212 research outputs found
Letter from Martin County Chapter Secretary to S. B. Simmons
No full textLetter from Martin County Chapter Secretary to S. B. Simmons, sending in list of chapter donations to people in need
Soundings: the Newsletter of the Monterey Bay Chapter of the American Cetacean Society. 2013
No full textIssues January - November/December 2013. (PDF contains 96 pages
The reality of media freedom in Swaziland under the new constitutional dispensation
No full textThe study concludes that there is still lack of media freedom in Swaziland under the new constitutional dispensation. Its significant finding is that the lack of media freedom is a consequence of constitutional, legal and extra-legal constraints
Report of the Union County Mosquito Extermination Commission, 1953
No full textA yearly series of reports from the Union County Mosquito Extermination Commission. The reports cover finances, inspections, drainage, oiling, and salt marsh, inland, and educational work regarding the extermination and control of mosquitoes in the different towns and districts of Union County, New Jersey.Appointed under the Act approved March 21, 1912, Chapter 104, Laws of 191
Phantoms of Anglo-Confederate commerce : an historical and archaeological investigation of American civil war blockade running
No full textDuring the American Civil War Wilmington, North Carolina and the
Bermudian ports of St. Georges and Hamilton served as vital links in a
complex trading network that developed to facilitate the exchange of southern
agricultural products for war materials and civilian merchandise through a
Union blockade of the Confederacy. Although that material contributed
significantly to the Confederate war effort, Anglo-Confederate blockade
running has received limited scholarly attention. Much of the associated
literature is based on memoirs rather than scholarship and does not accurately,
reflect that necessarily clandestine trade. The primary goal of this thesis is to
produce a more comprehensive and detailed picture of blockade running, the
cargoes carried through the Union blockade and the powerful steam vessels
that made Anglo-Confederate commerce possible. Unlike previous treatments,
this thesis combines the results of both archival and archaeological research.
The results illustrate the evolution of strategies involved in both establishing
and maintaining the blockade and those developed for running the blockade.
Assessment of the vessel remains and historical data associated with the
construction and procurement of steamers identifies the vessel types and
confirms that blockade runners adapted extant technology. Contrary to the
popularly held impression, no technological innovations were specifically
developed to address the demands of the trade. The spatial distribution of
wrecks and the minimal amount of cultural material surviving in association
with them, provides strong evidence that cargoes were more valuable than the
vessels. That premise influenced the strategy adopted by blockade runners.
While Confederate salvors left little evidence of cargo, historical research
revealed a wealth of new insight into the specific nature of that material. This
new evidence provides a more accurate and detailed picture of Anglo-
Confederate blockade running and the strategies, ships and cargoes that made
blockade running between Wilmington and Bermuda a success
The development of social legislation for blind or deaf persons in England 1834-1939
No full textThis thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.As indicated by the title the purpose of the thesis is to trace the development of social legislation for blind or deaf persons in England between 1834 and 1939. No attempt is made to deal with assistance whether from statutory or voluntary sources for war blinded or deafened persons. In the first chapter a survey is made of the position of the blind or deaf under the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 and succeeding Poor Law legislation up to 1919. Chapter two deals with the enquiry into the condition of the blind carried out in 1874-75 by the Charity Organisation Society and the much more comprehensive survey of the state of the blind or deaf made between 1884 and 1888 by the Royal Commission on the Blind, Deaf and Dumb which reported in 1889. The latter enquiry resulted in the passing of the Education (Blind and Deaf Children) Act of 1893 and also provided the essential data on which state action for the two disabilities could be based. The third chapter gives an account of the campaign to secure legislation for the blind which culminated in the Blind Persons Act of 1920. How the Blind Persons Act was implemented at the local level and the effect on blind welfare of the work of the Advisory Committee on the Welfare of the Blind and the passing of the Local Government Act of 1929, is the concern of chapter four.
Chapter five describes the events leading up to the enactment of legislation relating to the issue of free dog licences in respect of guide dogs for the blind, concessionary postal rates, reduced fees in respect of wireless receiving licences, and the Blind Voters Act of 1933.
In Chapter six the story of the campaign for legislation for the blind is continued up to the passing of the Blind Persons Act of 1938. The penultimate chapter relates the attempts made to secure legislation provision for the deaf in the form of a Deaf Persons Act broadly similar in scope to the Acts on behalf of the blind. The thesis concludes with a consideration of certain conclusions drawn from the subject matter presented in the preceding chapters
Conflicts within the established church in Warwickshire c. 1603-1642
No full textThis thesis examines the established church in Warwickshire from the
accession of James I to the outbreak of the English civil war. Its
principal aim is to assess the impact of the ecclesiastical policies
of Charles I, which have been the subject of considerable debate
between historians in recent years.
The thesis argues that significant changes occurred in the local
church during the 1630s. These were broadly in line with the
policies of Archbishop William Laud, who sought to promote an
institutional and sacramental style of worship, and to suppress the
activity of Protestant nonconformists. In Warwickshire, these
policies led to the promotion of ceremonial religion and the
renovation and redecoration of parish churches. There was also an
increase in the prosecution of Puritans in the church courts.
However, the success of these policies was limited by various
factors: the attitudes of the local bishops, the practical problems
of enforcing discipline, and the resilience of the Puritan community.
The thesis examines the impact of Laud's policies on the county as a
whole, and on particular groups within the local church. It also
presents case-studies of religion in the towns of Coventry and
Stratford-upon-Avon. The thesis concludes that the ecclesiastical
policies of the 1630s were largely counter-productive: they provoked
the hostility of local Puritans, but failed to curb their activities.
The experience of "Laudianism" also encouraged demands for thorough
reform in the established church, which were translated into support
for parliament at the beginning of the civil war
The choral foundation of Durham Cathedral, c.1350 - c.1650
No full textThe muniments of Durham cathedral, city, and diocese have been explored in order to present and assess the contribution made by lay musicians to worship in the cathedral. By 1335-60 the boys and men had become sufficiently established to merit specific payments. Whether or not the lay Cantor dates back that far is uncertain, but in 1390 it was agreed that what was required was a Cantor-Instructor. No proof for the implementation of this earlier than 1415 has come to light, nor has any contract earlier than that made by the monastery with John steel in 1430. From it and those of his successors, and from Rites of Durham, a picture emerges of the Cantor's duties and of the part played by boys and men in the daily Lady Mass in the Galilee chapel and in the Mass of the Name of Jesus on Fridays in the nave. Following the suppression of its monastic arm in 1539 Durham was re-constituted a cathedral only in 1541 . The pattern of worship established c.1560 continued until the 1620s, when the innovations introduced by John Cosin caused Peter Smart (a Calvinist) to preach a vituperative sermon on 27 July 1628. From the litigation which ensued much emerges about whole ordering of worship in Durham since the 1560s. Produced whilst the ceremonialists held sway were several sets of new music books for the choir. Some 40% of these are still in Durham. such is the detail in the muniments that it has proved possible to suggest when the books were transcribed and by whom. It has also proved possible to identify the contributions of no fewer than eight Durham scribes to the music books at Peterhouse, Cambridge. That their work should be so far afield is explained by the fact that when John Cosin became Master of Peterhouse i n 1635 he re-established the post of College organist and drew heavily upon the Durham repertoire. The succession of Cantors and Masters of the Choristers provided the framework on which to interweave details of their lives, historical events and musical developments. Biographical information relating to the other members of the choir has been assembled in Appendix 1. This is followed other Appendices many of which present together all occurrences of certain fields of information
The European Trade in Stained Glass, with Special Reference to the Trade between the Rhineland and the United Kingdom 1794-1835
No full textThe study is set against a period of cultural and political change in Continental Europe and the United Kingdom at the beginning of the nineteenth century. As a result of the Concordat between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII signed on the 15 July 1801, the Pope agreed that he and his successors would take no action against the buyers of church property. In this way the secularising of church property, firstly in France and later in other countries, was legalised. The wholesale redistribution began during the Peace of Amiens in 1802, one of the “Goods” on offer being stained glass. The United Kingdom was the primary beneficiary of this redistribution with its emerging interest in historical objects, firstly antiquarian, then commercial and later intellectual.
Because of the extent of the trade in stained glass in this period the study concentrates on the trade between the Rhineland and the United Kingdom, with the focus being between 1815-1835, when a new constellation of buyers, sellers and installers of Rhenish stained glass appeared. The function of the appendices is twofold: firstly to remove detailed but relevant data from the main text so as not to obscure the main argument and secondly to provide the reader with data not strictly within the parameters of the thesis.
The analysis of the available and newly discovered data takes three approaches to acquisition and installation and is presented in three case studies. Firstly the activities of the Regency Contractor architects, highlighting Sir Jeffry Wyatville and William Wilkins who were responsible for the most significant Rhenish stained glass installations in this period. The second analyses Edward Spenser Curling (1771-1850) whose newly discovered diary (by the author) of his activities between 1827-36, sheds new light on the detailed mechanics of the stained glass trade of this period and the networks existing in Cologne and the United Kingdom. The discovery of this diary proves that Curling acquired all the Altenberg and St Apern stained glass panels presently in the United Kingdom. The third study analyses a number of facets that influenced the trade in the United Kingdom, particularly the activities of the stained glass painters Betton and Evans
James Martin
No full textSir James Martin was born on 14 May 1820 at Midleton, County Cork, Ireland, the son of John Martin and his wife Mary nee Hennessey. His father, a steward and groom, was invited to Sydney by Sir Thomas Brisbane to care for his horses. The family arrived on the ship 'John Barry' on 7 November 1821 and lived in a cottage close to the stables at Government House, Parramatta. James Martin was educated at various schools in Parramatta, including that of Daniel Thurston, and from 1833 at William Timothy Cape's Sydney Academy. With Cape, he transferred to the Sydney College when it opened on 19 January 1835. (1)<br /><br />After leaving school in 1836, Martin was employed as a reporter and sub-editor at the 'Australian' newspaper, owned and edited by the first Australian born solicitor George Robert Nichols. Nichols, a supporter of democratic self government, was on the executive of the Australian Patriotic Association and was a strong influence on Martin. In 1838 Martin published his 'Australian Sketch Book', a collection of fifteen essays. By 1839 Martin was editor of the 'Australian', while Nichols concentrated on his legal practice. In 1840 Nichols resigned from the 'Australian' and Martin became his articled law clerk. Martin continued to contribute articles to newspapers, including the 'Sydney Free Press', the 'Atlas' and the 'Empire'. (2)<br /><br />Martin was admitted as a attorney, solicitor and proctor on 10 May 1845. Candidates who sought admission as a solicitor in New South Wales at that time and lacked overseas qualifications were required to serve five years as a law clerk. Martin had offices in Pitt Street and at Parramatta. From May 1845 to August 1847, he was also editor and manager of the 'Atlas' newspaper. Throughout his later political career, even while Attorney General and Premier, he continued to practise law. (3)<br /><br />Martin's interest in politics grew alongside the movement for representative government in New South Wales. In 1843, during the Colony's first elections, he was a member of the committee to elect William Charles Wentworth and Dr William Bland. Martin stood for election in his own right at the 19 February 1848 by-election for the seat of Durham but withdrew when a local candidate was nominated. At the general election of July 1848 for the Legislative Council he was returned as the Member for Cook and Westmoreland. The result was challenged on the grounds that he did not meet the property qualification for Members of the Council and the seat was declared empty in June 1849. Candidates were required to own property either worth two thousand pounds or earning one hundred pounds a year in rent. In July 1849 Martin was again re-elected and served in the Legislative Council until 29 February 1856. He sought self government, along with reforms in local government and public health, the protection of children and animals, and the building of roads, railways and the Sydney Mint. (4)<br /><br />With the start of responsible government in 1856, Martin was elected a Member of the Legislative Assembly, a role he held from 4 April 1856 till 10 November 1860 and from 28 June 1862 to 11 November 1873. He represented a number of different seats: Cook and Westmoreland, East Sydney, Orange, Tumut, Monaro, Lachlan and East Macquarie. He was Attorney General twice (26 August 1856 to 2 October 1856, 7 September 1857 to 8 November 1858). He was Premier and Attorney General three times (16 October 1863 to 2 February 1865, 22 January 1866 to 26 October 1868, and 16 December 1870 to 13 May 1872). His first appointment as Attorney General was challenged by the New South Wales Bar because a solicitor was not qualified to be Attorney General. Solicitors could not appear before the Supreme Court of New South Wales, a necessity for the Attorney General. But he had decided in 1855 to qualify for the Bar under the Barristers Admission Act 1848 (11 Vic. No.57). Having passed the Bar examinations in Greek, Latin, Mathematics and the Law, he was called to the Colonial Bar on 11 September 1856. He was created a Queen's Counsel on 12 November 1857 by virtue of his second period as Attorney General. A Protectionist, he also had a keen interest in the development of secular education, law and order, local government, railways, public health and sanitation, and the defence and development of the State. He was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1869, on the recommendation of Sir John Young who retired as Governor in 1867. (5)<br /><br />Sir James Martin's appointment as Chief Justice was announced on 10 November 1873 and he was sworn in on 19 November. He thus became 'the only man in the State's history to attain the most senior political and judicial offices'. (6) As Chief Justice he was automatically Judge Commissary of the Vice-Admiralty Court. In addition, as Chief Justice he was also automatically an official trustee of the Australian Museum, under Section IV of the 1853 Australian Museum Act (Act 27 Vic. No.2). (7)<br /><br />Unlike later Chief Justices, Martin was not the Administrator of the Colony of New South Wales during the absence of the Governor. In April 1872 the Secretary of State, Earl Granville, forwarded a dormant commission allowing the Chief Justice, rather than a senior military officer, to be the Administrator of the Colony of New South Wales during the absence of the Governor. The commission was used to appoint Sir Alfred Stephen as Administrator from February to June 1872. Sir Hercules Robinson failed to appoint Martin as Administrator in September 1874 when Robinson visited Fiji on official business, raising both Martin's ire and a legal question. Robinson, with the agreement of the Secretary of State, decided an Administrator should be sworn in only if an emergency occurred. Martin argued that the Chief Justice was automatically Administrator whenever the Governor was absent, by virtue of the dormant commission. It was not a matter of what the Governor of the time wanted. Although Martin demanded to be appointed, he was not. After Robinson's return a new dormant commission was sent from England, authorising the previous Chief Justice, Sir Alfred Stephen, to be Administrator when the Governor was next absent. (8)<br /><br />Martin took leave from the Supreme Court on 13 March 1879 because of ill health due to a heart condition. Although he wrote to the Premier, Sir Henry Parkes, in June 1880 seeking an extension of his leave, it was not granted and he resumed his duties in August. (9)<br /><br />His biographer, J M Bennett, describes Martin as 'conservative as a lawyer and Conservative as a politician. His legal conservatism was found in his disapproval of judicial innovation'. (10) Believing that the Supreme Court's role was to interpret and refine the law but not to change it, his time as Chief Justice was a period of legal consolidation rather than innovation. Change was the right of the Parliament. Issues that he did raise during his term included the need for more judges and an increase in judges' salaries, and whether officers of the Court who were public servants were answerable to the Judges or to the Parliament. (11) <br /><br />Martin occupied other government offices. He was a member of the Council of Education from 1 January 1867 till 26 December 1872. He was a member of the Law Reform Commission from 15 June 1870 till at least 31 December 1872. He was a member of the Commission to advise the Government in matters connected with the Defence of the Colony from Foreign Aggression from 15 July 1872 to 4 November 1886. As Chief Justice, he also held office in a number of commissions promoting New South Wales resources and industries at national and international trade exhibitions. These included the Melbourne Inter-Colonial Exhibition of 1875 and the Philadelphia International Exhibition of 1876, the Paris Universal Exhibition of 1878, the Sydney International Exhibition of 1879, the Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880-81, the Amsterdam International Colonial and Export Trade Exhibition of 1883, and the London Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886. (12) <br /><br />Martin was active in the community. He was a Fellow of the Senate of the University of Sydney from 1858 to 1878 and again from 5 September 1885 to 4 November 1886. He resigned from the Senate in 1878 when he was not elected Chancellor. He was also an Examiner for the Faculty of Law by 1865 and until 1878. His membership of the committee of the Hyde Park Improvement Society in the 1860s reflected his interest in tree planting. He was vice-president of the Civil Service Club and a committee member of the Victoria Club. His commercial activities included helping to start the Mutual Life Association of Australia from 1867 to 1869. (13) <br /><br />Martin died on 4 November 1886 at Potts Point, Sydney, survived by his estranged wife, Isabella nee Long, whom he married on 20 January 1853 at Sydney, and 12 of their 16 children (six sons and six daughters). (14)<br /><br />Endnotes<br />1. JM Bennett, Sir James Martin, Sydney, Federation Press, 2005, pp.1-6; Elena Grainger, Martin of Martin Place, Sydney, Alpha Books, 1970, pp.1-5, 10-11; JM Bennett, 'James (later Sir James) Martin', in David Clune and Ken Turner (eds), The Premiers of New South Wales 1856-2005, Sydney, Federation Press, 2006, Vol.1, pp.103-119.<br />2. JM Bennett, Sir James Martin , op.cit., pp.8-14; Elena Grainger, op.cit., pp.18, 23, 26-7, 31.<br />3. JM Bennett, Sir James Martin , op.cit., pp.11, 13-15, 26, 219, see also Chapter 10 'Practice at the Bar' re his legal career whilst Attorney General and Premier; Elena Grainger, op.cit., pp.34, 37-8, 40-41, 43.<br />4. JM Bennett, 'James (later Sir James) Martin', in David Clune and Ken Turner (eds), The Premiers of New South Wales 1856-2005, op.cit., pp.106-7; JM Bennett, Sir James Martin, op.cit., pp.28-47; Elena Grainger, op.cit., pp.32-3, 48, 51-2.<br />5. 'Sir James (1) Martin [Former Member]', New South Wales Parliament website <a href="http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/members.nsf/V3ListFormerMembers">http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/members.nsf/V3ListFormerMembers</a> (cited 6 March 2009); JM Bennett, 'James (later Sir James) Martin', in David Clune and Ken Turner (eds), The Premiers of New South Wales 1856-2005, op.cit., pp.109-10, 113-4; JM Bennett, Sir James Martin, op.cit., pp.88-100, 182.<br />6. JM Bennett, 'James (later Sir James) Martin', in David Clune and Ken Turner (eds), The Premiers of New South Wales 1856-2005, op.cit., p.103.<br />7. Elena Grainger, op.cit., pp.122-3; Colonial Secretary; NRS 1286, Returns of the Colony (Blue Books), 1875, p.55.<br />8. JM Bennett, Sir James Martin, op.cit., pp. 287-291, 296; Elena Grainger, op.cit., pp.126-8, 138.<br />9. JM Bennett, Sir James Martin, op.cit., pp.309-11; Elena Grainger, op.cit., pp.138-142.<br />10. JM Bennett, Sir James Martin, op.cit., p.313.<br />11. JM Bennett, Sir James Martin, op.cit., pp.296-306.<br />12. Colonial Secretary; NRS 1286, Returns of the Colony (Blue Books), 1858, 1863-1886.<br />13. University of Sydney Calendar;1859, p.99; 1865, p.vi; 1878-79, p.94; 1879-80, p.94; 1886, pp.140, 297; 1887, pp.140, 305, <a href="http://calendararchive.usyd.edu.au/index.php">http://calendararchive.usyd.edu.au/index.php</a> (cited 15 Feb, 17 March, 13 May 2008, 10 March 2009); Colonial Secretary; NRS 1286, Returns of the Colony (Blue Books), 1868-1871, 1873-1876; JM Bennett, Sir James Martin, op.cit., pp.316-7; Elena Grainger, op.cit., pp.128-9; Bede Nairn, 'Martin, Sir James (1820-1886)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Online Edition, <a href="http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A050248b.htm">http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A050248b.htm</a> (cited 11 January 2008).<br />14. JM Bennett, Sir James Martin, op.cit., pp.306-312; Elena Grainger, op.cit., pp.141-9, 154-5.<br /><br />Additional References<br />JM Bennett, 'The Honourable Sir James Martin' in Portraits of the Chief Justices of New South Wales 1824-1977, St Ives, Sydney, John Ferguson Pty Ltd, 1977, pp.23-25.<br />Cyclopedia of New South Wales, Sydney, McCarron, Stewart and Company, 1907, Modbury, SA, Archive CD Book Australia Pty Ltd, 2007, p.295.<br />JH Heaton, Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time, Sydney, George Robertson, 1879, pp.132-4.<br />Percival Serle, Dictionary of Australian Biography, 1949, <a href="http://gutenberg.net.au/dictbiog/0-dict-biogMa-Mo.html">http://gutenberg.net.au/dictbiog/0-dict-biogMa-Mo.html</a> (cited 23 January 2008).<br />PER-99Member of the Legislative Council, 01/071848 - 29/02/1856<br/>Member of the Legislative Assembly, 04/04/1856 - 10/11/1860; 28/06/1862 - 11/11/1873<br/>Attorney General, 26/08/1856 - 02/10/1856; 07/09/1857 - 08/11/1858<br/>Premier and Attorney General, 16/10/1863 - 02/02/1865; 22/01/1866 - 26/10/1868; 16/12/1870 - 13/05/1872<br/>Member, Council of Education, 01/01/1867 - 26/12/1872<br/>Member, Law Reform Commission, 15/06/1870 - 31/12/1872<br/>Member, Commission to advise the Government in matters connected with the Defence of the Colony from Foreign Aggression, 15/07/1872 - 04/11/1886<br/>Chief Justice, Supreme Court of New South Wales, 19/11/1873 - 04/11/1886<br/>Judge Commissary, Vice Admiralty Court, 19/11/1873 - 04/11/1886<br/>Official Trustee, Australian Museum, 19/11/1873 - 04/11/1886<br/>Fellow of the Senate, University of Sydney, 1858 - 1878, 05/09/1885- 14/11/1886<br/>Examiner in Law, University of Sydney, 1865-1878<br/>President, New South Wales Commission for the Philadelphia International of 1876 and Melbourne Inter-Colonial Exhibition of 1875, 27/04/1875 - 25/07/1877<br/>President, New South Wales Commission for the Paris Universal Exhibition of 1878, 06/11/1877 - 18/03/1880<br/>Vice-president, New South Wales Commission for the Sydney International Exhibition of 1879, 31/12/1878 - 20/04/1880<br/>President, New South Wales Commission for the Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880-81, 20/01/1880 - 02/08/1881<br/>President, New South Wales Commission for the Amsterdam International Colonial and Export Trade Exhibition of 1883, 02/08/1882 - 13/11/1882<br/>President, New South Wales Commission for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, London, 1886, 16/01/1885 - 04/11/1886<br/><br/>
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