12,554 research outputs found
The Effect of Medicare Part D on Pharmaceutical Prices and Utilization
No full textOn January 1, 2006, the federal government began providing insurance coverage for Medicare recipients' prescription drug expenditures through a new program known as Medicare Part D. Rather than setting pharmaceutical prices itself, the government contracted with private insurance plans to provide this coverage. Enrollment in Part D was voluntary, with each Medicare recipient allowed to choose from one of the private insurers with a contract to offer coverage in her geographic region. This paper evaluates the effect of this program on the price and utilization of pharmaceutical treatments. Theoretically, it is ambiguous whether the expansion in insurance coverage would increase or reduce pharmaceutical prices. Insurance-induced reductions in demand elasticities would predict an increase in pharmaceutical firms' optimal prices. However, Part D plans could potentially negotiate price discounts through their ability to influence the market share of specific treatments. Using data on product-specific prices and quantities sold in each year in the U.S., our findings indicate that Part D substantially lowered the average price and increased the total utilization of prescription drugs by Medicare recipients. Our results further suggest that the magnitude of these average effects varies across drugs as predicted by economic theory.
FIGURE 2 in A new Dinapsis species from the Central African Republic (Hymenoptera, Megalyridae, Dinapsini)
No full textFIGURE 2. Dinapsis centralis, female, holotype. A, habitus, dorsal view. B, habitus, lateral view. C, head, mesosoma, dorsal view. D, head, lateral view. E, head, anterior view. F, wings. Scale bars in millimeters. (http: // www.morphbank.net/Show/?id=999008679)Published as part of Shaw, Scott Richard & Noort, Simon Van, 2009, A new Dinapsis species from the Central African Republic (Hymenoptera, Megalyridae, Dinapsini), pp. 30-36 in Zootaxa 2118 on page 34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.27490
What you get out of memory depends on the question you ask
No full textCopyright © 2003 by the American Psychological AssociationMichael S. Humphreys, Simon Dennis, Angela M. Maguire, Kelly Reynolds, Scott W. Bolland, John D. Hughe
Research data management education for future curators
No full textScience has progressed by “standing on the shoulders of giants” and for centuries research and knowledge have been shared through the publication and dissemination of books, papers and scholarly communications. Moving forward, much of our understanding builds on (large scale) datasets, which have been collected or generated as part of the scientific process of discovery. How will this be made available for future generations? How will we ensure that, once collected or generated, others can stand on the shoulders of the data we produce?Educating students about the challenges and opportunities of data management is a key part of the solution and helps the researchers of the future to start to think about the problems early on in their careers. We have compiled a set of case studies to show the similarities and differences in data between disciplines, and produced a booklet for students containing the case studies and an introduction to the data lifecycle and other data management practices. This has already been used at the University of Southampton within the Faculty of Engineering and is now being adopted centrally for use in other faculties. In this paper, we will provide an overview of the case studies and the guide, and reflect on the reception the guide has had to date
Simon Kuznets and Kharkiv school of economics
No full textThe author attempts to put the facts of the Nobelist’s Simon (Semen) Kuznets (1901-1985) Kharkiv period biography in the general context of our information about the Kharkiv Higher School of Economics at the beginning of XX century. We analyze curriculum of the first two courses in the Kharkiv Institute of Commerce, that Simon Kuznets attended during 1918-1921 and to discuss the distinctive features of its leading professors scientific views. Special attention is paid to the academic experience gained by Simon Kuznets in the field of social and economic statistics and economic methodology.В статье приводится попытка поставить факты харьковского периода биографии известного экономиста Нобелевского лауреата Саймона (Семена) Кузнеца (1901-1985) в контекст сведений о харьковской высшей экономической школы нач. ХХ в. Анализируется учебный план первых двух курсов Коммерческого института, который окончил С. Кузнец, особенности научных взглядов ведущих профессоров и преподавателей, курсы которых имел посещать С. Кузнец. Особое внимание уделяется академическому опыту, полученному С. Кузнецом в области социальной и экономической статистики и экономической методологии.У статті надається спроба поставити факти харківського періоду біографії відомого економіста Нобелівського лауреата Саймона (Семена) Кузнеця (1901-1985) у контекст відомостей щодо харківської вищої економічної школи поч. ХХ ст. Аналізується навчальний план перших двох курсів Комерційного інституту, який закінчив С. Кузнець, особливості наукових поглядів провідних професорів і викладачів, курси яких мав відвідувати С. Кузнець. Особливу увагу звертається на академічний досвід, отриманий С. Кузнецом у галузях соціальної та економічної статистики й економічної методології
Nineteenth Century Black and White US Statures: The Primary Sources of Vitamin D and their Relationship with Height
No full textVitamin D is vital in all vertebrates because it allows them to absorb more calcium from their diets, contributing to stronger skeletal systems and stature growth. Using a new source of 19th century US state prison records, this study contrasts the statures of comparable African-Americans and whites by the primary sources of vitamin D production: time exposed to solar radiation, skin pigmentation, and nativity. Greater insolation (vitamin D production) is documented here to be associated with taller black and white statures, and a considerable share of the stature differential by socioeconomic status was related to insolation.socioeconomic status, vitamin D, insolation, 19th century US statures
Rhétorique des Mémoires du duc de Saint-Simon
No full textCette thèse se propose d analyser le style des Mémoires de Saint-Simon, afin d en comprendre la virulente énergie si sensible à la lecture. Inscrite dans une approche rhétorique, l étude s intéresse d abord au positionnement discursif de Saint-Simon et aux fondements de la légitimité auctoriale : il s agit d expliquer comment, par un ensemble de dispositifs, le mémorialiste rend possible le plein épanouissement d une rhétorique du blâme. Celle-ci se développe suivant deux orientations majeures, l une judiciaire, l autre épidictique, dont la variété des composantes témoigne à quel point Saint-Simon osa tout e crire . L enquête se prolonge en montrant que cette rhétorique du blâme participe en réalité d un discours de plus large portée : l écriture, pour le mémorialiste, constitue une revanche sur l Histoire quand toute autre prise sur l action s avère impossible. C est dans cette perspective que se révèle alors dans le texte des Mémoires toute l importance des discours rapportés et des procédés de recomposition de l Histoire.This dissertation aims to analyze the style of Saint-Simon s Memoirs in order to better understand the virulent energy delivered in its reading. In keeping with a rhetorical approach, this study first focuses on the discursive position taken by Saint-Simon and the foundations of auctorial legitimacy. It is explained how, using various literary devices, the author succeeds in fully exploiting the rhetoric of blame. He accomplishes this through two rhetorical orientations judiciary and epideictic, the variety of which attests to the fact that Saint-Simon dared to write anything . The investigation goes on to demonstrate that the rhetoric of blame contributes to a more significant discourse: in the absence of all other recourse, Saint-Simon views writing as a way to avenge oneself of History. It is in this vein that the importance of reported discourse and the rewriting of History is revealed in the text of Saint-Simon s Memoirs.PARIS4-Bib. électronique (751059905) / SudocSudocFranceF
On the maximum orders of elements of finite almost simple groups and primitive permutation groups
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