16,876 research outputs found
White paper. Ethics and trustworthiness of artificial intelligence in clinical surgery
No full textThis white paper documents the consensus opinion of the Artificial Intelligence Surgery (AIS) task force on Artificial Intelligence (AI) Ethics and the AIS Editorial Board Study Group on Ethics on the ethical considerations and current trustworthiness of artificial intelligence and autonomous actions in surgery. The ethics were divided into 6 topics defined by the Task Force: Reliability of robotic and AI systems; Respect for privacy and sensitive data; Use of complete and representative (i.e., unbiased) data; Transparencies and uncertainties in AI; Fairness: are we exacerbating inequalities in access to healthcare?; Technology as an equalizer in surgical education. Task Force members were asked to research a topic, draft a section, and come up with several potential consensus statements. These were voted on by members of the Task Force and the Study Group, and all proposals that received > 75 % agreement were adopted and included in the White Paper
Transactions.
No full textMode of access: Internet.Vols for 1865-1908 issued by the section under an earlier name: Section on Surgery and Anatomy
Women and genital cosmetic surgery
No full textThis Issues Paper critically explores female genital cosmetic surgery in the Victorian context: to better understand what it is, who is undertaking it, and their reasons for doing so. The incidence of female genital cosmetic surgery appears to be increasing. This trend has been the subject of substantial analysis and opinion, but there is a lack of rigorous evidence on risks, efficacy, complications, and patient satisfaction. This Issues Paper considers how both individual and sociocultural factors are likely to contribute to the emerging trend, and how professional bodies, health professionals, and advocates might respond. It is intended as a starting point for further conversation, evidence-gathering, and action
Tactile Feedback for Artery Detection in Minimally Invasive Robotic Surgery –Preliminary Results of a New Approach
No full textMinimally invasive robotic surgery (MIRS) entails
total absence of haptic feedback due to the spatial separation
of patient and surgeon. In conventional surgery, however,
palpation to detect superficial arteries by a slight pulsation is
an important, commonly applied, and security-relevant procedure.
Therefore, an ultrasound based unidirectional sensor for
MIRS was developed feeding back kinesthetic impulses to the
surgeon-sided haptic input device
René Géronimo Favaloro : pioneer of Cardiac Surgery
No full textDr. René G. Favaloro moved to the Cleveland Clinic in 1962 and proceeded to reshape the face of cardiac surgery as we knew it. Together with his colleagues at the Cleveland Clinic, Drs. Effler, Sones, Proudfit, Groves, Sheldon and countless others, he contributed to the double internal mammary arterymyocardial implantation by the Vineberg method, and by May 1967, he reconstructed the right coronary artery by the saphenous vein graft interposition. These landmark procedures paved the way for the aorto-coronary saphenous vein bypass graft in October 1967. Many similar breakthroughs ensued, with the application of the bypass technique to the left coronary artery, the combination of coronary artery bypass graft with left ventricular reconstruction and valve repair/replacement and finally, by December, a double bypass to the right coronary artery and anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery. In June, 1971, Dr. Favaloro decided to leave the Cleveland Clinic and return to Argentina where he created a medical centre, a teaching unit, a research department and finally an Institute of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery. This was his greatest personal ambition. Over and above his brilliant mind and craft, Dr. Favaloro was a man of integrity, courage, honesty and humility, whose name will never cease to reverberate throughout the history of medicine.peer-reviewe
Essential Surgery at the District Hospital: A Retrospective Descriptive Analysis in three African Countries.
No full textSurgical conditions contribute significantly to the disease burden in sub-Saharan Africa. Yet there is an apparent neglect of surgical care as a public health intervention to counter this burden. There is increasing enthusiasm to reverse this trend, by promoting essential surgical services at the district hospital, the first point of contact for critical conditions for rural populations. This study investigated the scope of surgery conducted at district hospitals in three sub-Saharan African countries.\ud
In a retrospective descriptive study, field data were collected from eight district hospitals in Uganda, Tanzania, and Mozambique using a standardized form and interviews with key informants. Overall, the scope of surgical procedures performed was narrow and included mainly essential and life-saving emergency procedures. Surgical output varied across hospitals from five to 45 major procedures/10,000 people. Obstetric operations were most common and included cesarean sections and uterine evacuations. Hernia repair and wound care accounted for 65% of general surgical procedures. The number of beds in the studied hospitals ranged from 0.2 to 1.0 per 1,000 population. The findings of this study clearly indicate low levels of surgical care provision at the district level for the hospitals studied. The extent to which this translates into unmet need remains unknown although the very low proportions of live births in the catchment areas of these eight hospitals that are born by cesarean section suggest that there is a substantial unmet need for surgical services. The district hospital in the current health system in sub-Saharan Africa lends itself to feasible integration of essential surgery into the spectrum of comprehensive primary care services. It is therefore critical that the surgical capacity of the district hospital is significantly expanded; this will result in sustainable preventable morbidity and mortality. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
A New 3D Tool for Planning Plastic Surgery
No full textFace plastic surgery (PS) plays a major role in today medicine. Both for reconstructive and cosmetic surgery, achieving harmony of facial features is an important, if not the major goal. Several systems have been proposed for presenting to patient and surgeon possible outcomes of the surgical procedure. In this paper, we present a new 3D system able to automatically suggest, for selected facial features as nose, chin, etc, shapes that aesthetically match the patient's face. The basic idea is suggesting shape changes aimed to approach similar but more harmonious faces. To this goal, our system compares the 3D scan of the patient with a database of scans of harmonious faces, excluding the feature to be corrected. Then, the corresponding features of the k most similar harmonious faces, as well as their average, are suitably pasted onto the patient's face, producing k+1 aesthetically effective surgery simulations. The system has been fully implemented and tested. To demonstrate the system, a 3D database of harmonious faces has been collected and a number of PS treatments have been simulated. The ratings of the outcomes of the simulations, provided by panels of human judges, show that the system and the underlying idea are effectiv
On The Kauffman Bracket Skein Module Of Surgery On A Trefoil
No full textthis paper extends that pattern to include all integral surgeries on a right hand trefoil knot. The result is obtained in several propositions spread over the last two sections of the paper. In this section we will introduce the basic definitions and some background material. In the next we will use Heegaard splittings to present the modules of the surgered manifolds. In Section 3 we will reduce these to finite presentations for all the manifolds without essential surfaces. Finally, in Section 4 we map the module onto a simpler specialization which turns out to be an algebra. For the two manifolds containing essential surfaces, it is easily seen to be infinite dimensional. Let M be a 3-manifold. Its Kauffman bracket skein module is an algebraic invariant, K(M ), built from the set of all framed links in M . By a framed link we mean an embedded collection of annuli considered up to isotopy i
The outcome of bone graft surgery for nonunion of fractures of the scaphoid
No full text© The Author(s) 2019. Data on 806 patients undergoing bone graft surgery for a scaphoid fracture nonunion were retrospectively collected at 19 centres in the United Kingdom. Each centre contributed at least 30 cases. Sufficient data were available in 462 cases to study factors that influenced the outcome of surgery. Overall union occurred in at least 69%, and nonunion in at least 22%, with 9% of cases having ‘uncertain union status’. Union appeared to be adversely influenced by smoking and the time between acute scaphoid fracture and nonunion surgery, with adjusted odds ratios of 1.8 and 2.4, respectively, but neither achieved the pre-determined significance level of 0.003. The type of bone graft (vascular vs non-vascular; iliac crest vs distal radius) did not appear to influence outcome. Further large multicentre prospective studies with clear definitions of ‘union’ and other factors are needed to clarify whether modification of surgical technique can influence union. Level of evidence: IV
Attitudes About Cosmetic Surgery: Gender and Body Experience
No full textThis study investigates relationships between acceptance of cosmetic surgery and several variables related to the body. A sample of 359 college students completed the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale, as well as measures of state self-esteem, body shame, body surveillance, appearance control beliefs, and public selfconsciousness. It was predicted that acceptance of cosmetic surgery would be positively related to public selfconsciousness, body shame, and body surveillance. It was also predicted that acceptance of cosmetic surgery would be negatively related to appearance self-esteem and appearance control beliefs. For the most part, findings were consistent with the hypotheses; however, patterns of relationships among the variables were not identical for women and men. Results are discussed in terms of differences in the way women and men experience their bodies
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