze. Conclusions. The principal conclusion was that creativity Titus Lucretius Carus usually perceived as a manifestation of the Roman poetic word or description of the nature of things in a metaphorical form. However, in this article was made investigation of Lucretia’s interpretation of the phenomenon of "simulacrum"
Human in Titus Lucretius Carus’ Poem „De Rerum Natura”
No full textBakalaura darba Cilvēks Tita Lukrēcija Kāra poēmā „Par lietu dabu” mērķis ir izpētīt cilvēka tēla atklāsmi Tita Lukrēcija Kāra poēmā „Par lietu dabu”. Pētījums ir veltīts tam, lai analizētu, kā autors atklāj cilvēka tēlu savā poēmā.
Galvenie pētījuma virzieni, kuri skatīti darbā: Cilvēka saistība ar dabu un dievišķo; Cilvēka funkcionēšana sabiedrībā;Cilvēka individuālā pasaule.
Darbs strukturēts četrās nodaļās, pirmā no tām veltīta teorētiskam ieskatam un atklāj filozofiskās pamatnostādnes, kas ietekmējušas Lukrēcija daiļradi. Pārējais darbs veltīts praktiskajam pētījumam. Atslēgvārdi: Lukrēcija poēma „Par lietu dabu”, cilvēka tēls, daba un dievišķais, indivīds un sabiedrība.The goal of the bachelor paper Human in Titus Lucretius Carus’ Poem „De Rerum Natura” is to investigate the revelation of the human being’s image in the poem „De Rerum Natura” by Titus Lucretius Carus. This investigation is dedicated to the analysis of the way how the author exposes the person’s image in the poem.
The main concepts investigated in this paper are:Human’s relations with the nature and divinity; Human’s functioning in the society;The individual world of the human being.This paper is structurized into 4 chapters, first of them is devoted to the theoretical survey and the philosophic guidelines which had an influence on Lucrecia’s creation. The other chapters are dedicated to the practical investigation.Key words: Lucrecia’s poem „De Rerum Natura”, human’s image, the nature and divinit, individual and society
Death Observed Through Literature : An Assessment of Death in the Writings of Lucretius Carus, Theodore Roethke and Walt Whitman.
No full textA close examination on what it means to die by looking at the different works of literature by Lucretius Carus, Theodore Roethke, and Walt Whitman. Each poet described differing perspectives on death that range from the expiration of body, mind and soul, to death regarded as the beginning of a different state of existence. Even the latter was contrasted by these authors as one considered the renewed state as continued by the legacy left behind, while another perceived death as glory in God and victorious in death. Yet, despite their differences each author attempted to quell the fear of death
Death Observed Through Literature: An Assessment of Death in the Writings of Lucretius Carus, Theodore Roethke and Walt Whitman
No full textA close examination on what it means to die by looking at the different works of literature by Lucretius Carus, Theodore Roethke, and Walt Whitman. Each poet described differing perspectives on death that range from the expiration of body, mind and soul, to death regarded as the beginning of a different state of existence. Even the latter was contrasted by these authors as one considered the renewed state as continued by the legacy left behind, while another perceived death as glory in God and victorious in death. Yet, despite their differences each author attempted to quell the fear of death
ISPARTA YÖRESİ ANADOLU KARAÇAMI [Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe] MEŞCERELERİNDE BÜYÜME ÖZELLİKLERİ
No full textÖzet: Bu çalışmada, Isparta yöresindeki doğal Anadolu karaçamı [Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe] meşcereleri için hacim, ağaç sayısı, göğüs yüzeyi, orta çap ve orta boy gibi meşcere özelliklerinin, meşcere yaşı, bonitet ve sıklık derecesine göre değişimi incelenmiştir. Veriler, 30 örnek alandan elde edilmiştir. Örneklenen meşcerelerin yaşları 45-150, bonitet sınıfları I-V ve sıklık dereceleri ise 3.56-11.45 arasında değişmektedir. Düzenlenen regresyon modelleri ile meşcere yaşı, bonitet endeksi ve sıklık derecelerinin fonksiyonu olarak meşcereye ilişkin hacim elemanları tahmin edilebilmektedir. Elde edilen sonuçlar; temel büyüme yasaları ve literatür bilgileri ile uyumlu bulunmuştur.
Anahtar kelimeler: Büyüme modeli, yaş, bonitet sınıfı, sıklık derecesi
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS FOR ANATOLIAN BLACK PINE [Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe] STANDS IN ISPARTA REGION
Abstract: In this study, stand volume, number of trees, basal area, mean diameter and mean height of Anatolian black pine [Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe] were investigated which are changed based on the stand age, site index and density degree in Isparta region. The data are obtained from 30 sample plots gathered. Stand ages are ranged between 45-150, site index between I-V and density degree varied from 3.56 to 11.45. The volume components of stand can be estimated by regression models been functions of stand age, site index and density degree. The results were in agreement with the known rules and laws.
Key words: Growth modelling, age, site quality, density degre
Effect of defoliation by the pine processionary moth (PPM) on radial, height and volume growth of Crimean pine (Pinus nigra) trees in Turkey
No full textAbstract: In this study, we assessed the effects of chronic defoliation on radial, height and volume growth of Crimean pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) trees of the pine processionary moth [Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams (Lepidoptera:Thaumetopoeidae)] in western Turkey. Crimean pine tree ring chronologies were analyzed for evidence of the pine processionary moth (PPM). Tree ring widths from nondefoliated Crimean pine sample trees, which were not defoliated by PPM from 1998 to 2004, were used to estimate potential growth in the defoliated Crimean pine sample trees during the same time interval. In 2004, increment cores collected from 50 defoliated sample trees and 25 non-defoliated sample trees dominant or co-dominant trees. Annual radial growth indices from 1985-2004 calculated for each defoliated Crimean pine and non-defoliated Crimean pine group. We identified regional outbreaks of PPM by synchronous and sustained growth periods of Crimean pine trees. Growth functions of defoliated Crimean pine trees (3) and non-defoliated Crimean pine trees (2) were graphically compared as the cumulative sum of radial, height and volume increment. Two outbreak were identified in 1992 (1992 and 1993) and 1998 (1998-2004) in the study area. PPM caused a significance decrease (average 33%, p<0.05) in the annual radial increment in 1998-2004
Stand Volume Function in Even- Aged Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) Stand of West and Middle Black Sea Regions.
No full textA diameter increment model for individual trees of ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) plantations in Adapazarı- Süleymaniye region
Get PDFBu çalısmanın amacı, dikim yoluyla kurulmus, dar yapraklı disbudak (DYD, Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) mescerelerinde, tek ağaçlarda çap artımını tahmin için bir çap artım modeli gelistirmektir. Bu amaçla, normal kapalı, saf, aynı yaslı ve müdahale görmemis DYD mescereleri incelenmistir. 2001 yılında, Adapazarı yöresi Süleymaniye DYD plantasyonlarında 27 örnek alan alınmıstır. Örnek alanlar içerisinde de sayıları 1 ile 6 arasında değisen örnek konu ağaç seçilmistir. Her bir örnek ağaç (konu) ve onun komsusu olan 6 ağacın x ve y koordinatları göğüs çapı, boy, tepe boyu, tepe çapı, yas ve 10 yıllık çap artımı kayıt edilmistir. Modele, ağacın çap, yarısma endeksi ve yası değisken olarak sokulmustur. Model, tek ağaçta çap artımındaki değisimin %75’ini açıklamaktadır.The aim of this study is to develop a diameter increment model for estimating the diameter increment on individual trees of narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) plantations. For that reason, normal closed, pure, even-aged, and undisturbed stands have been studied. In 2001, 27 plots were taken from ash plantations in Adapazarı-Süleymaniye. The number of selected sampling trees has ranged from 1 to 6 in sample plots. Sampling trees, that is, the subject tree and competitor trees have been mapped on x- y coordinate system and, diameter at breast height, total height, crown height, crown diameter, age and 10 year radial increment recorded. Tree diameter (d), competition index (CI) and age (t) as were included in the model variable. The model explained 75% of the variation in individual tree diameter increment of ash plantations
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